iaea workshop on global safety culture national factors lloyd evans... · iaea workshop on global...
TRANSCRIPT
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IAEA Workshop on Global Safety Culture
National Factors
National Culture Lessons from Aviation Gareth Lloyd Evans Human Factors Specialists – Emirates Flight Training College
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Contents National Culture
• Aviation and National Culture
• Research
• Which dominates Pilots?
– National or Professional
• Training Challenge
• Summary
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“Culture”?
• What is it?
• Different types?
• Determines behaviour?
• Does it affect operations and safety?
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Why……
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In the past, I have experienced an event where culture has affected the performance on the flight deck.
(Sco+, 2013; 613 responses from EK pilots)
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A Multicultural Airline 3700+ Pilots : 93 Passports : 128 Nationalities
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Multicultural Studies
• Hofstede: – Data collection between 1967 and 1973
• 88 000 IBM personnel • 66 Countries • 38 different professions
• Helmreich & Merrit: – Data collection between 1993 and 1997
• 15 000 pilots • 36 Airlines • 23 Countries
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National Culture – Dimensions
Power Distance Acceptance of differences in power and hierarchy Uncertainty Avoidance Desire to avoid any form of ambiguity or uncertainty Individualism versus Collectivism Motivation for decisions and actions, doing something for oneself or for a group (family, community, nation etc.) Masculinity versus Femininity Assertiveness/competitiveness versus modesty/caring
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▀ Switzerland
▀ South Africa
National vs. Pilot Culture
Power Distance
Unc
erta
inty
Avo
idan
ce
▀ Argentina
▀ Australia
▀ Brazil
▀ UK
▀ Denmark
▀ Germany
▀ Greece
▀ Ireland
▀ Italy
▀ Japan
▀ Korea
▀ Malaysia
▀ Mexico
▀ Morocco ▀ New Zealand
▀ Norway
▀ Philippines
▀ Sweden
▀ Taiwan
▀ USA
20 40 60 80 100 120
20
40
60
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100
120
Pilot Average
IBM Average
77.74 % Pilots
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-20
0
20
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20 40 60 80 100 120
National vs. Pilot Culture
Collectivism Individualism
Fem
inin
ity
Mas
culin
ity
-40 140 160
▀ Greece
▀ Japan
▀ Argentina
▀ Korea
▀ Mexico
▀ Brazil ▀ Taiwan
▀ Italy
▀ Malaysia
▀ Germany
▀ South Africa
▀ Norway ▀ Sweden
▀ UK
▀ New Zealand
▀ USA
▀ Switzerland
▀ Australia
▀ Denmark
▀ Ireland
▀ Morocco
▀ Philippines
72.3% EK Pilots
Pilot Average
IBM Average
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Professional Culture
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Professional Culture • What is it?
Learned behaviours, shared worldview, common frame of mind, accepted ways of acting – within a profession
• What is the professional culture of these people?
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Pilot Professional > National Culture
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My professional culture as a pilot overrides my naEonal culture when on the flight deck.
(Sco+, 2013; 613 responses from EK pilots)
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EK Professional Culture
Source: Flight Crew Attitude Questionnaire for EK 2010 (N= 2095)
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Training in National Culture
Na?onal Culture
Genera?onal Culture
Organisa?onal Culture
Professional Culture
Safety Culture
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Organisational Culture
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Safety Culture on the Flight Deck
• Power Distance
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Individualism
• Masculinity
æ + Role model
ä + CRM
ä + Moderate
æ + SOPs
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Generational Culture
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Summary
• Influence of Culture on operations and safety
• Recognition of influence of National Culture Power Distance - Uncertainty Avoidance - Individualism - Masculinity
• Professional Pilot Culture before National Culture
• More to come in the ‘Collision of cultures’
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Thank You