ian j. potter ph.d director, sustainable energy futures making the circle stronger apegga annual...
TRANSCRIPT
Ian J. Potter Ph.D
Director, Sustainable Energy Futures
MAKING THE CIRCLE STRONGERAPEGGA ANNUAL CONFERENCE
APRIL 22 - 24, 2004EDMONTON, ALBERTA
Overview of Greenhouse Gas Opportunities
Most of the demand will be met by oil, natural gas and coal
Situational Analysis
Ref: IEA, World Energy Outlook:2002
Atmosphere
GHG = POPGDP
POP
BTU
GDP
GHG
BTU- GHG x xx
Population
Standard of Living
Energy Intensity
GHG Intensity
GHG Sequestered
GHG Management (after Kaya 1989)
Mitigation Responses
• Improve energy efficiency• Fuel switching• Decarbonization of fossil fuels• Removal, recovery and disposal of CO2
• Utilization of CO2
• Use of non-fossil energy sources• Reforestation• Utilization of biomass energy• Geoengineering
Improve Energy Efficiency
PrimaryEnergy
TransformationTransportation
Distribution
SecondaryEnergy
Utilization Device
or System
FinalUsefulEnergy
Losses Losses
CoalCrude OilNatural GasNuclearHydroBiomassEtc.
Power StationRefineryCoke OvenCoal GasificationCoal Liquefaction
ElectricityOil ProductsNatural GasCokeEtc.
BurnerElectrical MotorAutomobileEtc.
Space HeatProcess HeatMech. EnergyEtc.
Improve Energy Efficiency
• Technology Improvement– Operation and control– Materials– Economics– Government Policy
– Application flexibility– R&D Investment– Market Pull
System Present Achievable Theoretical Coal Steam Boiler 70 80 100
Gasification, Combined Cycle
42 60 70
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
45 55 94
Improve Energy Efficiency• Residential and Commercial Sector
– Space Heating – building design– Water heating – heat pump, efficient burners
• Industry Sector– Waste heat recuperation– Process flow optimization
• Transportation– District transport– Advanced conversion systems – hybrid engines
• Electricity Generation from Fossil Fuel– Fuel cells– Cogeneration
Conventional vs Cogeneration
Electrical Power40 Units
Heat40.2 Units
Input Energy= 100 Units
Thermal Efficiency = 40%
Efficiency of Waste Heat Recovery = 67%
Thermal Efficiency = 38%
Boiler Efficiency = 82%
Input Energy= 49 Units
Input Energy= 105.3 Units
Cogen(Diesel)
Boiler
PowerStation
Conventional SystemTotal Energy Input = 154.3 Units
Cogeneration SystemTotal Energy Input = 100 Units
Fuel Switching
• Substitution of a lower carbon fuel– Natural gas for coal
• Availability of energy resources– Energy costs– Technology receptors– Resource Industry impact by switching
What Might Reshape Our Energy Future?
• A sustainable energy system based on
– Hydrogen that is affordable, domestically produced from diverse sources, and safely stored, dispensed and used
Fuel Cells Are Like Batteries That You Supply Fuel To As Needed
Electricity
Pure Water
A fuel cell converts the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity and water
Hydrogen
Oxygen from air
Potential for Hydrogen?
Courtesy Eddy Isaacs
Potential for Hydrogen?
Coal Fired Power
Decarbonization of Fossil Fuels• In strictest sense:
– The removal of carbon from fossil fuels prior to combustion
• But really, the use of fossil fuels with the avoidance of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere:– Process the fossil fuel prior to combustion, removing
carbon, leave hydrogen– Convert the fossil fuel to a hydrogen rich fuel while
producing, recovering and sequestering CO2 prior to combustion.
– Also, the capture, recovery and sequestering of CO2 after combustion.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Generation
Oxygen
Best potential for commercial production of clean powerWith near zero emissions within the next 5 to 10 years
CoalSlurry
Slag
Sour Shift
Acid Gas Removal
CombinedCycle Plant
Gas SteamTurbine Turbine
Electricity
Steam
H2
Gasifier
Sulphur CO2
Fuel CellsElectricityHeat
Combustion/Gasification
CO2 forEOR, CBM
Separation/Conversion
MethanolPlant
HydrogenPlant
Clean Power Fuel Cells
AmmoniaPlant
Methane Plant
OlefinsPetrochemicalsClean Gasoline
Hydrogen
SyntheticNatural Gas
Fertilizers
Electricity
cleangas
Low costfeedstocks
CoalHeavyCokeResid
Biomass
FT Synthesis Liquid Fuels
Alberta Energy Research Institute (AERI)Vision: Add Value to Alberta’s Hydrocarbon Resources
Removal, Recovery, Disposal of CO2
• Carbon dioxide control points:– The atmosphere– The surface waters of the oceans– Stacks of fossil fuel conversion plants
• Source of relatively high CO2 Control Point Minimum Separation Energy
(kWh/lb CO2)
Atmosphere 0.057
Ocean 0.057
Fossil Fuel Combustion Equipment
0.0259 - 0.0179
Removal of CO2
Process CO2 Removal Efficiency (%)
kWhe/lb CO2 Recovered
Amine Absorption/ Stripping Integrated 90 0.11
Oxygen/Coal Fired Plant 100 0.15
Amine Absorption/ Stripping Non-Integrated
90 0.27
Potassium Carbon Absorption/ Stripping 90 0.32
Molecular Sieves 90 0.40
Refrigeration 90 0.40
Seawater absorption 90 0.80
Membrane 90 0.36
Removal of CO2
• Other factors:– Cost– Equipment size– Integration– Environment
• Separation of CO2 is still the largest technology and economic hurdle in utilizing clean energy from fossil fuels
Disposal of CO2
• No indirect benefit:– Ocean disposal– Depleted gas wells– Salt domes– Aquifers– Natural materials
• Indirect benefit:– Enhanced Coalbed
Methane– CO2 Enhanced Oil
Recovery– Natural materials
Courtesy: Stefan Bachu, AGS
Enhanced Coalbed Methane
CO2CO2
CH4
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Nuclear
• Solar
?
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Wave Power
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Offshore Wave Energy– Hose Pump
– Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS)
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources• Tidal Energy Installation
europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html
Utilization of Biomass Energy
• Wood and Wood Wastes• Municipal solid waste:
– Combustion– Landfill gas
• Herbaceous biomass and agricultural residues
• Aquatic biomass• Industrial solid wastes• Sewage methane• Manure methane
Nutrient recovery/ treatment
Aerobic digester/ nutrient
enrichment
Biogas utilization
Reusable water
Organic fertilizer
Energy
Manure
Anaerobic Digester
Liquids
Solids
Biogas
Solid/liquidSeparation
Integrated Manure Utilization System
Growing Power
Can we break the link?
Present:Energy Use Environmental Impacts
Future:
Innovation + Investment = Energy + Technology
• Recent activity focused on incremental technology development to improve energy production methods and systems
Sustainability
Sustainable Development
• 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, the Brundtland Commission – “development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Sustainable Philosophy
AirPollution
GreenhouseGases
Energy Management
Solid Waste Management
Effluent/ Water
Management
Economic and Social
Emissions Philosophy
• It’s not just climate change!!• Air Emissions
– NOx, SOx, Particulate Matter, Ozone, Mercury, Unburnt hydrocarbons, greenhouse gases
• Water Emissions– Quality and Quantity Assurance
• Solid Waste Management – MSW, Ash, Slag, Tailings
• Thermal Management – maximizing energy utilization
• Noise Management
The Core Challenge
Research turns money into knowledge
KnowledgeResearch Innovation
It takes innovation to turn knowledge into money
Summary
• Concern over possible global warming & climate change
• Stimulated research - Action is taking place• Sustainability not just climate change
– Innovation and investment are critical– Technology provides the solutions, but rarely in
the short term
• Partnerships are essential• Governments, Industry and Public open
discussion
Take home message
Solutions to reduce greenhouse and other
emissions will come through technology, and require a
fundamental shift in how we live, work and do business