ice storage systems · • #5 – reduce cost of delivering comfort • #6 – system efficiency...

• #1 – Reduce building load• Building orientation, construction, and integrated design

• #2 – Demand control ventilation• #3 – Net Energy Use (energy sharing)

• Recycle, reclaim, integrate• Example cooling to heating ventilation air or hot water

• #4 – Extend equipment life• #5 – Reduce cost of delivering Comfort• #6 – System efficiency not unit efficiency ratings

• Efficiency ratings are at static conditions• Not valid from one type of equipment to another• Test points versus applied efficiency

HVAC DESIGN GOALS

6

THE FIVE SYSTEM LOOPS

airsideloop

chilled-waterloop

refrigerationloop

heat rejectionloop

controlsloop

7

CHILLED WATER PRODUCTION

chilled-waterloop

refrigerationloop

heat rejectionloop

8

AIR-COOLED OR WATER-COOLED

0 tons[0 kW]

1,000 tons[3,517 kW]

2,000 tons[7,034 kW]

chiller capacity

1,500 tons[5,276 kW]

2,500 tons[8,793 kW]

500 tons[1,759 kW]

3,000 tons[10,551 kW]

air-cooled

water-cooled

COMPRESSOR TYPES

9

helical-rotary (screw)

centrifugal

scroll

10

ABSORPTION CHILLER TYPES

single-effectdouble-effect

direct-fired

11

WATERSIDE ECONOMIZER PLATE-AND-FRAME HEAT EXCHANGER

plate-and-frame heat exchanger

distribution pump

equal-capacity large chillers

bypass

condenser water loop

Ideal ApplicationsRegions with year round cooling load and low ambient temperatures.Relatively warm chilled fluid.Requirement to use a water-side economizer rather than an air-side economizer.

What is it?Fluid cooler integrated into the footprint of an Air-Cooled chiller

WATERSIDE ECONOMIZER WITH A/C CHILLERS

THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEMS

13

PARTIAL THERMAL STORAGE

14

0

25

50

75

cool

ing

load

, % o

f des

ign

100

midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight

make ice

melt ice

chiller

Lower utility costsLower on-peak electrical consumption (kWh)Lower on-peak electrical demand (kW)

Smaller equipment sizeSmaller chillerSmaller electrical service (A)

Reduced installed costMay qualify for utility rebates or other incentives

15

THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM

DEDICATED HEAT RECOVERY CHILLER

55F45F

120F

140F

Where to Apply

•VAV Reheat

•Domestic Hot Water

•Low Temperature Heating

Cooling Load

Heating Load

$0.75/Therm1.6 Kg CO2 per Therm

17

CHILLED WATER CONSUMPTION

airsideloop

Chilled Water produced as part of the HVAC system can also be concurrently used by other systems within a building, such as process cooling loads for Mfg.

• Chilled Water Air Handling Units• Chilled Water Terminal Units

• Fan Coil• Chilled Beams• Sensible Cooling VAV

• DOAS• Chilled Water VAV AHU

18

COMMON CHILLED WATER HVAC SYSTEMS

19

CHILLED-WATER AIR-HANDLING UNIT

air-handling units

water-cooled chiller

20

CHILLED-WATER TERMINAL SYSTEM

chilled-water terminal unit with reheat coils

dedicated outdoor air unit

21

CHILLED BEAMS

22

CENTRAL CHILLED-WATER VAV SYSTEM

chilled-waterair-handlers

VAV terminal units

cooling tower

boiler

system controls

chillerpumps

23

DEDICATED OUTDOOR-AIR SYSTEM

VAV terminal diffusers

chilled-water terminal units

dedicated outdoor air unit

• Robust Components built to last a long time• Overall System Controllability• Application Options• Wider Operating Envelope• Air Distribution Flexibility• Maintain vs. Replace

24

WHY CHILLED WATER

25

STABILITY OF CONTROL

setpointchilledwater

DX

DISTRIBUTION – PIPING ENERGY

Hydronic systems 15 times more efficient than refrigerant system

Hydronic systems 10 times more efficient than air systems

Distribution/Pumping Energy

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

0 100 200 300 400 500

Pipe/Duct Length

Perc

ent o

f C

ompr

esso

r Hor

sepo

wer

Hydronic Air (Low Pressure VVT) Air (Medium Pressure VAV) Refrigerant (VRF)

Chart1

0000

100100100100

200200200200

300300300300

400400400400

500500500500

Hydronic

Air (Low Pressure VVT)

Air (Medium Pressure VAV)

Refrigerant (VRF)

Pipe/Duct Length

Percent of Compressor Horsepower


0

0

0

0.01

0.0035563973

0.0125671983

0.0439851939

0.06

0.0071127946

0.0251343965

0.0879703878

0.12

0.0106691919

0.0377015948

0.1319555817

0.18

0.0142255892

0.050268793

0.1759407756

0.24

0.0177819865

0.0628359913

0.2199259695

0.3

Definitions

Taco System Analysis

2/21/14

Definitions:

Building;

FL = Floor Length (ft)

FW = Floor Width (ft)

PW = Perimeter Width

= 20 ft (default)

FH = Floor Height (ft)

NF - Number of Floors

RA = Roof Area (sq ft)

= FL x FW

BA = Building Area (sq ft)

= FL x FW x NF

PA = Perimeter Area

= (2 x (FL + FW) x PW - (4 x PW x PW)) x NF

V = Building Volume (cu ft)

= A x FH x NF

IAC = Infliltration air chages per hour (user preference)

= 0.5 air changes/hr (default)

IA = Infiltration Airflow (cu ft/min)

= Building Volume (cu ft/air change) x IAC (air changes/hr) / 60 min/hr or Actual from Load Program

Heat Loss - Design

IHDT = Indoor Heating Design Temperature

= 75F (default)

HLT = Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)

HLV = Ventilation Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Infiltration Airflow (cu ft/min) x

1.085 btu/hr/cu ft/min/deg F x (Indoor Heating Design Temperature -

Outdoor Design Heating Temperature (ASHRAE Average Annual Minimum DB deg F))

= IA x 1.085 x (IHDT - ASHRAE Average Annual Minimum DB deg F)

HLE = Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Total Heat Loss - Ventilation Heat Loss

= HLT - HLV

HLR = Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Envelope Heat Loss x Roof Area (sq ft)/ Envelope Area (sq ft)

= HLE x RA / (RA + (2 x (FL + FW) x FH x NF))

HLW = Wall Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr) - Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= HLE - HLR

HLTP = Perimeter Total Heat Loss

= Wall Heat Loss + Ventilation Heat Loss

= HLW + HLV

HLTI = Interior Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Roof Heat Loss

= HLR

Heat Loss - Hourly

HHLT = Hourly Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)

HHLV = Hourly Ventilation Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Ventilation Heat Loss x Heating Load Part Load Factor

= HLV x HLPLF

If Actual Envelope Loads are not Available from Load Program

HHLE = Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Total Heat Loss - Ventilation Heat Loss

= HLT - HLV

HHLR = Hourly Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Roof Heat Loss x Heating Load Part Load Factor

= HLR x HLPLF

HHLW = Hourly Wall Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Wall Heat Loss x Heating Load Part Load Factor

= HLW x HLPLF

HHLTP = Hourly Perimeter Total Heat Loss

= Hourly Wall Heat Loss + Hourly Ventilation Heat Loss

= HHLW + HHLV

HHLTI = Hourly Interior Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Heat Loss

= HHLR

If Actual Envelope Loads are Available from Load Program

HHLR = Hourly Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Loss from Load Program

HHLW = Hourly Wall Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Loss from Load Program

HHLG = Hourly Glass Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Hourly Glass Transmission Heat Loss from Load Program

HHLE = Hourly Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Loss + Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Loss + Hourly Glass Transmission Heat Loss

HHLTP = Hourly Perimeter Total Heat Loss

= Hourly Wall Heat Loss + Hourly Infiltration Heat Loss

HHLTI = Hourly Interior Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Heat Loss

Heating Part Load Factor

HPLF = Heating Part Load Factor

= Hourly heat loss / Total heat loss

= HHLT / HLT

Heat Gain - Design

ICDT = Indoor Cooling Design Temperature

= 73F (default)

ILH = Indoor Latent Heat grw/lbda (Design)

= 4.4 grw/lbda (default at 73F DB and 40% RH)

HGT = Total Heat Gain (btu/hr)

HGVS = Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Infiltration Airflow (cu ft/min) x

1.085 btu/hr/cu ft/min/deg F x (Outdoor Design Cooling Temperature (ASHRAE Average Annual Maximum DB deg F) -

Indoor Cooling Design Temperature deg F)

= IA x 1.085 x (ASHRAE Average Annual Maximum DB deg F - ICDT)

= IA x 1.085 x (ASHRAE Average Annual Maximum DB deg F - 73)

HGVL = Ventilation Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= IA cu ftda/min x 60 min/hr x

(Outdoor Latent Heat (ASHRAE 0.4% Specific Humidity) - Indoor Latent Heat) grw/cu ftda / 7000 grw/lbw x 1000 btu/lbw

= IA x 60 x (ASHRAE 0.4% MCWB - ILH) / 7000 x 1000

= IA x 8.57 x (ASHRAE 0.4% MCWB - 4.4)

= If ventilation latent heat gain is < 0 then set ventilation latent heat gain = 0

HGV = Ventilation Heat Gain

= Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain + Ventilation Latent Heat Gain

= HGVS + HGVL

HGPS = People Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Building Area (sq ft) / 200 sq ft / person x 200 btu/hr/person

HGPL = People Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Building Area (sq ft) / 200 sq ft / person x 200 btu/hr/person

HGP = People Heat Gain

= People Sensible Heat Gain + People Latent Heat Gain

= HGPS + HGPL

HGL = Light Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Building Area (sq ft) x 2 watts/sq ft x 3.4 btu/hr/watt

= A x 6.8

HGEQ = Equipment Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Building Area (sq ft) x 1 watts/sq ft x 3.4 btu/hr/watt

= A x 3.4

HGE = Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Total Heat Gain - Ventilation Heat Gain - People Heat Gain - Light Heat Gain - Equipment Heat Gain

= HGT - HGV - HGP - HGL - HGEQ

HGR = Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Envelope Heat Gain x Roof Area (sq ft) / Envelope Area (sq ft)

= HGE x RA / (RA + ((FL + FW) x FH x NF))

HGW = Wall Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr) - Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGE - HGR

HGTP = Total Perimeter Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Wall Heat Gain + Ventilation Heat Gain

= HGW + HGV

HGTIV = Total Interior Heat Gain Variable (btu/hr)

= Roof Heat Gain

= HGR

HGTIC = Total Interior Heat Gain Constant (btu/hr)

= People Heat Gain + Light Heat Gain + Equipment Heat Gain

= HGP + HGL + HGEQ

HGTI = Total Interior Heat Gain

= Total Interior Heat Gain Variable + Total Interior Heat Gain Constant

Heat Gain - Hourly

HHGT = Hourly Total Heat Gain (btu/hr)

HHGVS = Hourly Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGVS (Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain) x Cooling Load Part Load Factor or Actual from Load Program if Occupied

= HGVS x CLPLF

= 0 if Unoccupied

HHGVL = Hourly Ventilation Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGVL (Ventilation Latent Heat Gain) x Cooling Load Part Load Factor or Actual from Load Program if Occupied

= HGVL x CLPLF

= 0 if Unoccupied

HHGV = Hourly Ventilation Heat Gain

= Hourly Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain + Hourly Ventilation Latent Heat Gain

= HHGVS + HHGVL

HHGPS = Hourly People Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGPS (Heat Gain People Sensible) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied

= 0 if Unoccupied

HHGPL = Hourly People Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGPL (Heat Gain People Latent) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied

= 0 if Unoccupied

HHGP = Hourly People Heat Gain

= Hourly People Sensible Heat Gain + Hourly People Latent Heat Gain

= HHGPS + HHGPL

HHGL = Hourly Light Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGL (Light Heat Gain) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied

= 0 if Unoccupied

HHGEQ = Hourly Equipment Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= HGEQ (Equipment Heat Gain) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied

= 0 if Unoccupied

If Actual Envelope Loads are not Available from Load Program

HHGE = Hourly Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Hourly Total Heat Gain - Hourly Ventilation Heat Gain - Hourly People Heat Gain - Hourly Light Heat Gain - Hourly Equipment Heat Gain

= HHGT - HHGV - HHGP - HHGL - HHGEQ

HHGR = Hourly Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Roof Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor

= HGR x CLPLF

HHGW = Hourly Wall Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Wall Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor

= HGW x CLPLF

HHGTP = Hourly Total Perimeter Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Toal Perimeter Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor

= HGTP x CLPLF

HHGTIV = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable (btu/hr)

= Roof Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor

= HGR x CLPLF

HHGTIC = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Constant (btu/hr)

= Hourly People Heat Gain + Hourly Light Heat Gain + Hourly Equipment Heat Gain

= HHGP + HHGL + HHGEQ

HHGTI = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain

= Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable + Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Constant

= HHGTIV + HHGTIC

If Actual Envelope Loads are Available from Load Program

HHGR = Hourly Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Roof Solar Heat Gain from Load Program

HHGW = Hourly Wall Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Wall Solar Heat Gain from Load Program

HHGG = Hourly Glass Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Hourly Glass Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Glass Solar Heat Gain from Load Program

HHGE = Hourly Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Heat Gain + Hourly Wall Heat Gain + Hourly Glass Heat Gain

= HHGR +HHGW + HHGG

HHGTP = Hourly Total Perimeter Heat Gain (btu/hr)

= Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Wall Solar Heat Gain + Hourly Infiltration Heat Gain from Load Program

HHGTIV = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable (btu/hr)

= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Roof Solar Heat Gain + Hourly Floor Heat Gain

HHGTI = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain

= Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable + Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Constant

= HHGTIV + HHGTIC

Cooling Part Load Factor

CPLF = Cooling Part Load Factor

= Hourly heat Gain / Total heat gain

= HHGT / HGT

Load Hours

Define one weekly occupied schedule per job

HOF = Hourly Occupied Factor (1 if occupied and 0 if unoccupied)

AOF = Annual Occupied Factor

= Fraction of annual hours building is occupied

OH = Occupied Hours / Week (hr/wk)

= 12 hr/day x 5 days/wk (default)

= 60 (default)

UH = Unoccupied Hours / Week (hr/wk)

= 12 hr/day x 5 days/wk + 24 hr/day x 2 days/wk (default)

= 108 (default)

TH = Total Hours / Week (hr/wk)

= 24 hr/day x 7 days/wk (default)

= 168 (default)

Bin Hours

BH = Hours in Bin (1 for hourly calculation)

Heating Hours

HBH = Heating Bin Hours (hr) for Bins Below Balance Point of XX degrees (default = 65F)

Cooling Hours

CBH = Cooling Bin Hours (hr) for Bins Above Balance Point of XX (default = 65F)

Average Temperature

AHT = Average Heating Temperature (deg F)

= Sum for All Bins Σ (Average Temperature of XX Bin - Average Bin Temperature) (deg F) / (Total Heating Hours) x Hours for Bin

For XX = 65F

= Sum for All Bins below 65 Σ (62.5 - Average Bin Temperature) (deg F) / (Total Heating Hours) x Hours for Bin

Balance Point

BP = Outside temperature at which building can heat itself with internal heat gain

= 65F (default)

Flow:

Air

Constant Volume

Fan Horsepower Constant Volume = Flow x Static Pressure x Conversion Factor / Fan Efficiency /Motor Efficiency

= Flow (cfm) x S.P. (in. W.C.) x 6356 (cfm x in W.C. /hp) / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency

Variable Volume

Cycle Constant Volume = Fan Horsepower Constant Volume x Equivalent Full Load Hours

Cooling Part Load Eff.

Cooling Part Load Efficiencies

2/21/14

Cooling Part Load Factor (CPLF)

Type of EquipmentConstant Speed CompressorVariable Speed CompressorVariable Speed Frictionless Compressor

Chillers

Water Cooled

Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.401.602.00

Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%0.00%0.00%




Air Cooled

Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.602.00

Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%0.00%




Condensing Units

Water Cooled

Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.30

Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%




Air Cooled






VRF

Water Cooled






Air Cooled






Heat Pumps

Water Source






Geothermal






PTAC Units






Pumps

Maximum Part Load COP Factor at 25% Load





Fans

Maximum Part Load COP Factor at 25% Load





Cooling Part Load Eff.

11

York

Curve Fit

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

1

1

Cooling Part Load Data

11

McQuay

Curve Fit

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

1

1

Air Srce Ht Pump Capacity Curve

Part Load Factors

Cooling Part Load Data

2/21/14

ChillersChillersChillersChillersWater Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Heating)Water Source Heat Pumps (Heating)Condensing UnitsRooftop UnitsPTAC UnitsVRFVRF

Water Cooled - Scroll Constant Speed Step UnloadingWater Cooled - Variable Speed CentrifugalAir Cooled - Constant Speed Scroll Step UnloadingAir Cooled - Variable Speed ScrewClosed Loop - Constant SpeedClosed Loop - Variable SpeedGeothermal Closed Loop - Constant SpeedGeothermal Closed Loop - Variable SpeedGeothermal Open Loop - Constant SpeedGeothermal Open Loop - Variable SpeedClosed Loop - Constant SpeedClosed Loop - Variable SpeedAir Cooled - Constant Speed Scroll Step UnloadingAir Cooled - Constant SpeedAir Cooled - Constant SpeedAir Cooled - Variable SpeedWater Cooled - Variable Speed

McQuay WGZ 045A (45 ton) Scroll (30 - 100 tons)Carrier Evergreen 23XXRMcQuay AGZ 045 (45 tons) Scroll (10 - 130 tons)York YVAA 200 tonsWaterFurnace NV036McQuay Inverter 036 (3 tons)McQuay Inverter 036 (3 tons)McQuay Invertor DrivenClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)McQuay Inverter 036 (3 tons)WaterFurnace NV036McQuay ACZ020B (20 tons) Scroll (10 to 40 tons)McQuay MPS026 (25 tons)McQuay PDAA 007 (7,000 btuh)Mitsubishi PURY -P96YKMU-A (-BS) Ducted 8 TonDaikin RWEYQ72PYDN Ducted 6 Ton Heat Recovery

Percent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Air TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Air TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor

10015.24.451.001000.48025.07.321.001009.92.901.001001.00012.03.521.001008518.15.301.00(1)1008619.15.600.911007720.35.951.001007720.35.951.001005934.310.051.00(1)1005934.310.051.001007017.55.131.001007019.65.741.00(1)1009510.93.191.00(1)1009010.83.161.00(1)1009010.93.191.00(1)10012.23.571.00(1)100144.101.00

7517.85.221.17750.34035.310.341.417513.23.871.33750.73016.44.821.37757522.36.531.231008521.16.181.00757720.35.951.00757728.08.201.38755934.310.051.00755943.012.601.25757017.55.131.00757019.85.801.01758513.03.811.19758012.03.521.11758012.03.521.107515.004.391.237518.005.271.29

5020.35.951.34500.28042.912.561.715015.34.481.55500.55021.86.391.80506526.67.791.47(1)807731.29.141.48507720.35.951.00507742.012.312.07505934.310.051.00(1)505951.915.211.51507017.55.131.00507020.05.861.02(1)508014.64.281.34507013.53.961.25507013.53.961.245019.005.571.565023.006.741.64

2520.45.981.34250.25048.014.061.922515.84.631.60250.50024.07.032.00256526.67.791.47757530.08.791.42257720.35.951.00257750.014.652.46255934.310.051.00255951.915.211.51257017.55.131.00257020.25.921.03256514.64.281.34256013.53.961.25256013.53.961.242522.006.451.802526.007.621.86

020.45.981.3400.25048.014.061.92015.84.631.6000.50024.07.032.00026.67.791.47506534.09.961.61020.35.951.00050.014.652.46034.310.051.00051.915.211.51017.55.131.00020.25.921.03014.64.281.34013.53.961.25013.53.961.24022.006.451.80026.007.621.86

256534.09.961.61

Catalog IPLV19.2Calculated IPLV40.1Catalog IPLV14.5Calculated IPLV19.7Calculated IEER23.8034.09.961.61Calculated IEER20.3Calculated IEER33.9Calculated IEER34.3Calculated IEER46.1Calculated HSPFCalculated HSPFCatalog IPLV14.3Catalog IEER12.8Catalog IEERCatalog IEER(1)19.7Catalog IEER(1)24.1

Calculated IPLV19.2Catalog IPLV40.0Calculated IPLV14.4Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERFor AHRI Climate Zone 417.5For AHRI Climate Zone 419.8Calculated IEERCalculated IEER12.8(1)Catalog Rating12.8Calculated IEER20.0Calculated IEER23.9

Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEER31.3w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Evaporator(1)Catalog Rating(1)AHRI Rating(1)AHRI Rating

w/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Chilled WaterPump HP17.6Pump HP22.1Calculated IEERPump HP19.3Pump HP32.2Pump HP32.6Pump HP43.8w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterFan HP12.2Calculated IEER17.6Calculated IEER19.8

Cond. and CW Pump HP15.9Pump HP32.7Pump HP13.3w/5% for Condenser Water(1)Catalog RatingPump HP16.6Pump HP18.9(1)Catalog Ratingw/12% for Pumping Energyw/17% for Pumping

Pump HP29.1and Cooling Tower Energy

(1)Catalog RatingGround loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.

Air Cooled - Constant Speed ScrollGeothermal Open Loop - Variable Speed

Water Cooled - Screw Constant Speed Continuous UnloadingWater Cooled - Variable Speed FrictionlessAir Cooled - Variable Speed ScrewGeothermal Closed Loop - Variable SpeedAir Cooled - Variable Speed

McQuay WGS 170 (170 ton) Screw (120 - 200 tons)Smardt 250 tonsCarrier (10 tons) -McQuay PathfinderClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)WaterFurnace NV036ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)WaterFurnace NV036McQuay DPS 010 (10 tons) Invertor CompressorDaikin REYQ96PBYD Ducted 8 Ton Heat Recovery

Percent LoadKW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorWaterFurnace NV036Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorWaterFurnace NV036Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor

1000.71516.84.921.001000.60020.05.861.0010010.53.081.001001.00012.03.521.00(2)1008621.66.330.97(2)1008621.66.331.02(2)1008621.66.331.00(2)1008621.66.330.771005928.98.471.00Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor1007012.23.571.001004015.04.391.00(1)1009012.53.661.00(1)10012.13.551.00

750.58020.76.061.23750.45026.77.811.337513.203.871.26750.73016.44.821.371008519.05.571.001008519.05.571.00(1)807721.66.331.00(1)1007721.66.331.00755928.98.471.00(1)1005929.08.501.00757012.23.571.00754014.54.250.97758016.04.691.487515.004.391.24

500.50024.07.031.43500.33036.410.651.825016.234.761.55500.55021.86.391.82(1)807721.66.331.14(1)807721.66.331.14757721.66.331.00757730.08.791.39505928.98.471.00755931.49.201.08507012.23.571.00504014.04.100.93507022.06.452.045019.005.571.56

250.52622.86.681.36250.30040.011.722.002518.295.361.74250.50024.07.032.00757526.07.621.37757525.07.321.32507721.66.331.00(1)507740.211.781.86255928.98.471.00(1)505933.19.701.14257012.23.571.00254014.04.100.93256022.06.452.042522.006.451.80

00.52622.86.681.3600.30040.011.722.00018.295.361.7400.50024.07.032.00506532.09.381.68506548.014.062.53257721.66.331.00257740.211.781.86028.98.471.00255934.09.961.17012.23.571.00014.04.100.93022.06.452.04022.006.451.80

(1)256532.09.381.68256548.014.062.53021.66.331.00040.211.781.86034.09.961.17

Catalog IPLV0.53622.4Calculated IPLV32.6Catalog IPLV14.5Calculated IPLV19.7(1)205934.310.051.81(1)205951.915.212.73Calculated IEER28.9Calculated HSPFCalculated HSPFCatalog IEER19.4Catalog IEER(1)19.7

Calculated IPLV22.4Catalog IPLVCalculated IPLV15.1Catalog IPLV19.6034.310.051.81051.915.212.73Calculated IEER21.6Calculated IEER33.5Calculated IEERCalculated IEER32.1For AHRI Climate Zone 412.2For AHRI Climate Zone 414.6Calculated IEER19.4Calculated IEER20.0

Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEER(1)Catalog Rating(1)AHRI Rating

w/15% for Cooling Towerw/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Chilled WaterCalculated IEER28.0Calculated IEER33.2w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterPump HP27.5w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEER17.6

Cond. and CW Pump HP18.4(1)Cond. and CW Pump HP25.9Pump HP13.8Pump HP17.6Calculated IEERCalculated IEERPump HP20.5Pump HP31.9Pump HP30.5Pump HP11.6Pump HP13.6w/12% for Pumping Energy

w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Water(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog Rating

Catalog RatingPump HP26.1Pump HP30.9(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.

(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog RatingGround loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.

(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.

Ground loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.Ground loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.Ground loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.

Water Source Heat Pumps (Heating)

Water Cooled - Centrifugal Constant Speed Continuous UnloadingAir Cooled - Constant Speed Screw Continous UnloadingAir Cooled - Variable Speed FrictionlessGeothermal Open Loop - Variable Speed

McQuay WPV 280 (280 tons) Centrifugal (200 - 400 tons)McQuay WMC (Frictionless) 150 tonsMcQuay AGS 440 (440 tons) Screw (230 - 475 tons)Airedale TurbochillWaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036

Percent LoadKW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor

1000.62019.45.671.001000.68017.65.171.00(1)10010.43.051.001001.111.33.301.00(1)1008518.15.301.001007721.06.151.00(1)1007721.06.151.001007019.65.741.001005016.24.751.00

750.53022.66.631.17750.51023.56.891.337512.43.631.19750.814.74.301.22757525.07.321.38757721.06.151.00757722.26.501.06757019.65.741.00755015.64.570.96

500.51523.36.831.20500.37032.49.501.845014.94.371.43500.618.85.501.56(1)506529.58.641.63507721.06.151.00(1)507723.06.741.10507019.65.741.00505014.94.370.92

250.51023.56.891.22250.34035.310.342.002516.04.691.54250.525.67.502.13256529.58.641.63257721.06.151.00257724.07.031.14257019.65.741.00255014.94.370.92

00.51023.56.891.2200.34035.310.342.00016.04.691.5400.525.67.502.13029.58.641.63021.06.151.00024.07.031.14019.65.741.00014.94.370.92

Calculated IPLV0.52223.0Catalog IPLV0.41229.1(1)Catalog IPLV13.9Calculated IPLV17.8Calculated IEER26.5Calculated IEER21.0Calculated IEER22.6Calculated HSPFCalculated HSPF

Catalog IPLV0.520Calculated IPLV0.41528.9Calculated IPLV13.9Catalog IPLVCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERFor AHRI Climate Zone 419.6For AHRI Climate Zone 415.6

Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEERCalculated IEER

w/15% for Cooling Towerw/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Chilled WaterPump HP24.6Pump HP20.0Pump HP21.5w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Water

and CW Pump HP19.4Cond. and CW Pump HP23.0Pump HP12.7Pump HP16.1(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog RatingPump HP18.6Pump HP14.6

(1)Catalog Rating

Water Cooled - Centrifugal Constant Speed Continuous UnloadingAir Cooled - Constant Speed Screw Continous UnloadingGeothermal Closed Loop - Constant Speed

McQuay WDC Dual Compressor Centrifugal (400 - 2500 tons)McQuay Pathfinder Screw (170 - 550 tons)WaterFurnace NV036

Percent LoadKW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor

1000.51023.56.891.0010012.23.571.001004015.04.391.00AHRI Climate Zone 4Bin%Bin Hours

750.42028.68.371.217514.04.101.35754015.04.391.00620.132

500.38031.69.251.345017.04.981.63504015.04.391.00570.111

250.38031.69.251.342520.05.861.92254015.04.391.00520.103

00.38031.69.251.34020.05.861.92015.04.391.00100% Load0.346

470.093

Calculated IPLV0.39830.2Catalog IPLV16.2Calculated HSPF420.100

(1)Catalog IPLV0.52030.0Calculated IPLV16.1For AHRI Climate Zone 415.0370.109

Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEER320.126

w/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Condenser Water75% Load0.428

and CW Pump HP25.1Pump HP14.7Pump HP14.3270.087

220.055

(1)Catalog Rating170.036

120.026

50% Load0.204

70.013

20.006

Geothermal Open Loop - Constant Speed-30.002

-80.001

WaterFurnace NV03625% Load0.022

Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor

1005016.24.751.00

755016.24.751.00

505016.24.751.00

255016.24.751.00

016.24.751.00

Calculated HSPF

For AHRI Climate Zone 416.2

Calculated IEER

w/5% for Condenser Water

Pump HP15.4

AHRI Climate Zone 4Bin%Bin Hours

620.132

570.111

520.103

100% Load0.346

470.093

420.100

370.109

320.126

75% Load0.428

270.087

220.055

170.036

120.026

50% Load0.204

70.013

20.006

-30.002

-80.001

25% Load0.022

Air Srce Ht Pump Capacity Curve

Percent Load

COP Load Factor

Part Load COP Factor

y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0023x + 1.3378

Air Srce Ht Pump COP Curve Fit

Percent Load

COP Load Factor


y = -8E-05x2 + 0.005x + 1.3405

VRF Heating Part Load

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

Pump Part Load Eff.

Percent Load

COP Load Factor


y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0002x + 1.5508

Pumping Energy

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

1

Pumping Energy1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Central Plant Sources

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -6E-05x2 - 0.0025x + 1.8375

Distribution Systems

Percent Load

COP Load Factor


y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0002x + 1.5508

Terminal Units

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Consolidated

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

COP Load Factor


y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0002x + 1.5508

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

1

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

COP Load Factor


Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -6E-05x2 - 0.0025x + 1.8375

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -8E-05x2 - 0.001x + 1.8837

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644

Percent Load

Load Factor

Part Load Factor

y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661

Air Source Heat Pump

2/21/14

Heat Pump Heating CapacityHeating Consumption for

Century (Nominal 36,000 Cooling Capacity)TotalHeating COPHeating CapacityHeating Load (BTUH)Electrical DemandHeat EnergyBackup HeatBackup EnergyWeighted AverageWeighted AverageEquivalent Full

Ambient AirHeating(BTUH) for NominalDesign =100,000(KW)(BTU)(BTUH)(BTU)Temperature byTemperature byLoad Heating Hours

TemperatureCapacityCooling Capacity =36,000Bin HoursBin Hours

(Deg. F)(Btuh)Mid-ptsDB (F)Hrs(65-Bin Temp)(Bin Temp)

-10179506564 to 662633.5847,08803.90000.02.60

0182006362 to 642613.5146,0082,9413.8767,647000.12.58

10189006160 to 623023.4444,9283,0303.8915,152000.22.818

20196005958 to 601973.3743,8488,8243.81,738,235000.21.717

30213505756 to 583063.3042,76811,7653.83,600,000000.42.636

40262505554 to 564653.2341,68814,7063.86,838,235000.73.814

50392005352 to 542953.1640,60817,6473.85,205,882000.52.352

60490005150 to 523053.0939,52820,5883.86,279,412000.62.363

70539004948 to 502973.0238,44823,5293.76,988,235000.72.270

4746 to 483152.9537,36826,4713.78,338,235000.92.283

Comfortmaker (Nominal 36,000 Btuh Cooling Capacity)4544 to 463422.8836,28829,4123.710,058,824001.02.3101

Ambient AirHeating4342 to 443162.8135,20832,3533.710,223,529001.02.0102

TemperatureCapacity4140 to 422002.7434,12835,2943.77,058,8241,166233,2240.71.271

(Deg. F)(Btuh)3938 to 403282.6733,04838,2353.612,541,1765,1871,701,4321.31.9125

-103736 to 384532.6031,96841,1763.618,652,9419,2084,171,4371.92.5187

0140003534 to 363452.5330,88844,1183.615,220,58813,2304,564,2281.61.8152

10172003332 to 343322.4629,80847,0593.615,623,52917,2515,727,2731.61.6156

20210003130 to 322262.3928,72850,0003.511,300,00021,2724,807,4721.21.1113

30266002928 to 302002.3227,64852,9413.510,588,23525,2935,058,6351.10.9106

40321002726 to 281922.2526,56855,8823.510,729,41229,3145,628,3561.10.8107

50378002524 to 261352.1825,48858,8243.47,941,17633,3364,500,2960.80.579

60433002322 to 24912.1124,40861,7653.45,620,58837,3573,399,4600.60.356

70490002120 to 22802.0423,32864,7063.45,176,47141,3783,310,2310.50.352

Heating Capacity Equation (Normalized for Nominal Cooling Capacity)m = slopeb = x-axis intersection1918 to 201121.9722,24867,6473.37,576,47145,3995,084,6950.80.376

Trane (Nominal 36,000 Btuh Cooling Capacity)y = (mx + b) / Nominal Cooling Capacity= rise / run= 120001716 to 18721.9021,16870,5883.35,082,35349,4203,558,2570.50.251

Ambient AirHeatingCapacity = (m * (Ambient Air) + b) / Nominal Cooling Capacity= (45000 - 10000) / (60 - (-5))1514 to 16641.8320,08873,5293.24,705,88253,4413,420,2500.50.147

TemperatureCapacity= (538 * Ambient Air + 12000) / 36000= 35000 / 651312 to 14621.7619,00876,4713.24,741,17657,4633,562,6800.50.147

(Deg. F)(Btuh)= .015 * Ambient Air + .333= 5381110 to 12561.6917,92879,4123.14,447,05961,4843,443,0910.50.144

-10600098 to 10251.6216,84882,3533.12,058,82465,5051,637,6240.20.021

010900Heating Capacity Equation76 to 841.5515,76885,2943.0341,17669,526278,1040.00.03

1016400Heating Capacity = (.015* Ambient Air + .333) * Nominal Cooling Capacity54 to 631.4814,68888,2352.9264,70673,547220,6420.00.03

202060032 to 471.4113,60891,1762.8638,23577,568542,9790.10.06

302660010 to 261.3412,52894,1182.7564,70681,590489,5380.10.06

4032600-1-2 to 011.2711,44897,0592.797,05985,61185,6110.0-0.01

5039000-3-4 to -211.2010,368100,0002.5100,00089,63289,6320.0-0.01

6045700Total6,659212,023,97565,515,1480.02,074

7052600Average Heating Temperature21.740.7

Total Backup Energy by Formula = Total Heat Loss (btu/hr) - Average Heat Pump Capacity (btu/hr) x EFLHH65

=(Total Heat Loss (btu/hr) - ((0.015 x AHT + 0.333) x Heat Pump Nominal Cooling Capacity)) x EFLHH65

=136,971,510

-10-10-10

000

101010

202020

303030

404040

505050

606060

707070

Century

Comfortmaker

Trane

Ambient Air Temperarure (0F)

Heating Capacity (Btuh)

Air Source Heat Pump COP

17950

6000

18200

14000

10900

18900

17200

16400

19600

21000

20600

21350

26600

26600

26250

32100

32600

39200

37800

39000

49000

43300

45700

53900

49000

52600

Air Source Heat Pump

2/21/14

Average Heating COP

Century

Ambient AirHeating

TemperatureCOP

(Deg. F)

-101.89

01.92

101.98

202.01

302.1

402.43

503.24

604.02

704.35

Comfortmaker

Ambient AirHeating

TemperatureCOP

(Deg. F)

-101.1

01.49

101.78

202.09

302.42

402.76

503.1

603.38

704.35

COP Equationm = slopeb = x-axis intersection

Traney = mx + b= rise / run= 1.3

Ambient AirHeatingCOP = m * (Ambient Air) + b= (3.6 - 0.8) / (70 - (-10))

TemperatureCOP= .035 * Ambient Air + 1.3= 2.8 / 80

(Deg. F)= .035

-101

01.3

101.78

202.05

302.46

402.82

503.16

603.46

703.73

Heating Capacity Curve Fit

Comfortmaker

Trane

Ambient Air Temperarure

Heating COP

Air Source Heat Pump Heating COP

VRF Part Load Factors

Heating Part Load Data

2/21/14

VRF

Air Cooled - Variable Speed

Mitsubishi - PUHY-P120YHMU (page 60 of Mitsubishi catalog)

Ambient Temperature (F)Percent CapacityHeating Capacity (btuh)Heating Capacity (watts)Percent Power InputPower Input (watts)COPAHRI COP at 47FAHRI COP

100.012000035.29.33.43

6064.07680022.542.03.95.793.92

5064.07680022.548.04.45.063.43

4064.07680022.556.05.24.342.94

3064.07680022.568.06.33.572.42

2064.07680022.585.07.92.861.94

1064.07680022.5105.09.72.311.57

052.06240018.3103.09.51.921.30

-1010.0120003.5102.09.40.370.25

Calculated IEER62.2

AHRI Rating

Calculated IEER52.9

w/15% for Pumping Energy

Heating COP Curve Fit

Ambient Temperature (F)

Heating Capacity (Btuh)

Heating Capacity

Ambient Temperature (F)

COP

Heating COP

Sensorless Pump DatabaseOriginal DB

Pump:KV1506AE2HCB098MRev 14/9/13

FlowDesignDelta PPipePumpPumpDrive:

FlowPercent ofHeadHeadHeadEfficiencyEfficiency

gpmDesignft.ft.ft.%FactorVFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10

62 HzHeadft42.54343.49443.37542.01139.61435.22528.62521.63412.4054.063

Delta TFlowgpm0.00011.30524.70035.21444.59555.95667.71777.96089.93899.045

0.00.00VFD PowerHP0.4640.5730.7030.8070.8940.9911.0711.1301.1861.216

12.50.2534.00.02.149.6%1.00Motor Speedrpm

25.00.5034.00.08.549.6%1.00Efficiencypercent0.0%21.7%38.5%46.3%49.9%50.2%45.7%37.7%23.8%8.4%

37.50.7534.00.019.149.6%1.00Shutoff HP % of BEP HP46.8%

50.01.0034.00.034.049.6%1.00

VFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10

Delta P = 25% of Design60 HzHeadft39.93440.75740.72839.42236.73432.77926.60519.93012.0633.719

0.00.00Flowgpm0.00011.38322.93433.92244.44654.52365.93376.01386.39995.957

12.50.2534.08.510.126.0%0.52VFD PowerHP0.4290.5320.6340.7380.8320.9120.9881.0411.0831.115

25.00.5034.08.514.939.0%0.79Motor Speedrpm0.022.037.245.849.649.544.836.724.38.1


50.01.0034.08.534.049.6%1.00Shutoff HP % of BEP HP47.0%

Delta P = 50% of DesignVFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10

0.00.0050 HzHeadft27.61728.19728.18527.40525.39023.03218.80412.9258.0772.462

12.50.2534.017.018.128.0%0.56Flowgpm0.00010.12618.61727.10036.98244.29354.16164.70872.58879.991

25.00.5034.017.021.340.0%0.81VFD PowerHP0.2770.3280.3810.4360.4980.5380.5840.6210.6440.662

37.50.7534.017.026.646.5%0.94Motor Speedrpm


Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor (PPLEF)Shutoff HP % of BEP HP51.5%

Delta P = 75% of DesignDelta P

0.00.00PPLEF = 1.4882 x PLF(3) - 3.3493 x PLF(2) + 2.8111 x PLF + .0496VFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10

12.50.2534.025.526.030.0%0.60Delta T40 HzHeadft17.67017.99818.01017.32416.39414.59111.6638.9205.1401.575

25.00.5034.025.527.642.0%0.85PPLEF = 1Flowgpm0.0008.54915.53923.55128.85535.99144.15750.47858.05563.952

37.50.7534.025.530.347.0%0.95VFD PowerHP0.1500.1850.2150.2470.2680.2930.3160.3310.3440.354

50.01.0034.025.534.049.6%1.00Motor Speedrpm

Efficiencypercent0.0%21.0%32.9%41.7%44.6%45.3%41.2%34.4%21.9%7.2%

Delta P = 90% of DesignFlow (Load)DesignDelta PPipePumpPumpPumpShutoff HP % of BEP HP51.2%

0.00.00Fraction ofHeadHeadHeadHeadEfficiencyHP

12.50.3334.0030.030.332.0%0.65DesignFactorVFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10

25.00.6734.0030.031.040.0%0.8130 Hz HeadHeadft9.8089.99410.0109.7699.0517.9806.4204.8182.7960.766

37.51.0034.0030.032.348.0%0.97Delta P = 25% of DesignFlowgpm0.0005.82911.46916.22522.01527.51233.18138.07843.55848.093

50.01.3334.0030.034.049.6%1.000.051.000.250.000.250.180.07VFD PowerHP0.0760.0890.1030.1140.1270.1380.1470.1530.1580.162

0.251.000.250.050.300.570.13Motor Speedrpm

Delta P = 100% of Design0.501.000.250.190.440.800.27Efficiencypercent0.0%16.5%28.1%35.1%39.6%40.2%36.6%30.3%19.5%5.7%

0.00.000.751.000.250.420.670.900.56Shutoff HP % of BEP HP55.1%

12.50.2534.034.034.028.0%0.561.001.000.250.751.001.001.00

25.00.5034.034.034.040.0%0.81VFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10

37.50.7534.034.034.047.0%0.95Delta P = 50% of Design20 HzHeadft4.1994.2814.2774.1373.8483.4642.8132.2891.2150.197

50.01.0034.034.034.049.6%1.000.051.000.500.000.500.180.14Flowgpm0.0005.8487.65311.83015.20418.19121.86124.27728.60132.303

0.251.000.500.030.530.570.23VFD PowerHP0.0370.0420.0450.0490.0520.0550.0570.0590.0610.063

SAT Program Pump Efficiency Factor (PEF) Curve0.501.000.500.130.630.800.39Motor Speedrpm0.015.118.425.228.428.927.223.814.42.6

0.00.000.050.751.000.500.280.780.900.65Efficiencypercent0.0%15.1%18.4%25.2%28.4%28.9%27.2%23.8%14.4%2.6%

12.50.2534.034.034.028.0%0.561.001.000.500.501.001.001.00Shutoff HP % of BEP HP67.3%

25.00.5034.034.034.040.0%0.81

37.50.7534.034.034.047.0%0.90Delta P = 75% of Design

50.01.0034.034.034.049.6%1.000.051.000.750.000.750.180.21

0.251.000.750.020.770.570.34

0.501.000.750.060.810.800.51

0.751.000.750.140.890.900.74

Fraction1.001.000.750.251.001.001.00

Shutoff

ShutoffDesignHeadShutoffShutoffFractionDelta P = 100% of Design

HeadHeadof BEPHPHPShutoff HP0.051.001.000.001.000.180.27

ftftHeadof BEP HP0.251.001.000.001.000.570.44

0.501.001.000.001.000.800.62

4.235.000.120.0371.00.040.751.001.000.001.000.900.83

9.835.000.280.0761.00.081.001.001.000.001.001.001.00

17.735.000.500.1501.00.15

27.635.000.790.2771.00.28Delta T

39.935.001.140.4291.00.430.051.000.000.000.000.180.00

0.251.000.000.060.060.570.03

0.501.000.000.250.250.800.16

0.751.000.000.560.560.900.47

1.001.000.001.001.001.001.00

Minimum Shutoff Pump Horsepower = 0.1105 x (Delta P % of Design Head)(2) + 0.2515 x (Delta P % of Design Head) + .001

Percent Shutoff HP of BEP HP

Percent Shutoff Head (Delta P) of BEP (Design) Head

Percent Shutoff HP of BEP (Design) HP

Percent Shutoff HP of BEP HP (Minimum Shutoff Pump Horsepower)

y = 0.1105x2 + 0.2515x + 0.001

Delta P = 25% of Design Head



Delta P = 90% of Design


Delta T

Pump Efficiency Factor Curve

(Heating or Cooling) Part Load Factor

Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor

Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor for Different Delta P

y = 1.4882x3 - 3.3493x2 + 2.8111x + 0.0496

Pumping Horsepower

2/21/14

Heat Gain

= 200' x 200' x 25 btuh/sq. ft.1000000btuhDistribution/Pumping Energy Percent of Compressor Horsepower

83tonsPipe/Duct Length0100200300400500

FlowsHydronic (Conventional)Hydronic (2 Pipe)2.4%2.7%3.1%3.5%3.8%4.2%

Hydronic (Conventional) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T200gpmHydronic (Chilled Beam/LOFlo)Hydronic (1 Pipe)1.5%1.7%1.9%2.1%2.3%2.5%

Hydronic (Heat Pump) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T *1.25 (heat of rejection)250gpmAir (Fan Coil)Air (Low Pressure Rooftop)6.8%8.0%9.3%10.5%11.8%13.1%

Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Primary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 18F delta T111Air (VAV)Air (Medium Pressure VAV)15.5%19.9%24.3%28.7%33.1%37.5%

Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Secondary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 5F delta T400gpmRefrigerant (VRF - AHRI)VRF1.0%6.0%12.0%18.0%24.0%30.0%

Air = Heat Gain / 1.085 / 25F delta T36866cfm

Efficiencies

Pump80%

Fan65%

Motor90%

Compressor Horsepower

EER (btuh/watt)13

COP = EER (/ 3.4133.8


= Heat Gain (btuh) / COP / 3.413 (btuh/watt)

/ 1,000 (watts/kw) / .75 (kw/hp)103hp

Pipe Pressure Drop

Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500

Hydronic (Conventional)

Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500

Head (ft)

Fixed

Chiller Evaporator101010101010

Pump Accessories555555

Cooling coil555555

Control Valve101010101010

Balance Valve555555

Subtotal353535353535

Variable Pipe Friction

= 4' / 100' x pipe length x 1.3 equivalent length0510162126

Total354045515661

Pump Horsepower

= Flow x Head / 3960 / Pump Efficiency / Motor Efficiency2.462.823.183.553.914.28

Hydronic (Chilled Beam LOFlo Primary)

Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500

Head (ft)

Fixed

Chiller Evaporator101010101010

Pump Accessories555555

Subtotal151515151515



Total152025313641

Pump Horsepower


Hydronic (Chilled Beam LOFlo Secondary)

Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500

Head (ft)

Fixed

Cooling coil555555

Control Valve000000

Balance Valve000000

Subtotal555555


= 4' / 100' x 30' pipe length x 1.3 equivalent length222222

Total777777

Pump Horsepower


Hydronic (Chilled Beam LOFlo Total)

Pump Horsepower (Total)1.501.711.912.112.322.52

Air (Rooftop)

Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500

Static Pressure

Fixed

Unit Casing0.050.050.050.050.050.05

Cooling coil0.250.250.250.250.250.25

Filter0.200.200.200.200.200.20

Balance Damper0.100.100.100.100.100.10

Grille0.100.100.100.100.100.10

Subtotal0.700.700.700.700.700.70

Variable Duct Friction

= 0.1" / 100' x duct length x 1.3 equivalent length0.000.130.260.390.520.65

Total0.700.830.961.091.221.35

Fan Horsepower

= Flow x Static Pressure / 6356 / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency6.948.239.5210.8112.1013.39

Air (VAV)

Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500

Static Pressure

Fixed

Unit Casing0.100.100.100.100.100.10

Cooling coil0.750.750.750.750.750.75

Filter0.500.500.500.500.500.50

VAV Box Damper0.250.250.250.250.250.25

Balancing Damper0.100.100.100.100.100.10

Grille0.100.100.100.100.100.10

Subtotal1.601.601.601.601.601.60



Total1.602.062.512.973.423.88

Fan Horsepower


Refrigerant (VRF)

Compressor capacity pipe length correction factor

Pipe length (ft)0100200300400500

Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (ft)0150300450600750

Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (m)04691137183229

Sources

Daikin (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8600.8100.7800.760

Mitsubishi (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8650.8100.7500.700

AHRI (pipe length)0.9900.9400.8800.8200.7600.700

ASHRAE Guide1.0000.9850.9650.9500.9300.920

Daikin (equivalent length)Mitsubishi (equivalent length)AHRI Standard 1230-2013 (pipe length)ASHRAE Guide

Hydronic (1 Pipe)

Hydronic (2 Pipe)

Air (Low Pressure Rooftop)


VRF

Pipe Length



Pumping Horsepower

2/21/14

Heat Gain

= 200' x 200' x 25 btuh/sq. ft.1000000btuhDistribution/Pumping Energy Percent of Compressor Horsepower

83tonsPipe/Duct Length0100200300400500

FlowsHydronicHydronic0.0%0.4%0.7%1.1%1.4%1.8%

Hydronic (Conventional) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T200gpmAir (Low Pressure VVT)Air (Low Pressure VVT)0.0%1.3%2.5%3.8%5.0%6.3%

Hydronic (Heat Pump) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T *1.25 (heat of rejection)250gpmAir (Medium Pressure VAV)Air (Medium Pressure VAV)0.0%4.4%8.8%13.2%17.6%22.0%

Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Primary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 18F delta T111Refrigerant (VRF - AHRI))Refrigerant (VRF)1.0%6.0%12.0%18.0%24.0%30.0%

Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Secondary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 5F delta T400gpm

Air = Heat Gain / 1.085 / 25F delta T36866cfm

Efficiencies

Pump80%

Fan65%

Motor90%


EER (btuh/watt)13

COP = EER (/ 3.4133.8


= Heat Gain (btuh) / COP / 3.413 (btuh/watt)

/ 1,000 (watts/kw) / .75 (kw/hp)103hp

Hydronic System Horsepower

Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500

Head (ft)

Pipe Friction


Pump Horsepower


Air (Low Pressure VVT) Horsepower

Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500

Static Pressure

Duct Friction


Fan Horsepower


Air (Medium Pressure VAV) Horsepower

Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500

Static Pressure



Fan Horsepower


Refrigerant (VRF) Horsepower

Compressor capacity pipe length correction factor

Pipe length (ft)0100200300400500

Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (ft)0150300450600750

Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (m)04691137183229

Sources

Daikin (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8600.8100.7800.760

Mitsubishi (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8650.8100.7500.700

AHRI (pipe length)0.9900.9400.8800.8200.7600.700

ASHRAE Guide1.0000.9850.9650.9500.9300.920

AHRI Standard 1230-2013 (pipe length)

Daikin (equivalent length)Mitsubishi (equivalent length)

Hydronic

Air (Low Pressure VVT)


Refrigerant (VRF)

Pipe/Duct Length



Taco System Analysis

2/21/14

ParameterCentral Plant Heating and Cooling Sources

Heating SourceCooling Source

BoilerFurnaceElectric Resistance HeatingPTACPackaged RooftopVariable Refrigerant FlowHeat PumpChillerSplit System Condensing UnitVariable Refrigerant FlowHeat PumpPTACPackaged Rooftop

Air SourceWater SourceGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnAir SourceWater SourceWater Source Condenser Water Heat OnlyGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnGeothermal Water to WaterClosed LoopGeothermal Water to WaterOpen LoopGeothermal Water to WaterStanding ColumnWater Cooled ElectricScroll CompressorWater Cooled ElectricScrew CompressorWater Cooled ElectricCentrifugal CompressorWater Cooled ElectricFrictionless CompressorWater Cooled AbsorptionAir Cooled Electric Scroll CompressorAir Cooled Electric Screw CompressorAir Cooled Electric Centrifugal CompressorAir Cooled Electric Frictionless CompressorAir Cooled AbsorptionCondensing Unit, Evaporative CooledCondensing Unit, Air CooledAir SourceWater SourceGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnAir SourceWater SourceWater Source Condenser Water Heat OnlyGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnGeothermal Water to WaterClosed LoopGeothermal Water to WaterOpen LoopGeothermal Water to WaterStanding Column

Constant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable Speed

Central Plant

Electrical Demand (kw)

Pump Electrical Demand (Primary and Secondary)

Heating Pump Horsepower

CPHPHB = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head)

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head), Primary Only5

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head), Primary for Primary/Secondary5

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head), Secondary for Primary/Secondary0

CPHPHHC = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head) (one of 3 following equations)

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head), Primary Only

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head), Primary for Primary/Secondary

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head), Secondary for Primary/Secondary

CPHPHCV = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head) (one of 3 following equations)

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head), Primary Only

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head), Primary for Primary/Secondary

= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head), Secondary for Primary/Secondary

CPHPHPA = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Pump Accessories (ft head)

CPHPHBV = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Balance Valve (ft head)

PDPD = Pipe Design Pressure Drop (user preference)

= 4 ft / 100 ft (Default)

1P2PLR = 1 Pipe to 2 pipe system pipe length ratioSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee Pumps

= 0.7 (default)See PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee Pumps

HPML = Hydronic Pipe Maximum Length (ft pipe)

CPHPHDSS = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Distribution System Secondary (ft head) (one of 2 following equations)

CPHPHDSS = PDPD / 100 (ft pipe) x (Building Perimeter (ft pipe) or Hydronic Pipe Maximum Length (ft pipe)) x 1.5 Equivalent Length x 1P2PLR, (Single pipe)

= PDPD / 100 x (2 x (FL + FW + (NF x FH)) or HPML) x 1.5 x 1P2PLR

CPHPHDSS = PDPD / 100 (ft pipe) x (Building Perimeter (ft pipe) or Hydronic Pipe Maximum Length (ft pipe)) x 1.5 Equivalent Length (2 pipe)

= PDPD / 100 x (2 x ((FL + FW + (NF x FH)) or HPML) x 1.5

CPHPHDSP = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Distribution System Primary (ft head)

= PDPD / 100 (ft pipe) x Mechanical Room (50 ft pipe) x 1.5 Equivalent Length

= PDPD / 100 x 50 x 1.5

CPHPHPP = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Primary (varies with load as square of flow or load)

= (CPHPHB + CPHPHPA + CPHPHDSP + CPHPHDSS (0 for Primary/Secondary)) x HPLF2

CPHPHPS = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Secondary (varies with load as square of flow or load)

= (CPHPHB + CPHPHPA + CPHPHDSS) x HPLF2

CPHPHTU = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head) (one of following 2 equations)

CPHPHTU = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head) (varies with load as square of flow or load for Delta T control)

= (CPHPHC + CPHPCV + CPHPHBV) x HPLF2

CPHPHTU = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head) (constant, does not vary with load, Delta P for Delta P control)

= CPHPHC + CPHPCV + CPHPHBV

HHTDP = Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Primary (user preference)

= Default

HHTDS = Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Secondary (user preference)

= Default

HHTTS = Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Terminal Unit (user preference)

= Default

CPHPF(P/S) = Central Plant Heating Pump Flow Primary or Secondary (gpm)

= Hourly Total Heat Loss (btu/hr) / 60 min/hr / 8.33 lb/gal / 1btu/lb/deg F /

Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Primary or Secondary (deg F)

= HHLT / 500 / HHTD(P/S)

CPFLPE(P/S) = Central Plant Full Load Pump Efficiency Primary or Secondary (user preference)

= 70% (default)

CPFLME(P/S) = Central Plant Full Load Motor Efficiency Primary or Secondary (user preference)

= 90% (default)

CPHPHPCV = Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower Conversion Factor

= 1 / Central Plant Full Load Pump Efficiency (bhp/hp) / Heating Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor / 3960 (gpm x ft head / hp) / Central Plant Motor Efficiency

= 1 / CPFLPE / HPPLEF / 3960 / CPME

CPHPPHP= Central Plant Heating Primary Pump Horsepower (hp)

= Heating Flow (gpm) x (Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Primary + Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head)) x Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower Conversion Factor

(Minimum Heating Flow (gpm) = 25% for lubrication of seals)

= CPHPF x (CPHPHPP + CPHPHPTU (0 if Primary/Secondary)) x CPHPHPCV

CPHPSHP= Central Plant Heating Secondary Pump Horsepower (hp)

= Heating Flow (gpm) x (Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Secondary + Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head)) x Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower Conversion Factor

(Minimum Heating Flow (gpm) = 25% for lubrication of seals)

= (CPHPF x (CPHPHPS + CPHPHPTU) x CPHPHPCV) (0 if Primary Only)

Heating Pump Demand (kw)

HPC = .746 killowatts/horsepower

CPHPD = Central Plant Heating Pump Demand (kw)

= Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower (hp) x HPC (kilowatts/horsepower)

= CPHPHP x HPC

MHDF = Monthly Heating Demand Factor

= (Balance Point - Monthly Minimum) / (Balance Point - Average Annual Minimum) (=1 if > 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if

HYDRONICS ARE SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE

Chart1

0000

50505050

100100100100

150150150150

200200200200

250250250250

Refrigerant (Split System)

Refrigerant (VRF)

Hydronic (Electric Chiller and Heat Pump)

Hydronic (Absorption Chiller and Heat Pump)

Tons of Cooling

Pounds of Refrigerant

Refrigerant Charge

0

0

0

0

242.8571428571

225

50

0

485.7142857143

450

100

0

728.5714285714

675

150

0

971.4285714286

900

200

0

1214.2857142857

1125

250

0

Sheet1

Refrigerant Charge

1/7/14

SystemRefrigerant ChargeRange(lbs/ton)Refrigerant ChargeUsed(lbs/ton)Refrigerant Charge

RefrigerantTons of Cooling050100150200250

DX Split System (See calculation below)Refrigerant Split SystemRefrigerant (Split System)02434867299711214

Total Charge for 35 feet of Refrigerant Pipe (Charlotte HVAC Guide)2 - 43.0000Rerfrigerant VRFRefrigerant (VRF)02254506759001125

Condensing Unit (McQuay AGZ 10 - 30 tons)1.5 - 2.02.0000Hydronic Electirc Chiller and Heat PumpsHydronic (Electric Chiller and Heat Pump)050100150200250

Pipe Charge (per foot)0.0286Hydronic Absorption ChillersHydronic (Absorption Chiller and Heat Pump)000000

Total Charge for 100 feet of refrigerant line4.8571

VRF (Applying VRF - Don't Overlook Standard 15 - ASHRAE 2012-7)3 - 64.5000

Hydronic System

Air Cooled Chiller (Daikin/McQuay ALS Rotary Screw 120-210 tons)0.9 - 1.11.0000

Water Cooled Chiller (Trane Series R 80-250 tons)0.8 - 1.11.0000

Water Cooled Heat Pump (McQuay Large Water Source Heat Pumps 6 - 25 tons)0.8 - 1.21.0000

Absorption Chillers00.0000

Sheet1

Refrigerant (Split System)

Refrigerant (VRF)

Hydronic (Electric Chiller and Heat Pump)

Hydronic (Absorption Chiller and Heat Pump)

Tons of Cooling

Pounds of Refrigerant

Refrigerant Charge

Sheet2

Sheet3

NET ENERGY – SYSTEM VS. UNIT EFFICIENCY

Two buildings have the same load – but the Hydronic System always wins due to reduced energy use. Why?

LOWEST OPERATING COST, PLUS:SIMULTANEOUS HEAT RECLAIM – Lowest cost, when applied to the whole building design for increased opportunity to share energyCYCLICAL – Better practice, heating and cooling offset each other but do not have to occur simultaneously

Available only with hydronic systemsSTORAGE – Best practice based on cost

Available only with hydronic systems

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

Preference of building ownerAvailable construction budgetSize and shape of buildingFunction of building (comfort requirements)Architectural limitationsLife-cycle costEase of operation and maintenanceTime available for construction

Good Reasons to use DX

Tom LennonRegional Manager AAON, Inc.

Good reasons to use DX

1. It can be cheaper to own and operate.a. Frequently less first cost as both field labor and equipment cost can be

significantly less. No pumps, little piping, no dedicated machine rooms in many instances.

b. Energy costs may be significantly less utilizing air source or water source heat pump systems as well as eliminating pumping cost. Larger units are available with Evap condensing to reduce lift to below most water cooled chillers.

c. Self contained controls that are BACnet ready provide an inexpensive way to offer even smaller facilities big system BAS benefits.


Frequently less first cost as both field labor and equipment cost can be significantly less. No pumps, little piping, no dedicated machine rooms in many instances.


Energy costs may be significantly less utilizing air source or water source heat pump systems as well as eliminating pumping cost. Larger units are available with Evapcondensing to reduce lift to below most water cooled chillers.


Self contained controls that are BACnet ready provide an cost effective way to offer even smaller facilities big system BAS benefits.

Relative Humidity +/- 5%

DB Temperature+/- 1/2° F


2. Better comforta. Variable Capacity Compressors (Digital, Variable

Speed, and 2-step) can provide stable LAT with precise humidity control

Modulating Hot Gas Reheat allows precise RH control for even high OSA percentage units.

Full Load Air Handler Psychrometrics

Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB

Mixed Air80.2° F DB66.1° F WB

Coil L/A52.9° F DB52.1° F WB Supply Air 2695 CFM

54.7° F DB

Room Load60,000 Btu/hr

Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent

Room Conditions75° F DB50 % RH

O/A M/A

R/A

S/A

E/AExhaust Air700 CFM

Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = 2.5 in. wg. Tot = 111,964 Btu/hrBHP = 1.93 Sensible = 80,634 Btu/hr Latent = 31,330 Btu/hr

Design Conditions

9.3 Tons

Part Load Psychrometrics



Coil L/A54.3° F DB

523.5° F WB

Supply Air 1343 CFM54.7° F DB



Room Conditions75° F DB

58.4 % RH

O/A M/A

R/A

S/A



Reduced Sensible Load

6.0 Tons

Increase in RH %

Part Load Psychrometrics




54.7° F DB



Room Conditions74.1° F DB72.2 % RH

O/A M/A

R/A

S/A



Loss of Temp ControlLost of Humidity Control

Further Reduction in Sensible Load

Minimum airflow

Modulating Hot Gas Reheat

Control Board

Modulating Valve




54.7° F DB




O/A M/A

R/A

S/A



Mod Gas Reheat

0 Btu/hr, .15” APD

Design Conditions

9.3 Tons

Full Load Air Handler PsychrometricsWith MHGRH

BHP increase 18.6%

VAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas Reheat




54.7° F DB




O/A M/A

R/A

S/A


Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = .62 in. wg. Tot = 85,342 Btu/hrBHP = 0.24 Sensible = 54,026 Btu/hr Latent = 31,315 Btu/hr

Mod Gas Reheat

8037 Btu/hr

Reduced Sensible Load

7.1Tons an increase due to humidity controlBHP reduced 87.5%

No increase in RH %

VAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas Reheat




60.7° F DB




O/A M/A

R/A

S/A


Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = .31 in. wg. Tot = 78,129 Btu/hrBHP = 0.09 Sensible = 46,813 Btu/hr Latent = 31,316 Btu/hr

Mod Gas Reheat

15232 Btu/hr

6.5 TonsBHP reduced 95.3%

No increase in RH %

Further Reduction in Sensible Load

DOAS Units

DX is typically the only viable solution for a DOAS unit.

1. Chilled water systems may require glycol which penalizes not only all heat exchangers, but all supply air fans as well due to thicker coils with more FPI.

2. Preheat will not allow for close humidity control – reheat is essential and prohibited by many codes unless utilizing Hot Gas.

3. Suitably low DEW point supply air would take lower water temps then typically practical. With DX saturated air at as low as 41 F is usually available.

4. Air source or water source heat pumps give close heating control without overheating in shoulder months utilizing gas or electric heat only in colder conditions.

5. Variable capacity compressors as part of a DOAS unit utilizing heat pumps operation and modulating heat makes VAV DOAS a true option.

DOAS Units

Thank You!

VRF is a combination of traditional

systems

Basic System (1 to 1)

Common Uses Individual room School office Server room Additions Problem areas

Condensing Unit Indoor Unit

Refrigerant Piping

Refrigerant Piping

Refrigerant Piping

Commercial System

Condensing Unit Indoor Units

Heat Pump

Up to 50 indoor units per system

All in cooling mode

Commercial System


Heat Pump


Refrigerant Piping

All in heating mode

Commercial SystemHeat Pump

Restaurants

Lobbies

Churches

Apartments

Large open areas

Zones with similar load profiles

Commercial System


Heat Pump with Heat Recovery (2 Pipe)

Refrigerant Piping


Branch CircuitController

Cooling

HeatingSimultaneous

2 Pipes

2 Pipes

Commercial System


Heat Pump with Heat Recovery (3 Pipe)

Refrigerant Piping Changeover Box

Cooling

HeatingSimultaneous

Commercial SystemSimultaneous Heating and Cooling Applications

Many zones with different load profiles

Multi-family Senior living centers Schools Student housing Hotels Offices Medical facilities

30Hz

On

60Hz

0Hz

Set Point Temp.

Compressor Energy Consumption

Precise Temperature Control & Energy Efficiency Inverter-driven Compressor

80°F

77°F

75°F

73°F150Hz

Modular and compact designLocation flexibility – often spread around the property

MaintenanceITEM Traditional VRF

Water treatment XCooling tower X

Pump seals X

10 year overhaul X

Boiler analysis X

Chiller maintenance X

Tube brushing X

Belt changes X

Strainer cleaning X

Filter changes X

Condenser cleaning X

X

X

Controllability

Energy

LEED

Maintenance

CostExpandabilit

yWarranty 1 yr. 10 yr.

• Many zones• Sound sensitive• Limited space for ductwork• Owner requirement Cost conscious Energy conscious Maximize USF (usable square footage)

• Multi-family• Schools• Senior living centers• Student housing• Hotels• Churches• Retrofit application

Quiz

1. What system type can take advantage of a water side economizer?

2. True or False:• Heat recovery can only be utilized in a chilled

water system.

3. DX systems with digital and variable speed compressors offer precise humidity control.

Quiz

4. Up to how many indoor unit can be connected to a VRF condensing unit?

5. Which system(s) offer the lowest first costs?

Chilled Water�vs.�Direct Expansion (DX)�vs.�VRF��Panel DiscussionChilled Water System�Industry ExpertsDirect Expansion System�Industry ExpertVRF System�Industry ExpertsHVAC Design GoalsThe five system loopsChilled Water ProductionAir-cooled or water-cooledCompressor typesAbsorption Chiller typesWaterside economizer �plate-and-frame heat exchangerSlide Number 12Thermal Storage Systems Partial Thermal StorageThermal Storage SystemDedicated Heat Recovery ChillerChilled Water ConsumptionCommon Chilled Water HVAC SystemsChilled-water air-handling unitChilled-water terminal systemChilled beamsCentral chilled-water vav systemDedicated outdoor-air systemWhy Chilled WaterStability of controlDISTRIBUTION – PIPING ENERGYHYDRONICS ARE SAFE AND SUSTAINABLENet Energy – System vS. unit efficiencyOther ConsiderationsGood Reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXFull Load Air Handler Psychrometrics Part Load Psychrometrics Part Load Psychrometrics Modulating Hot Gas ReheatSlide Number 40VAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas ReheatVAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas ReheatSlide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45ASHRAE DX vs Chilled Water Debate :� VRF OverviewVRF is a � combination of traditional systemsBasic System (1 to 1)Commercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemPrecise Temperature Control & Energy Efficiency Modular and compact designMaintenanceSlide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61

ice storage systems · • #5 – reduce cost of delivering comfort • #6 – system efficiency...

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