ic lab manual new2

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual IC APPLICATIONS LAB

III ECE (I SEM) – R09

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

(As per JNTU Syllabus)PART-1

1. Adder, Subtractor ,Comparator using IC 741 op-amp

2. Integrator and Differentiator using IC 741 op-amp

3. Active Filters – LPF, HPF(Butterworth second order)

4. RC phase shift ,Wein Bridge Oscillators using IC 741 op-amp

5. IC 555 Timer in Monostable Operation

6. Schmitt trigger Circuits using IC 741 and IC 555

7. IC 565 –PLL Applications

8. Voltage regulator using IC 723,three terminal voltage regulators-

7805,7809,7912

9. Sample and Hold LF 398 IC

PART II

1. D- Flip Flop(74LS74)and JK Master Slave Flip Flop (74LS73)

2. Decade Counter (74LS90)and UP-Down Counter (74LS192)

3. Universal Shift Register(74LS194/195)

4. 3-8 Decoder (74LS138)

5. 4-bit Comparator(74LS85)

6. 8×1 Multiplexer(74151) and 2×4 Demux(74155)

7. RAM (16×4)-74189(read and write operations)

8. Stack and Queue implementation using RAM,74189

JAGRUTI Institute of Engineering & Technology ECE Department

1

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual1.ADDER, SUBTRACTOR ,COMPARATOR USING IC 741 OP-AMP

AIM: To verify Adder, Subtractor, Comparator using op-amp.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Name of the

Component/EquipmentSpecifications Quantity

IC 741 Refer Appendix A 1

Resistors 3.3 K,2.2K 1

Resistors 1K 2

Resistor 10k 4

Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30V),1A 2

Function Generator (0.1 – 1MHz),20Vp-p 1

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1

Multimeter 3 ½ digit display 1

Bread Board 1

Probes & Connecting wires

THEORY:

Adder: A two input summing amplifier may be constructed using the inverting mode. The adder

can be obtained by using either non-inverting mode or differential amplifier. Here the inverting

mode is used. So the inputs are applied through resistors to the inverting terminal and non-

inverting terminal is grounded. This is called “virtual ground”, i.e. the voltage at that terminal is

zero. The gain of this summing amplifier is 1; any scale factor can be used for the inputs by

selecting proper external resistors.

Subtractor: A basic differential amplifier can be used as a subtractor. If all resistors are equal in

value then output voltage can be derived by using superposition principle. To find V01 due to V1

alone make V2=0.Then the circuit becomes a non inverting amplifier having input voltage V 1/2 at

the non inverting input terminal and output becomes V01=V1/2[1+R/R]

=V1

Similarly the output V02 = -V2

Thus the output voltage V0 due to both the inputs can be written as V0= V01+V02

= V1-V2


2

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualComparator: It is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input terminal of op-

amp with a known reference voltage at the other input. Non inverting comparator circuit is shown

in figure. A fixed reference voltage is applied to (-) input and time varying signal V i is applied to

(+) input.

The output voltage is at –Vsat for Vi<Vref.

And Vo goes to +Vsat for Vi>Vref.

The output waveform for a sin input signal applied to (+) input as shown.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig1.1: Adder

Fig1.2: Subtractor


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IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

Fig1.3: Comparator

PROCEDURE:

Adder:

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in fig 1.1.

2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin7 and -15V to pin4 of IC 741 respectively.

3. Apply the DC inputs V1 and V2.

4. Vary the input voltages and note down the corresponding outputs at pin 6 of the IC 741

5. Notice that the output is equal to the sum of the two inputs.

Subtractor:


2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin7 and -15V to pin4 of IC741 respectively.

3. Apply the DC inputs V1 and V2.

4. Vary the input voltages and note down the corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC 741

5. Notice that the output is equal to the difference of two inputs

Comparator:


2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin7 and -15V to pin4 of IC741 respectively.

3. Apply the input Vi as sin wave of 1k HZ ,10V p-p amplitude and Vref as show in fig1.3.

4. Note down the corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC 741.

5. Note down the Square wave output amplitudes.


4


OBSERVATION TABLES:

Adder:

Subtractor:

COMPARATOR MODEL WAVE FORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:

1.Check the connections before giving the power supply.

2.Readings should be taken carefully.

RESULT:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1.What is an op-amp?

2.What are the applications of op-amp?


5

i/p1 (v) i/p2(v) V0(v) practical V0(v) Theoretical

i/p1 (v) i/p2(v) V0(v) Practical V0(v) Theoretical


2. INTEGRATOR & DIFFERENTIATOR USING IC741 OpAMP

AIM: To verify Integrator and Differentiator using IC 741 op-amp.


Name of the



Capacitors 0.1μf, 0.01μf Each one

Resistors 159, 1.5k Each one


Function Generator (0.1 – 1MHz), 20V p-p 1


Bread Board 1


THEORY:

Integrator: In an integrator circuit, the output voltage is the integration of the input voltage. The

output voltage of an integrator is given by Vo = -1/R1Cf ∫0

t

Vidt.

At low frequencies the gain becomes infinite, so the capacitor is fully charged and behaves like an

open circuit. The gain of an integrator at low frequency can be limited by connecting a resistor in

shunt with capacitor.

Differentiator: In the differentiator circuit the output voltage is the differentiation of the

input voltage. The output voltage of a differentiator is given by Vo = - R fC1 dVin/df .The input

impedance of this circuit decreases with increase in frequency, thereby making the circuit sensitive

to high frequency noise. At high frequencies circuit may become unstable. For pin configuration

and specifications of opamp (IC 741).


6


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig2.1: Integrator

Fig2.2: Differentiator

CALCULATIONS (Theoretical):

Integrator:

Choose T = 2πRfCf

Where T= Time period of the input signal

Assume Cf and find Rf

Select Rf = 10R1


7


Vo (p-p) = -1/ R1Cf

∫0

t /2

Vi (p-p) dt

Differentiator

Select given frequency fa = 1/ (2π Rf C1), Assume C1 and find Rf

Select fb = 10 fa = 1/2π R1C1 and find R1

From R1C1 = Rf Cf, find Cf

PROCEDUER:

Integrator

1 Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown

2 Apply a square wave/sine input of 4V (p-p) of 1 KHz

3 Observe the o/p at pin 6.

4 Draw input and output waveforms as shown.

5 Observe that theoretical & practical values are equal.

Differentiator

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown

2. Apply a square wave/sine input of 4V (p-p) of 1 KHz

3. Observe the output at pin 6

4. Draw the input and output waveforms as shown

5 Observe that theoretical & practical values are equal.

WAVE FORMS:

Integrator


8


Differentiator


9


OBSERVATION TABLES:

Integrator


10

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualInput –Square wave Output - Triangular

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Input –sine wave Output - cosine

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Differentiator

Input –Square wave Output - Triangular

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Input –sine wave Output - cosine

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

Amplitude(Vp-p)

(V)

Time period

(ms)

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Integrator:

For T= 1 msec

fa = 1/T = 1 KHz


11

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manualfa = 1 KHz = 1/(2πRfCf)

Assuming Cf= 0.1μf, Rf is found from Rf=1/(2π fa Cf)

Rf =1.59 K

Rf = 10 R1

R1= 159

Differentiator:

For T = 1 msec

f= 1/T = 1 KHz

fa = 1 KHz = 1/ (2πRfC1)

Assuming C1= 0.1μf, Rf is found from Rf=1/(2πfaC1)

Rf=1.59 K

Fb = 10 fa = 1/2π R1C1

for C1= 0.1μf;

R1 =159

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply.

2. Readings should be taken carefully.

RESULT:


1.What is an op-amp?

2.What are the applications of op-amp?

3.What is meant by integrator and differentiator?


12


3. ACTIVE FILTERS – LPF, HPF (SECOND ORDER)

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of i) Second order Low Pass Filter (LPF)

ii) Second order High Pass Filter (HPF)


Name of the



Resistors 10k 3

Resistors 3.3k 2

Capacitors 0.01μf 2



Function Generator (1Hz – 1MHz) 1

Bread Board 1


THEORY:


13

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manuala) LPF:

A LPF allows frequencies from 0 to higher cut of frequency fH. At fH the gain is 0.707

Amax, and after fH gain decreases at a constant rate with an increase in frequency. The gain

decreases 40dB each time the frequency is increased by 10. Hence the rate at which the

gain rolls off after fH is 40dB/decade or 12 dB/ octave, where octave signifies a two fold

increase in frequency. The frequency f=fH is called the cut off frequency because the gain

of the filter at this frequency is down by 3 dB from 0 Hz. Other equivalent terms for cut-

off frequency are -3dB frequency, break frequency, or corner frequency.

b) HPF:

The frequency at which the magnitude of the gain is 0.707 times the maximum value of

gain is called low cut off frequency. Obviously, all frequencies higher than fL are pass

band frequencies with the highest frequency determined by the closed loop band width all

of the op-amp.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig 3.1: Low pass filter


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Fig 3.2: High pass filter

DESIGN:

Assume pass band gain Av=2, Cut off frequency fc=5 KHz

1. Amplifier: Av=1+(Rf/R)=2 , then Rf=R, Choose Rf=R=10K

2. Filter Circuit: Cut off frequency fc=1/2II R1C1 = 5kHz

Choose C1=0.01uf then R1=3.3K

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

2. Apply sine wave i/p signal of peak amplitude 5 volts.

3. Check the gain of non-inverting amplifier by keeping the frequency of the input

signal in the pass band of the filter. Note down the output voltage Vo max

4 Keeping the input signal amplitude constant, vary the frequency until the output

voltage reduces to 0.707 Vo max, the corresponding frequency is the cut-off

frequency (fc) of the filter.

To find the Roll-off factor :-

1. For LPF :- Keeping the input signal amplitude constant, adjust the input frequency at 10fc


15

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manualgives the Roll-off factor.

2. For HPF :- Keeping the input signal amplitude constant, adjust the input frequency at 0.1fc

note down the output signal amplitude. The difference in the gain of the filter at fc and 0.1

fc gives the Roll-off factor.

OBSERVATION TABLES:

High Pass Filter :- Vi(p-p) = Volts (Constant)

i/p frequency in(Hz) o/p Voltage Vo p-p (v) Gain magnitude (Vo/Vi)

Gain magnitude in db =20log(Vo/Vi)

Roll off = - (G1 - G2) db/decade =

Frequency Response for High Pass Filter:

Low Pass Filter :- Vi(p-p) = Volts (Constant)

i/p frequency in(Hz) o/p Voltage Vo p-p (v) Gain magnitude (Vo/Vi)

Gain magnitude in db =20log(Vo/Vi)


16


Roll off = - (G1-G2) db/decade =

Frequency Response for Low Pass Filter:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply.

2. Readings should be taken carefully.

3. VCC and VEE must be given to the corresponding pins.JAGRUTI Institute of Engineering & Technology ECE Department

17


RESULT:


1. What is meant by Low pass filter?

2. What is meant by High pass filter?

3. What is meant by Active filters?

4. How many types of filters are there?

4.RC PHASE SHIFT & WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATORS

AIM : To Design a RC Phase Shift & Wein Bridge Oscillators of output frequency 200 Hz.

EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS:

Name of apparatus& Component Specification Quntity

Resistor 3.3 K 3

Resistor 33K 2

Resistor 12K 1

Variable Resistor 1.2M,50K Each one

Capacitor 0.1µf 3

Capacitor 0.05 µf 2

741 IC Refer Appendix -A 1

Bread Board 1

Dual Channel Power Supply (0-30V) 1


Connecting wires&Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:


18


Fig 4.1: RC Phase shift Oscillator

Fig2: Wein Bridge Oscillator

THEORY:

RC Phase shift oscillator : The op-amp is used in inverting mode and so it provides 1800 phase

shift. The additional phase 1800deg provided by RC feedback network to obtain total phase shift of


19

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual3600.The feedback network consists of three identical RC stages. Each RC stage provides

600phase shift ,so that total phase shift provided by feed back network is 1800.

Here the gain of the inverting op-amp should be at least 29, or Rf = 29R1.

Frequency of oscillation fo = 1/(2πRC√ 6)

Wien Bridge Oscillator: It is a audio frequency oscillator. Feed back signal in this circuit is

connected to non inverting input terminal so that op-amp is working as a non inverting amplifier.

So the feed back network need not provide any phase shift. The circuit can be viewed as a Wein-

Bride with a series RC network in one arm and parallel RC network in ad joint arm.R1 and Rf are

connected in the remaining two arms. Here Rf = 2R1 .

CALCULATIONS (theoretical):

RC Phase shift Oscillator:i. The frequency of oscillation fo is given by fo = 1/(2π√ 6 RC)

ii. The gain Av at the above frequency must be at least 29 i.e Rf/R1=29 iii. fo= 200Hz

Let C = 0.1µf , Then R= 3.25K (choose 3.3k)

To prevent the loading of the amplifier because of RC networks it is necessary that

R1≥10R Therefore R1=10R=33 k

Then Rf= 29 (33 k) = 957 k (choose Rf=1M)

Wein Bridge Oscillator:

The frequency of oscillation fo is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wein Bridge and is given by fo = 1/(2πRC)

The gain required for sustained oscillations is given by Av= 3. i.e., Rf=2R1

Let C = 0.05uf Then fo = 1/(2πRC) => R=3.3K

Now let R1=12K, then Rf=2R1=24K Use Rf =50K potentiometer

PROCEDURE:


20

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual1. Construct the circuits as shown in the circuit diagrams.

2. Adjust the potentiometer Rf that an output wave form is obtained.

3. Calculate the output wave form frequency and peak to peak voltage

4. Compare the theoretical and practical values of the output waveform frequency

OBSERVATIONS:

The frequency of oscillation = ______ (RC Phase shift Oscillator)

The frequency of oscillation = ______ (Wein Bridge Oscillator)

MODEL WAVE FORMS:

RC Phase shift Oscillator:

Wein Bridge Oscillator:

RESULT:

The frequency of oscillation of the RC phase shift oscillator = --------Hz

The frequency of oscillation of the Wein Bridge oscillator = --------Hz


21


VIVA-VOICE:

1. State the two condition of oscillations

2. Classify the oscillators

3. What is the phase shift in case of the RC phase shift oscillator?

4. In phase shift oscillator what phase shift does the op-amp provide?

5. In what mode the op-amp is used in the phase shift oscillator?

6. What phase shift is provided by the feedback network?

7. What is the minimum gain that the inverting op-amp should have?

8. For high frequencies which kind of op-amp should be used?

9. What is the condition so that the oscillations will not die out?

10. In wein bridge oscillator what phase shift does the op-amp provide?

11. In what mode the op-amp is used in the wein bridge oscillator.

5. IC 555 TIMER-MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: To generate a pulse from monostable multivibrator using IC555.


Name of the


IC 555 Refer Appendix B 1

Resistor 10k 1

Capacitors 0.1μf,0.01μf Each one

Bread Board 1





22

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualTHEORY:

A Monostable Multivibrator, often called a one-shot Multivibrator, is a pulse-generating circuit in

which the duration of the pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the 555

timer. In a stable or stand by mode the output of the circuit is approximately Zero or at logic-low

level. When an external trigger pulse is obtained, the output is forced to go high (VCC). The time

the output remains high is determined by the external RC network connected to the timer. At the

end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic-low stable state. The

output stays low until the trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. The Monostable

circuit has only one stable state (output low), hence the name monostable. Normally the output of

the Monostable Multivibrator is low. When the power supply VCC is connected, the external timing

capacitor ‘C” charges towards VCC with a time constant (RA+RB) C. During this time, pin 3 is

high (≈VCC) as Reset R=0, Set S=1 and this combination makes Q =0 which has unclamped the

timing capacitor ‘C’. For pin configuration and specifications, see Appendix-B

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig 5.1: Monostable Multivibrator using IC 555JAGRUTI Institute of Engineering & Technology ECE Department

23

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualDesign:

Consider Vcc = 5V, for given tp

Output pulse width tp = 1.1 RAC

Assume C in the order of microfarads & Find RA

Model calculations:

If C=0.1 μF , RA = 10k then tp = 1.1 mSec

Trigger Voltage = 4V

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.

2. Apply Negative triggering pulses at pin 2 of frequency 1 KHz as shown in Fig

3. Observe the output waveform and capacitor voltage as shown and measure the pulse duration.

4. Theoretically calculate the pulse duration as tp=1.1. RaC

5. Compare it with experimental values.


24

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualMODEL WAVEFORMS:

Fig 5.3 (a): Trigger signal (b): Output Voltage (c): Capacitor Voltage

Sample Readings:

Trigger Output wave Capacitor output

0 to 5V range

1)1V,0.09msec

0 to 5V range

4.6V, 0.5msec

0 to 3.33 V range

3V, 0.88 msec

PRECAUTIONS

Check the connections before giving the power supply.

Readings should be taken carefully.

RESULT:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:1. What is meant by a multivibrator?

2. What is the other name for Mono Stable Multivibrator ?

3. What is meant by a quasi stable state?

4. Monostable Multivibrator contains how many quasi stable states?


25


6. SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUITS USING IC 741 & 555

AIM: To verify the function of Schmitt trigger circuit using IC 741,555.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:Name of the



IC 555 Refer Appendix B 1

Resistor 100 2

Resistor 56 K 1

Resistor 100 K 2

Capacitors 0.01μf 2

Multimeter 3 ½ digit display 1

Bread Board 1



Probes & Connecting

wires

THEORY:

Schmitt trigger circuit using IC 741

The circuit shows an inverting comparator with positive feed back. This circuit converts arbitrary

wave forms to a square wave or pulse. The circuit is known as the Schmitt trigger (or) squaring

circuit. The input voltage Vin changes the state of the output Vo every time it exceeds certain

voltage levels called the upper threshold voltage Vut and lower threshold voltage Vlt.When Vo = -

Vsat, the voltage across R1 is referred to as lower threshold voltage, Vlt. When Vo=+Vsat, the voltage

across R1 is referred to as upper threshold voltage Vut.The comparator with positive feed back is

said to exhibit hysterisis, a dead band condition.

Schmitt trigger circuit using IC555

Apart from the timing functions ,the two comparators of the 555 timer can be used independently

for other applications. One example is a Schmitt Trigger shown here. The two comparator inputs

(pin 2 & 6) are tied together and biased at 1/2 Vcc through a voltage divider R1 and R2.Since the


26

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manualthreshold comparator will trip at 2/3 Vcc and the trigger comparator will trip at 1/3Vcc,the bias

provided by the resistors R1 & R2 are centered within the comparators trip limits.

By modifying the input time constant on the circuit, reducing the value of input capacitor (C1)

0.001 uf so that the input pulse get differentiated, the arrangement can also be used either as a

bistable device or to invert pulse wave forms. In the later case ,the fast time combination of C1

with R1 & R2 causes only the edges of the input pulse or rectangular waveform to be passed.

These pulses set and reset the flip-flop and a high level inverted output is the result.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig 6.1: Schmitt trigger circuit using IC 741


27


Fig 6.2: Schmitt trigger circuit using IC555

Design:

Vutp = [R1/ (R1+R2)] (+Vsat)

Vltp = [R1/ (R1+R2)] (-Vsat)

Vhy = Vutp – Vltp

= [R1/ (R1+R2)] [+Vsat – (-Vsat)]

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figures.

2. Apply an arbitrary waveform (sine/triangular) of peak voltage greater than UTP to the input of a

Schmitt trigger.

3. Observe the output at pin6 of the IC 741 and at pin3 for IC 555 Schmitt trigger circuits by

varying the input and note down the readings as shown in Table 1 and Table 2

4. Find the upper and lower threshold voltages (Vutp, VLtp) from the output wave form.

WAVE FORMS:


28


OBSERVATIONS:

Table 1:

IC 741 IC 555

Parameter Input Output Input Output

Voltage( Vp-p),V

Time period(ms)

Table 2:

Parameter IC 741 IC 555

Vutp

Vltp


29


PRECAUTIONS:

1 Check the connections before giving the power supply.

2 Readings should be taken carefully.

RESULTS:


1. What is meant by Hysteresis in Schmitt Trigger?

2. What are the other names for Schmitt Trigger?

3. What are the applications of Schmitt Trigger?

4. What are the advantages of Schmitt Trigger?

5. Schmitt Trigger contains how many stable states?

8. VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING IC 723

AIM: To design a low voltage variable regulator of 2 to 7V using IC 723.


Name of the


IC 723

IC 7805

IC7809

IC7912

Refer Appendix C Each one

Resistor 3.3K,4.7K,100 Each one

Variable Resistors 1K, 5.6K Each one


Bread Board 1



30

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualTHEORY:

A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes in

load current and input voltage variations. Using IC 723, we can design both low voltage and high

voltage regulators with adjustable voltages. For a low voltage regulator, the output VO can be

varied in the range of voltages VO <Vref, where as for high voltage regulator, it is VO > Vref. The

voltage Vref is generally about 7.5V.Although voltage regulators can be designed using Op-amps, it

is quicker and easier to use IC voltage Regulators.IC 723 is a general purpose regulator and is a

14-pin IC with internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown, current/voltage boosting

etc. Furthermore it is an adjustable voltage regulator which can be varied over both positive and

negative voltage ranges. By simply varying the connections made externally, we can operate the

IC in the required mode of operation. Typical performance parameters are line and load regulations

which determine the precise characteristics of a regulator. The pin configuration and specifications

are shown in the Appendix-c.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig1: Voltage Regulator

Design of Low voltage Regulator:

Assume Io= 1mA, VR=7.5V


31

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualRB = 3.3 K

For given Vo

R1 = (VR – Vo) / Io

R2 = Vo / Io

PROCEDURE:

a) Line Regulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1.

2. Obtain R1 and R2 for Vo=5V

3. By varying Vn from 2 to 10V, measure the output voltage Vo.

4. Draw the graph between Vn and Vo as shown in model graph (a)

5. Repeat the above steps for Vo=3V

b) Load Regulation: For Vo=5V

1. Set Vi such that Vo= 5 V

2. By varying RL, measure IL and Vo

3. Plot the graph between IL and Vo as shown in model graph (b)

4. Repeat above steps 1 to 3 for Vo=3V.

Sample Readings

a) Line Regulation:

Vo set to 5V Vo set to 3V

b) Load Regulation:

Vo set to 5V Vo set to 3V


32

Vi (v) Vo(v) Vi (v) Vo(v)

IL (mA) Vo(v)

IL (mA) Vo(v)

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualMODEL GRAPHS:

a) Line Regulation b) Load Regulation

PRECAUTIONS:

Check the connections before giving the power supply.

Readings should be taken carefully.

RESULTS:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:1) What is meant by a voltage regulator?

2) What is meant by line and load regulation ?

APPENDIX –A

IC 741

Pin Configuration:


33


Specifications:

1. Voltage gain A = α typically 2, 00,000

2. I/P resistance RL = α , practically 2M

3. O/P resistance R1 =0, practically 75

4. Bandwidth = α Hz. It can be operated at any frequency

5. Common mode rejection ratio = α (Ability of op amp to reject noise voltage)

6. Slew rate + α V/μsec(Rate of change of O/P voltage)

7. When V1 = V2, VD=0

8. Input offset voltage (Rs ≤ 10K) max 6 mv

9. Input offset current = max 200nA

10. Input bias current: 500nA

11. Input capacitance: type value 1.4PF

12. Offset voltage adjustment range: ± 15mV

13. Input voltage range: ± 13V

14. Supply voltage rejection ratio : 150 μr/V

15. Output voltage swing: + 13V and – 13V for RL > 2K

16. Output short-circuit current: 25mA

17. Supply current: 28mA

18. Power consumption: 85MW

19. Transient response: rise time= 0.3 μs

20. Overshoot= 5%

APPENDIX – B


34

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualIC 555

Pin Configuration:

Specifications:

1. Operating temperature : SE 555 -55oC to 125oC

NE 555 0o to 70oC

2. Supply voltage : +5V to +18V

3. Timing : μSec to Hours

4. Sink current : 200mA

5. Temperature stability : 50 PPM/oC change in temp or 0-005% /oC.


35

IC & Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab ManualAPPENDIX – C

IC723

Pin Configuration:

Specifications of 723:

Power dissipation : 1W

Input Voltage : 9.5 to 40V

Output Voltage : 2 to 37V

Output Current : 150mA for Vin-Vo = 3V

10mA for Vin-Vo = 38V

Load regulation : 0.6% Vo

Line regulation : 0.5% Vo


36


REFERENCES

1. A. Anand Kumar, Pulse and Digital Circuits, PHI

2. David A. Bell, Solid State Pulse circuits, PHI

3. D.Roy Choudhury and Shail B.Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, 2nd edition, New Age

International.

4. James M. Fiore, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits: Theory

and Application, WEST.

5. J.Milliman and H.Taub, Pulse and digital circuits, McGraw-Hill

6. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Operational and Linear Integrated Circuits, 4th edition, PHI.

7. Roy Mancini, OPAMPs for Everyone, 2nd edition, Newnes.

8. S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits,

3rd edition, TMH.

9. William D. Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits,

4th edition, Pearson.

10. www.analog.com

11. www.datasheetarchive.com

12. www.ti.com


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