ictict ‘the only sustainable source of advantage is the ability to learn faster than your...
TRANSCRIPT
ICTICTICTICT‘The only sustainable source of advantage is the
ability to learn faster than your competitors’
A de Geus
‘Knowledge and skills of employees is what really differentiates a firm from its competitors’
Tobin
ContentContentContentContent
Changing world of work Information as a science Why do we need BI? How do we derive BI from KM?
Closing – The ICT landscape
Radical changeRadical changeRadical changeRadical change
INNOVATION, CONCEPTUALISATION creators & empathisers
farmers
GLOBALISATION Dismantling of national barriers, and consequent movement of goods, services, capital, human resources, and management ideas that creates economic value.
INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY
knowledge workers
INDUSTRIAL factory workers
TECHNOLOGY Explosive advances in speed
and effectiveness of international communication,
transportation, production and distribution.
High
Low
AFFL
UEN
CE,
TEC
HNOLO
GY, GLO
BALI
SATIO
N
HUNTING
Land Nature Capital Knowledge
Period of discontinuity 1750 - 1850
TIME
18th century 19th century 20th century 21st century
AGRARIAN Period of discontinuity 1960 - 2000
Schumpeter’s successive Schumpeter’s successive industrial revolutionsindustrial revolutionsSchumpeter’s successive Schumpeter’s successive industrial revolutionsindustrial revolutions
DIGITAL NW’S, SOFTWARE NEW MEDIA PETRO
CHEMICALS, ELECTRONICS, AVIATION
ELECTRICITY, CHEMICALS, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
INNO
VATIO
N &
TEC
HNOLO
GY
WATER POWER, TEXTILES, IRON
TIME 1785-1845 1901-1950 1951-1990 1991-2020
STEAM, RAIL, STEEL
1846-1900
TerminologyTerminologyTerminologyTerminology DataData = elements of analysis. A collection of raw facts in isolation. They convey meaning = elements of analysis. A collection of raw facts in isolation. They convey meaning
but are not useful by themselves;but are not useful by themselves; InformationInformation = data with meaning or context; = data with meaning or context; KnowledgeKnowledge = information with meaning; concepts, experience, insight that provide a = information with meaning; concepts, experience, insight that provide a
framework for creating, evaluating and using information; framework for creating, evaluating and using information; mix of experience, contextual info, mix of experience, contextual info, expert insight that provides the framework for evaluating & incorporating experiences & infoexpert insight that provides the framework for evaluating & incorporating experiences & infoBecomes embedded in documents, routines, processes, practices, normsBecomes embedded in documents, routines, processes, practices, norms
WisdomWisdom = knowledge plus insight; = knowledge plus insight; Intellectual capitalIntellectual capital (IC) = possession of the knowledge, applied experience, (IC) = possession of the knowledge, applied experience,
organisational technology, customer relationships and professional skill that provides it with organisational technology, customer relationships and professional skill that provides it with a competitive edge in the market. (Some authors merely term IC the difference between a a competitive edge in the market. (Some authors merely term IC the difference between a company’s market value and its book value); company’s market value and its book value);
Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence (BI) = deep exploration and integration of all (BI) = deep exploration and integration of all processes and processes and systems that transform data to information and knowledge, e.g. systems that transform data to information and knowledge, e.g. Data mining;Data mining; Data warehousing;Data warehousing; Strategic decision support.Strategic decision support.Technology = complete set of knowledge and techniques to meet market demands & social needs Engineering (synthesis) = the application of science to the needs of humanityScience (analysis) = systemized knowledge derived through experimentation, observation, and study. The methodology used to
acquire this knowledge..
Information scienceThe field of professional practice and scientific enquiry devoted to effective and efficient solutions to problems of creating, capturing, sharing and distribution of information (qualitative and quantitative).
BIThe set of business processes and systems for collecting and The set of business processes and systems for collecting and analysing business information;analysing business information;The technologies used in these processes, andThe technologies used in these processes, andThe information and knowledge obtained The information and knowledge obtained and usedand used from these from these processes.processes.
Knowledge management (KM) The organisation, creation, sharing and flow of knowledge within organisations. The process of systematically and actively managing and leveraging all aspects of knowledge in an organisation
Terminology (2)Terminology (2)Terminology (2)Terminology (2)
Beneficiation (1)Beneficiation (1)Beneficiation (1)Beneficiation (1)
IT: SUPPLY OF INFORMATION
INFORMATION IS: DEMAND FOR INFORMATION
Creating an environment in which
the appropriate systems can be
identified to satisfy the demand
Designing and implementing technologies to satisfy demands
Creating the environment in which supply is to take place
Establishing the detail of business requirements and application needs
DATA
KNOWLEDGE/ BI
Operational advantage
Strategic advantage
eventsevents
symbolssymbols
rules & formulations
rules & formulations
datadata
knowledgeknowledge
wisdomwisdom
informationinformationCognitive driven
Data driven
awareness
intellect
values
representing an event
Beneficiation (2)Beneficiation (2)Beneficiation (2)Beneficiation (2)
Relationship between Relationship between information & business:information & business:
Relationship between Relationship between information & business:information & business:
Provider/user model Provider/user model Transactional relationshipTransactional relationship Business specifies its needs, IS deliversBusiness specifies its needs, IS delivers
Partnership modelPartnership model Stronger shared goal & ownershipStronger shared goal & ownership Recognises the need for flexibility on both sidesRecognises the need for flexibility on both sides
Pervasive modelPervasive model Synthesis of above Synthesis of above Focus on communication between IS & businessFocus on communication between IS & business Clear def of responsibilitiesClear def of responsibilities Accommodates/anticipates changeAccommodates/anticipates change IS provides generic info infrastructure, business applies IS provides generic info infrastructure, business applies
infrastructure (language of the business) to its needsinfrastructure (language of the business) to its needs
Laudon & Laudon, 1997: 371Laudon & Laudon, 1997: 371
BI systemsBI systemsBI systemsBI systemsShareknowledge
Distributeknowledge
Capture & codify knowledge
Createknowledge
Group collaboration
systemsGroupware
Intranets
Knowledge systemsCADVirtual realityInvestment workstations
OA systemsWord processingDesktop publishingImagingElectronic calendarsDesktop databases
AI systemsExpert systems
Neural netsFuzzy logic
Genetic algorithms
Tech
nolo
gie
s:Soft
ware
& h
ard
ware
SYSTEMS APPS(OLTP, especially ERP)
SAP, People Soft, Baan, JD Edwards,
SSA, Rubico
SYSTEMS APPS(OLTP, especially ERP)
SAP, People Soft, Baan, JD Edwards,
SSA, Rubico
Information delivery matrixInformation delivery matrixInformation delivery matrixInformation delivery matrix
OAE-mail,
Desktop pub, Word processing,
Facsimile,Video conferencing
OAE-mail,
Desktop pub, Word processing,
Facsimile,Video conferencing
BISAS, SAP, Hyperion,
Cognos, Business Objects
BISAS, SAP, Hyperion,
Cognos, Business Objects
DBMSOracle,
Excel, Sybase, Informix, Access,
Lotus Notes, DBase
DBMSOracle,
Excel, Sybase, Informix, Access,
Lotus Notes, DBase
ERP apps
Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment
Aligning corporate strategy
Aligning business strategy
Aligning ops strategy
Information/knowledge
IS/IT
Knowledge/systems levelsKnowledge/systems levelsKnowledge/systems levelsKnowledge/systems levels
FunctionalOperationalDay to day
StrategicExecutive
Filter & compress
TacticalMiddle
Weekly, monthly, yearly
Business operations
Support the monitoring, controlling, decision
making & administrative activities
Support the long-term planning &
activities & transactions
Ops systems that monitor elementary
activities & transactions
Vision, strategy
EIS
MIS &DSS
TPS
Pellissier & Campbell, 2000Pellissier & Campbell, 2000
learning
Model for the creation of BI Model for the creation of BI using KM (1)using KM (1)Model for the creation of BI Model for the creation of BI using KM (1)using KM (1)
Data/infoData/info
Tangible data
(DBMS, OLTP)
Tangible data
(DBMS, OLTP)
Intangible (people)
data
Intangible (people)
data
portals
Tangible knowledge &
virtual DB
Tangible knowledge &
virtual DB
BIBI
innovation
Think about the organisation as a systemThink about the organisation as a system Build & facilitate communities of practice Build & facilitate communities of practice
& learning& learning Culture of knowledge creation and Culture of knowledge creation and
distributiondistribution Focus on issues of personal development Focus on issues of personal development
& mastery& mastery Create less hierarchical, more self Create less hierarchical, more self
organising structuresorganising structures
Model for the creation of BI Model for the creation of BI using KM (2)using KM (2)Model for the creation of BI Model for the creation of BI using KM (2)using KM (2)
BI chain - real-time info, BI chain - real-time info, knowledge & strategyknowledge & strategyBI chain - real-time info, BI chain - real-time info, knowledge & strategyknowledge & strategy
NEED CAUSE EFFECT
costeffectiveness
cust delight
profitability,growth
infrastructure
productivity
quality
strategy
intelligence
knowledge market position
IM/KM/SCM Measure benefits
e.g. DATA
ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE - A FRAMEWORK
Builder
SCOPE(CONTEXTUAL)
MODEL(CONCEPTUAL)
ENTERPRISE
Designer
SYSTEMMODEL(LOGICAL)
TECHNOLOGYMODEL(PHYSICAL)
DETAILEDREPRESEN- TATIONS(OUT-OF- CONTEXT)
Sub-Contractor
FUNCTIONINGENTERPRISE
DATA FUNCTION NETWORK
e.g. Data Definition
Ent = FieldReln = Address
e.g. Physical Data Model
Ent = Segment/Table/etc.Reln = Pointer/Key/etc.
e.g. Logical Data Model
Ent = Data EntityReln = Data Relationship
e.g. Semantic Model
Ent = Business EntityReln = Business Relationship
List of Things Importantto the Business
ENTITY = Class ofBusiness Thing
List of Processes theBusiness Performs
Function = Class ofBusiness Process
e.g. Application Architecture
I/O = User ViewsProc .= Application Function
e.g. System Design
I/O = Data Elements/SetsProc.= Computer Function
e.g. Program
I/O = Control BlockProc.= Language Stmt
e.g. FUNCTION
e.g. Business Process Model
Proc. = Business ProcessI/O = Business Resources
List of Locations in which the Business Operates
Node = Major BusinessLocation
e.g. Business Logistics System
Node = Business LocationLink = Business Linkage
e.g. Distributed System
Node = I/S Function(Processor, Storage, etc)Link = Line Characteristics
e.g. Technology Architecture
Node = Hardware/SystemSoftware
Link = Line Specifications
e.g. Network Architecture
Node = AddressesLink = Protocols
e.g. NETWORK
Architecture
Planner
Owner
Builder
ENTERPRISEMODEL
(CONCEPTUAL)
Designer
SYSTEMMODEL
(LOGICAL)
TECHNOLOGYMODEL
(PHYSICAL)
DETAILEDREPRESEN-
TATIONS (OUT-OF
CONTEXT)
Sub-Contractor
FUNCTIONING
MOTIVATIONTIMEPEOPLE
e.g. Rule Specification
End = Sub-condition
Means = Step
e.g. Rule Design
End = ConditionMeans = Action
e.g., Business Rule Model
End = Structural AssertionMeans =Action Assertion
End = Business ObjectiveMeans = Business Strategy
List of Business Goals/Strat
Ends/Means=Major Bus. Goal/Critical Success Factor
List of Events Significant
Time = Major Business Event
e.g. Processing Structure
Cycle = Processing CycleTime = System Event
e.g. Control Structure
Cycle = Component CycleTime = Execute
e.g. Timing Definition
Cycle = Machine CycleTime = Interrupt
e.g. SCHEDULE
e.g. Master Schedule
Time = Business EventCycle = Business Cycle
List of Organizations
People = Major Organizations
e.g. Work Flow Model
People = Organization UnitWork = Work Product
e.g. Human Interface
People = RoleWork = Deliverable
e.g. Presentation Architecture
People = UserWork = Screen Format
e.g. Security Architecture
People = IdentityWork = Job
e.g. ORGANIZATION
Planner
Owner
to the BusinessImportant to the Business
What How Where Who When Why
John A. Zachman, Zachman International (810) 231-0531
SCOPE(CONTEXTUAL)
Architecture
e.g. STRATEGYENTERPRISE
e.g. Business Plan
TM
CONGRUENCE
CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE
Time
Know
led
ge
PLATO’S IDEAL WORLDFormalist
Conceptual/idealTruth/false are absolutes
PLATO’S IDEAL WORLDFormalist
Conceptual/idealTruth/false are absolutes
MECHANISTIC WORLDDeterministic/classical world
Determined by rules and laws
MECHANISTIC WORLDDeterministic/classical world
Determined by rules and laws
QUANTUM WORLDDetermined by
non-linear events, chaos and complexity
Innovation
QUANTUM WORLDDetermined by
non-linear events, chaos and complexity
Innovation
Pellissier, 2004
ICT:ICT:Information & Communications Information & Communications TechnologyTechnology
ICT:ICT:Information & Communications Information & Communications TechnologyTechnology
Data ManagementData Management Information Management Information Management
MIS, MITMIS, MIT Process managementProcess management Systems thinkingSystems thinking
Strategic Information ManagementStrategic Information Management KMKM BI, CIBI, CI Value of Information (cost, value, use, form, content & context)Value of Information (cost, value, use, form, content & context) Information Strategy Information Strategy Alignment with business/corporate strategyAlignment with business/corporate strategy E-commerceE-commerce Scorecards, dashboardsScorecards, dashboards Information AuditInformation Audit Quantum mechanics, chaos & complexityQuantum mechanics, chaos & complexity C4 convergence (Communications, computers, content & consumer electronics)C4 convergence (Communications, computers, content & consumer electronics)
InnovationInnovation Non-linearityNon-linearity RenewalRenewal Systems thinkingSystems thinking