AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON D C 20523

BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A PRIMARY

I SUBJECT Agriculture CLASSI-FICATION B SECONDARY

Soils and Fertilizer 2 TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Improved Fertilizers for Developing Countries

J AUTHOR(S)

National Fertilizer Development Center TVA

4 DOCUMENT DATE 5sNUM BER OF PAG ES 6 ARC NUMISER

1974 I70 P ARC 7 REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Tennessee Valley Authority National Fertilizer Development Center Muscle Shoals Alabama 35660 6 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponsoring Oranlzatlon Pubflaherse Avaltablllty)

9 ABSTRACT

This report is a project report covering the period from December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizer for Rice was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations of new materials increased emphasis is placed on developing and demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they will be properly used or they become commercially available

Additional data has been received from a number of countries pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source of N for rice grainiunder conditions of intermittent flooding but that it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intermittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section

Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time

0 CONTRCL NUMMER i PR(ICE OF DOcUMENT

N-Mn1 - 0 F lIDij OICHIPTOII s ( lJ1(1 IJNPf

12 94CHPTOFS 1 PVOJI-(Cl NUJM Fr

Rice Sugarcane Corn Cnanva Cotton Bananan 931-11-190-832 (ONnA( NUMnrR

Cocoa Tropical Crops SCU Rock Phosphate Micronutrlent4 rINA-NUTA0shyRSSA-No TVA-OI-74

it TYPr Of t)O(AJMINI

_ _ _ Renearch ReportAlt) 11)0I IaI

Progress Report of TVA-AID Project

TVA-02-74

Improved Fertilizers for Developing Countries

Agronomic Research

July 1 1974

International Fertilizer Development Staff

Tennessee Valley Authority

Huecle Shoala A14bam4

TABLE OFCONTENTS

Summary 1

Potential for Use of Sulfur-Coated Urea 3

Background and Objectives of Project

Scope of Work o bull 99

Project Plans for Fiscal 1975 bull 11

Engineering andDevelopment bull bull 0bull11

Agronomic Testing and Evaluation bull bull bull 14

Economic Evaluations

Workshop at Muscle Shoals a o bull bull bull 19

bull bull o bull bull bull 18

Literature Survey bull bull 19

Agronomic Research bull bull 21

Research by Overseas Cooperators bull 21

Greenhouse Research by TVA at Mlcle Shoals 51

57 Appendix

58Performance of Sulfur-Coated Urea for Rice In Peru

Response of Flooded Rice to Phosphtate Rocki 0 63

SUMMARY

This report is a project report covering the period from

December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice

was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion

of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer

for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a

number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations

of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and

demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that

they will be properly used or they become commercially available

Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to

include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava

cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted

with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the

use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural

workers and Industry representatives

Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate

its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing

its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local

gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious

aterltele With rock p Wephut

smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut

of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo

0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt

hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0

-2-

The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy

nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies

are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients

are presently available

Additional data has been received from a number of countries

pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to

substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source

of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that

it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy

mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the

commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section

Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than

rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time

-3-

POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA

The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein

deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of

nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously

reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52

December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice

grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent

However the results of some experiments from India and West

Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not

both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that

SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions

as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or

deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N

response i available but in general yields are comparatively low

Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those

conditions

The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under

conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult

to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice

TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor

7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe

sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4

ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest

irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi

W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

Progress Report of TVA-AID Project

TVA-02-74

Improved Fertilizers for Developing Countries

Agronomic Research

July 1 1974

International Fertilizer Development Staff

Tennessee Valley Authority

Huecle Shoala A14bam4

TABLE OFCONTENTS

Summary 1

Potential for Use of Sulfur-Coated Urea 3

Background and Objectives of Project

Scope of Work o bull 99

Project Plans for Fiscal 1975 bull 11

Engineering andDevelopment bull bull 0bull11

Agronomic Testing and Evaluation bull bull bull 14

Economic Evaluations

Workshop at Muscle Shoals a o bull bull bull 19

bull bull o bull bull bull 18

Literature Survey bull bull 19

Agronomic Research bull bull 21

Research by Overseas Cooperators bull 21

Greenhouse Research by TVA at Mlcle Shoals 51

57 Appendix

58Performance of Sulfur-Coated Urea for Rice In Peru

Response of Flooded Rice to Phosphtate Rocki 0 63

SUMMARY

This report is a project report covering the period from

December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice

was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion

of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer

for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a

number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations

of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and

demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that

they will be properly used or they become commercially available

Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to

include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava

cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted

with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the

use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural

workers and Industry representatives

Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate

its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing

its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local

gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious

aterltele With rock p Wephut

smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut

of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo

0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt

hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0

-2-

The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy

nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies

are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients

are presently available

Additional data has been received from a number of countries

pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to

substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source

of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that

it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy

mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the

commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section

Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than

rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time

-3-

POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA

The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein

deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of

nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously

reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52

December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice

grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent

However the results of some experiments from India and West

Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not

both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that

SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions

as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or

deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N

response i available but in general yields are comparatively low

Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those

conditions

The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under

conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult

to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice

TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor

7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe

sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4

ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest

irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi

W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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gr~a 1971

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

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amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

TABLE OFCONTENTS

Summary 1

Potential for Use of Sulfur-Coated Urea 3

Background and Objectives of Project

Scope of Work o bull 99

Project Plans for Fiscal 1975 bull 11

Engineering andDevelopment bull bull 0bull11

Agronomic Testing and Evaluation bull bull bull 14

Economic Evaluations

Workshop at Muscle Shoals a o bull bull bull 19

bull bull o bull bull bull 18

Literature Survey bull bull 19

Agronomic Research bull bull 21

Research by Overseas Cooperators bull 21

Greenhouse Research by TVA at Mlcle Shoals 51

57 Appendix

58Performance of Sulfur-Coated Urea for Rice In Peru

Response of Flooded Rice to Phosphtate Rocki 0 63

SUMMARY

This report is a project report covering the period from

December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice

was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion

of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer

for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a

number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations

of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and

demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that

they will be properly used or they become commercially available

Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to

include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava

cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted

with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the

use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural

workers and Industry representatives

Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate

its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing

its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local

gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious

aterltele With rock p Wephut

smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut

of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo

0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt

hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0

-2-

The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy

nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies

are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients

are presently available

Additional data has been received from a number of countries

pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to

substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source

of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that

it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy

mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the

commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section

Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than

rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time

-3-

POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA

The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein

deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of

nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously

reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52

December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice

grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent

However the results of some experiments from India and West

Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not

both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that

SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions

as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or

deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N

response i available but in general yields are comparatively low

Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those

conditions

The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under

conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult

to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice

TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor

7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe

sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4

ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest

irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi

W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

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catAt all PIed$ l low 40- 7~4a1 ff ~~44 F 0i 44$4

YUample~ aiiitl atMU 144 i ii 44 jq 4ew4V

~4 4 40~40 4 4CI mkfSw4Wh4 4wo~q~M

Iamp~ 44ti A 4g~ k4 44 ( 0~104~4~414wA

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t$j c jx j M

~af~44 ~ ~i~444474W b~jj ~

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4 440 40A 14t 4M~ 40404448444w VA4 4 44 A4

i44lamp 44+AM AM400 4444 1 4IA4464 4-w4

ZA4 +4 4 4 p04f40 $A 410UW0004

Okfi A4~

~t~e ~I q44 iu-~ps6amp4 j

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0 44 ow Alt~a0404 4 $a ~ia4I6

4w 44 4 A 9i)al 448404 AsjpW4114 voso444q

4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

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3r1 L 1U SaN)

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SUMMARY

This report is a project report covering the period from

December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice

was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion

of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer

for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a

number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations

of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and

demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that

they will be properly used or they become commercially available

Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to

include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava

cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted

with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the

use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural

workers and Industry representatives

Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate

its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing

its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local

gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious

aterltele With rock p Wephut

smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut

of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo

0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt

hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0

-2-

The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy

nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies

are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients

are presently available

Additional data has been received from a number of countries

pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to

substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source

of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that

it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy

mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the

commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section

Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than

rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time

-3-

POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA

The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein

deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of

nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously

reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52

December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice

grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent

However the results of some experiments from India and West

Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not

both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that

SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions

as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or

deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N

response i available but in general yields are comparatively low

Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those

conditions

The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under

conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult

to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice

TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor

7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe

sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4

ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest

irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi

W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

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catAt all PIed$ l low 40- 7~4a1 ff ~~44 F 0i 44$4

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i44lamp 44+AM AM400 4444 1 4IA4464 4-w4

ZA4 +4 4 4 p04f40 $A 410UW0004

Okfi A4~

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~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

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io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

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TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

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-2-

The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy

nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies

are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients

are presently available

Additional data has been received from a number of countries

pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to

substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source

of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that

it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy

mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the

commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section

Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than

rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time

-3-

POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA

The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein

deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of

nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously

reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52

December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice

grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent

However the results of some experiments from India and West

Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not

both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that

SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions

as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or

deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N

response i available but in general yields are comparatively low

Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those

conditions

The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under

conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult

to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice

TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor

7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe

sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4

ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest

irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi

W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

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-3-

POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA

The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein

deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of

nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously

reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52

December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice

grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent

However the results of some experiments from India and West

Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not

both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that

SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions

as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or

deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N

response i available but in general yields are comparatively low

Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those

conditions

The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under

conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult

to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice

TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor

7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe

sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4

ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest

irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi

W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

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3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

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ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

-4shy

applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of

N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was

used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the

world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU

on rice

On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown

in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would

be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about

4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)

indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To

obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to

42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU

would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs

Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were

applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy

porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was

not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India

with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of

conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000

kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an

average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa

of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of

$90o000000 mt

The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in

ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for

fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy

ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f

-5shy

precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

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4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

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0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

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4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

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~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

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precisely evaluate the economics of its use

Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source

of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as

sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall

The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in

Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest

that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy

gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in

the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for

utilization by succeeding crops

Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior

source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify

its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops

and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase

Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be

initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural

extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to

encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will

always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be

econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy

tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and

inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction

Of SU On 4 Wid eeie

-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

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Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

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-6-

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum

and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers

for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy

izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low

cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project

seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through

a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy

viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy

ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy

phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of

fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as

maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy

portance in various countries

Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy

gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy

tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID

in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy

tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy

quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for

co mrcial production

Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive

OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy

true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt

ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre

tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

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AA MO 4 S4

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KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

-7shy

screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer

will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will

be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries

If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be

compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy

der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be

studied including storage handling and transportation from the

point of production to the farm Information developed throughout

this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so

that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy

lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved

for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional

agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other

crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings

This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy

sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to

move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur

This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this

project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their

economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so

that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy

marcial production

Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws

(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic

4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and

etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre

006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

m~uutaltwr WR6Y414 t10 w~

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catAt all PIed$ l low 40- 7~4a1 ff ~~44 F 0i 44$4

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ZA4 +4 4 4 p04f40 $A 410UW0004

Okfi A4~

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644I 4a 44 44 ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~~wAa~

440 4 414 I440 US0A 4441 IIW iI40 AWc 4 I~qamp~

0 44 ow Alt~a0404 4 $a ~ia4I6

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4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

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4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

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404 400

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A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

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o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

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211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

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Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

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4of O 149 6MID O 41110

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

-8

(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that

they will increase farmers income over a large enough area

to attract and Justify commercial production

(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as

a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy

duction The integrated process designs will seek product

quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy

sions to air water and land

(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in

research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate

methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they

will be properly used when they become commercially available

-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

m~uutaltwr WR6Y414 t10 w~

JA CA41 tbt iSK144 dJIW1 Wit O1 Vamp44 4Aif amp0i4 i 6 -~

catAt all PIed$ l low 40- 7~4a1 ff ~~44 F 0i 44$4

YUample~ aiiitl atMU 144 i ii 44 jq 4ew4V

~4 4 40~40 4 4CI mkfSw4Wh4 4wo~q~M

Iamp~ 44ti A 4g~ k4 44 ( 0~104~4~414wA

4 4W4-44

~ ~ 4d4 4~40l +044~ ius4444 444 alslu OP1404W

W04 4-~ amp-4 44iv4$ Ako4

-0 4+A14 p1 Aq Airh of

44 4 0064+k

4 iou 0444it ao4Ali+ 4644 4 j II +A44

jjU

t$j c jx j M

~af~44 ~ ~i~444474W b~jj ~

og

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

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or 444M7

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

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-9-

SCOPE OF WORK

This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering

expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers

for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy

able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting

the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and

ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are

scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in

order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy

tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is

given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use

system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources

The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground

rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional

crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared

to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order

to test these materials on additional crops

The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and

testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops

produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that

more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus

are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to

important and presing fertilizer problems

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

-10-

Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and

upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and

Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field

research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy

timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

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catAt all PIed$ l low 40- 7~4a1 ff ~~44 F 0i 44$4

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~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

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Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

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4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

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4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

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4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

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1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975

In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed

It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a

large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy

dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs

already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed

so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed

plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed

by consultation wth local cooperators

These plans will be discussed under the following three general

phases of the project

I Engineering and development

2 Agronomic testing and evaluation

3 Economic evaluations

Engineering and Development

Phosphate Rock

Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of

phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make

it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments

may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the

current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at

TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy

tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy

ing fiscal 1975

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~

m~uutaltwr WR6Y414 t10 w~

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

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- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

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- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

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ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

- 12 -

Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate

rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving

procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy

ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural

sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)

will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils

(as described under agronomic section)

From these results one or two locations (or countries) will

be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources

of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered

PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy

ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers

Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy

tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and

K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S

grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer

with the new coating system

The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from

the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy

oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might

be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and

sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy

proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need

for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many

times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and

intercropping systems

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Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

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Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

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~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

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io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

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4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

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TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

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4

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4 4

404 400

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44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

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4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

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4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

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4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

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OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

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211 U e 1dit f

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wx451146

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owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

~4 4 40~40 4 4CI mkfSw4Wh4 4wo~q~M

Iamp~ 44ti A 4g~ k4 44 ( 0~104~4~414wA

4 4W4-44

~ ~ 4d4 4~40l +044~ ius4444 444 alslu OP1404W

W04 4-~ amp-4 44iv4$ Ako4

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44 4 0064+k

4 iou 0444it ao4Ali+ 4644 4 j II +A44

jjU

t$j c jx j M

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og

4 440 40A 14t 4M~ 40404448444w VA4 4 44 A4

i44lamp 44+AM AM400 4444 1 4IA4464 4-w4

ZA4 +4 4 4 p04f40 $A 410UW0004

Okfi A4~

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~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

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6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

44 4 0064+k

4 iou 0444it ao4Ali+ 4644 4 j II +A44

jjU

t$j c jx j M

~af~44 ~ ~i~444474W b~jj ~

og

4 440 40A 14t 4M~ 40404448444w VA4 4 44 A4

i44lamp 44+AM AM400 4444 1 4IA4464 4-w4

ZA4 +4 4 4 p04f40 $A 410UW0004

Okfi A4~

~t~e ~I q44 iu-~ps6amp4 j

~M 6~4A4o4iwAA ~ri~~4w Sl a~a4M 414

644I 4a 44 44 ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~~wAa~

440 4 414 I440 US0A 4441 IIW iI40 AWc 4 I~qamp~

0 44 ow Alt~a0404 4 $a ~ia4I6

4w 44 4 A 9i)al 448404 AsjpW4114 voso444q

4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

jjU

t$j c jx j M

~af~44 ~ ~i~444474W b~jj ~

og

4 440 40A 14t 4M~ 40404448444w VA4 4 44 A4

i44lamp 44+AM AM400 4444 1 4IA4464 4-w4

ZA4 +4 4 4 p04f40 $A 410UW0004

Okfi A4~

~t~e ~I q44 iu-~ps6amp4 j

~M 6~4A4o4iwAA ~ri~~4w Sl a~a4M 414

644I 4a 44 44 ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~~wAa~

440 4 414 I440 US0A 4441 IIW iI40 AWc 4 I~qamp~

0 44 ow Alt~a0404 4 $a ~ia4I6

4w 44 4 A 9i)al 448404 AsjpW4114 voso444q

4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

Okfi A4~

~t~e ~I q44 iu-~ps6amp4 j

~M 6~4A4o4iwAA ~ri~~4w Sl a~a4M 414

644I 4a 44 44 ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~~wAa~

440 4 414 I440 US0A 4441 IIW iI40 AWc 4 I~qamp~

0 44 ow Alt~a0404 4 $a ~ia4I6

4w 44 4 A 9i)al 448404 AsjpW4114 voso444q

4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts

m- 4A4 4AWWO 44 $4amp iuamp-4)Ia ampW x~I~4~

~ i~P 4 4 wl 444 41A ~4 4~~E4166 I144 4t~w i14

4wamp444sa444 Awt4~ PA 4l $WX qO j44 at4 44w la44 C~ to~ v-40

io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41

0)6 4-44 Wl 44 4444 OV l44 i444 441 0 4NW44bk 1V420A

~~O P44 44is ~ ~4 Aloti~S~3vool41~

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4

4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)

) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

QOWIf XVif k

4004 004o4f U A

-w i4 I~~~

40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644

4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~

6WViso4wb f vfpo w

w0OIA - i f iIS

f4 A 00 1 o4

I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

TOM I

Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1

fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO

~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

Table 2

Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice

gr~a 1971

~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall

I ie

W0 v slit III I) tQo9

KvN 1 17 111 1119

or 444M7

111a

i1$0N ~ It$ 121

1$

x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

- 24 shy

India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded

transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project

Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the

yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications

of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher

than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in

which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than

yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy

response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by

basal applications of urea

The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India

are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between

N sources or method of application were not significant However yields

with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting

but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields

increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere

ur

In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted

rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India

indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy

plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications

were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of

resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea

CU

The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations

to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields

were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

- 25 -

Table 3

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain

Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N

- - - 196 34 -

Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314

11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430

12 - 0 - 202 30 -

Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384

Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463

13- 0 - 168 44

Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217

Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293

14 -

Urea -

125 -

Basal 355 650

55 100

-

236

Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

-- 26 -

Table 4

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From

One Experiment at Pattambi)

Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response

and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N

38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308

Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

Table 5

Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972

(Snmzarized From Reported Data)

Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X

- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -

Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186

SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181

Table 6

Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972

Rate ____________14_3

Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva

- - - all 7i i

95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

WRI

iwii4 i M

owo~

4

______m44-o

4 4

404 400

~4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

44- 40

A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144

I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy

04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440

Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (

4A -414+ 4amp v A44

4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w

JW4 It~~

t w4~

Ia

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

4 f~

4040 4010

Ip

if S

A

SA

O

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4

944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI

w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v

404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M

I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp

~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444

4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A

4 4f w OW 44

4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0

4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I

4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V

4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~

~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO

4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01

VW0 fffV0 f 440 4

tot 10mimo 41

0 co

04W

1 441 M - 4 4 I t

AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I

4$14

Ikamp

All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf

Sae AIAaus90AWdA

60 t 041

04 11 )fi

00 1 - 1 ft01

amp~11OtN

Axfw 0 -00100

Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~

o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI

OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f

toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411

14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W

of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e

twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We

-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))

t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1

rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l

Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060

211 U e 1dit f

w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At

wx451146

ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I

T60te

owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf

Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso

Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)

21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106

As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)

Tabl I

f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000

W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)

- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)

-0 10)

AA MO 4 S4

4of O 149 6MID O 41110

KthD 00

- 38 -

Table 18

Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research

Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under

Couditions of Intermittent Flooding

Pate of application

=IL

o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67

100 100 67 67 200 100

Average for Sources

Ntha

AS 260 gres 279

320

Source f5

-

AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU

Yield

Relative

93 100 115

(M)O

Yield

Increase Yield Due to N

(Ktlha) (mtha)

-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112

Yield Increase

Relative

72048 067 100 108 161

(2)

- 39 shy

Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy

sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional

N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is

extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water

management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed

split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods

of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region

to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N

source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were

increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than

by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced

excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high

N rates

Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the

overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU

were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate

of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated

Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and

SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70

(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to

urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also

indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a

comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction

between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were

relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60

more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases

with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy

sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy

pared to urea as a source of N for rice

- 40 -

In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both

Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of

When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)

or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were

superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source

However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle

initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that

the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn

plant growth

In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences

in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of

continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy

sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU

when rice is continuously flooded

Nitrogen Studies--Maize

A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in

armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and

CAN (calcium

nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant

yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent

differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent

with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a

superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months

Nitrogen--Wheat

The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and

23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ

although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with

Table 19

Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under

Conditions of Intermittent Flooding

Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)

0 0 - 21 353 287 -

SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148

Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118

AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140

SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation

SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation

Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation

AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation

All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate

Relative Yield Increase ()

Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle

Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77

Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp

T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w

3r1 L 1U SaN)

WON 644 40

4 O- tw-0

w1twh gi C MWh p o

~~140

ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4