AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON D C 20523
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A PRIMARY
I SUBJECT Agriculture CLASSI-FICATION B SECONDARY
Soils and Fertilizer 2 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Improved Fertilizers for Developing Countries
J AUTHOR(S)
National Fertilizer Development Center TVA
4 DOCUMENT DATE 5sNUM BER OF PAG ES 6 ARC NUMISER
1974 I70 P ARC 7 REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Tennessee Valley Authority National Fertilizer Development Center Muscle Shoals Alabama 35660 6 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponsoring Oranlzatlon Pubflaherse Avaltablllty)
9 ABSTRACT
This report is a project report covering the period from December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizer for Rice was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations of new materials increased emphasis is placed on developing and demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they will be properly used or they become commercially available
Additional data has been received from a number of countries pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source of N for rice grainiunder conditions of intermittent flooding but that it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intermittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section
Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time
0 CONTRCL NUMMER i PR(ICE OF DOcUMENT
N-Mn1 - 0 F lIDij OICHIPTOII s ( lJ1(1 IJNPf
12 94CHPTOFS 1 PVOJI-(Cl NUJM Fr
Rice Sugarcane Corn Cnanva Cotton Bananan 931-11-190-832 (ONnA( NUMnrR
Cocoa Tropical Crops SCU Rock Phosphate Micronutrlent4 rINA-NUTA0shyRSSA-No TVA-OI-74
it TYPr Of t)O(AJMINI
_ _ _ Renearch ReportAlt) 11)0I IaI
Progress Report of TVA-AID Project
TVA-02-74
Improved Fertilizers for Developing Countries
Agronomic Research
July 1 1974
International Fertilizer Development Staff
Tennessee Valley Authority
Huecle Shoala A14bam4
TABLE OFCONTENTS
Summary 1
Potential for Use of Sulfur-Coated Urea 3
Background and Objectives of Project
Scope of Work o bull 99
Project Plans for Fiscal 1975 bull 11
Engineering andDevelopment bull bull 0bull11
Agronomic Testing and Evaluation bull bull bull 14
Economic Evaluations
Workshop at Muscle Shoals a o bull bull bull 19
bull bull o bull bull bull 18
Literature Survey bull bull 19
Agronomic Research bull bull 21
Research by Overseas Cooperators bull 21
Greenhouse Research by TVA at Mlcle Shoals 51
57 Appendix
58Performance of Sulfur-Coated Urea for Rice In Peru
Response of Flooded Rice to Phosphtate Rocki 0 63
SUMMARY
This report is a project report covering the period from
December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice
was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion
of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer
for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a
number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations
of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and
demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that
they will be properly used or they become commercially available
Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to
include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava
cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted
with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the
use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural
workers and Industry representatives
Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate
its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing
its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local
gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious
aterltele With rock p Wephut
smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut
of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo
0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt
hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0
-2-
The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy
nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies
are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients
are presently available
Additional data has been received from a number of countries
pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to
substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source
of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that
it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy
mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the
commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section
Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than
rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time
-3-
POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA
The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein
deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of
nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously
reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52
December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice
grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent
However the results of some experiments from India and West
Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not
both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that
SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions
as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or
deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N
response i available but in general yields are comparatively low
Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those
conditions
The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under
conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult
to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice
TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor
7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe
sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4
ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest
irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi
W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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or 444M7
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
Woeo of woo or mlm Wmiot InIasem~Wsy (heede 6Am 0 F- ad PAicv IfM tsoPm 9W famp kw~is 04eet The r4 ggm I ampbpiIs OnwAu 4nvmkstm v PAraem A4fshy
e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
WLIMmAmMVL 1
lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
Progress Report of TVA-AID Project
TVA-02-74
Improved Fertilizers for Developing Countries
Agronomic Research
July 1 1974
International Fertilizer Development Staff
Tennessee Valley Authority
Huecle Shoala A14bam4
TABLE OFCONTENTS
Summary 1
Potential for Use of Sulfur-Coated Urea 3
Background and Objectives of Project
Scope of Work o bull 99
Project Plans for Fiscal 1975 bull 11
Engineering andDevelopment bull bull 0bull11
Agronomic Testing and Evaluation bull bull bull 14
Economic Evaluations
Workshop at Muscle Shoals a o bull bull bull 19
bull bull o bull bull bull 18
Literature Survey bull bull 19
Agronomic Research bull bull 21
Research by Overseas Cooperators bull 21
Greenhouse Research by TVA at Mlcle Shoals 51
57 Appendix
58Performance of Sulfur-Coated Urea for Rice In Peru
Response of Flooded Rice to Phosphtate Rocki 0 63
SUMMARY
This report is a project report covering the period from
December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice
was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion
of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer
for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a
number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations
of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and
demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that
they will be properly used or they become commercially available
Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to
include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava
cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted
with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the
use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural
workers and Industry representatives
Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate
its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing
its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local
gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious
aterltele With rock p Wephut
smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut
of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo
0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt
hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0
-2-
The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy
nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies
are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients
are presently available
Additional data has been received from a number of countries
pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to
substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source
of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that
it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy
mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the
commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section
Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than
rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time
-3-
POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA
The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein
deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of
nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously
reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52
December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice
grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent
However the results of some experiments from India and West
Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not
both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that
SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions
as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or
deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N
response i available but in general yields are comparatively low
Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those
conditions
The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under
conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult
to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice
TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor
7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe
sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4
ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest
irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi
W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
TABLE OFCONTENTS
Summary 1
Potential for Use of Sulfur-Coated Urea 3
Background and Objectives of Project
Scope of Work o bull 99
Project Plans for Fiscal 1975 bull 11
Engineering andDevelopment bull bull 0bull11
Agronomic Testing and Evaluation bull bull bull 14
Economic Evaluations
Workshop at Muscle Shoals a o bull bull bull 19
bull bull o bull bull bull 18
Literature Survey bull bull 19
Agronomic Research bull bull 21
Research by Overseas Cooperators bull 21
Greenhouse Research by TVA at Mlcle Shoals 51
57 Appendix
58Performance of Sulfur-Coated Urea for Rice In Peru
Response of Flooded Rice to Phosphtate Rocki 0 63
SUMMARY
This report is a project report covering the period from
December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice
was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion
of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer
for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a
number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations
of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and
demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that
they will be properly used or they become commercially available
Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to
include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava
cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted
with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the
use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural
workers and Industry representatives
Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate
its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing
its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local
gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious
aterltele With rock p Wephut
smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut
of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo
0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt
hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0
-2-
The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy
nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies
are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients
are presently available
Additional data has been received from a number of countries
pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to
substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source
of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that
it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy
mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the
commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section
Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than
rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time
-3-
POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA
The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein
deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of
nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously
reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52
December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice
grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent
However the results of some experiments from India and West
Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not
both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that
SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions
as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or
deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N
response i available but in general yields are comparatively low
Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those
conditions
The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under
conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult
to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice
TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor
7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe
sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4
ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest
irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi
W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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or 444M7
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
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W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
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TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
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Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
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edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
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of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
SUMMARY
This report is a project report covering the period from
December 1972 (when the bulletin Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice
was issued) through June 1974 The present project is our expansion
of the previous project which was restricted to the use of fertilizer
for rice in that new and improved fertilizers are to be tested on a
number of tropical crops In addition to actual agronomic evaluations
of new materials increased emphasis will be placed on developing and
demonstrating methods of introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that
they will be properly used or they become commercially available
Testing of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) will be expanded to
include a number of additional crops such as sugar cane corn cassava
cottonbananas and cocoa Additional experiements vill be conducted
with rice to more precisely define the areas and conditions where the
use of SCU will be advantageous and to introduce its use to agricultural
workers and Industry representatives
Additional studies are planned vith rock phosphate to evaluate
its o(fectiveasee for direct applications and to study mans of increasing
its phosphorous availability by relatively tople muthoda for local
gomo aitionalV06 will be cOndvct44 with xronutolt4 msatvres of vorious
aterltele With rock p Wephut
smtprfallairy wVr to Ceonepl44 001teitn w4ltr g fut
of W41114090~f vowmllo It to felt thut ~ Ot 0~t ea I fo
0 setvl to 011folf OW 10offft 4 Aiee441bj ftiIOt
hepll4t 0 14W l0a khef t~ l to1141l(0
-2-
The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy
nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies
are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients
are presently available
Additional data has been received from a number of countries
pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to
substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source
of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that
it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy
mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the
commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section
Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than
rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time
-3-
POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA
The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein
deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of
nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously
reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52
December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice
grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent
However the results of some experiments from India and West
Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not
both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that
SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions
as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or
deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N
response i available but in general yields are comparatively low
Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those
conditions
The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under
conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult
to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice
TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor
7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe
sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4
ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest
irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi
W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
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or 444M7
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
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ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
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owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-Wlidswf of 4 ofatsIW5vsS d M M5 i RSa pm~daps In ampup 1Powworw rue hevi A b
el eas goileN ruseW4 wo duffeeme bWOM isttouwi
14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
wals rIs O touprua KU=plaINamppNOMeses a
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e 1 d
Ii
Iw NO ~sp 44I0 so
~ ~ I $4U tml
Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
Woeo of woo or mlm Wmiot InIasem~Wsy (heede 6Am 0 F- ad PAicv IfM tsoPm 9W famp kw~is 04eet The r4 ggm I ampbpiIs OnwAu 4nvmkstm v PAraem A4fshy
e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
WLIMmAmMVL 1
lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-2-
The need for fertilizers containing secondary andor microshy
nutrients will be evaluated in several countries where deficiencies
are known or suspected but where no commercial sources of these nutrients
are presently available
Additional data has been received from a number of countries
pertaining to the use of SCU for rice In general these data tend to
substantiate those previously reported in that SCU is a superior source
of N for rice grain under conditions of intermittent flooding but that
it is no better than conventional sources of N when conditions of intershy
mittent flooding or severe leaching do not exist A discussion of the
commercial potential of SCU in tropical agriculture follows this section
Insufficient data are available for tropical crops other than
rice to warrant any general conclusions at this time
-3-
POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA
The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein
deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of
nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously
reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52
December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice
grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent
However the results of some experiments from India and West
Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not
both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that
SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions
as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or
deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N
response i available but in general yields are comparatively low
Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those
conditions
The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under
conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult
to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice
TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor
7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe
sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4
ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest
irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi
W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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ItM 1 sIM~~slieg~ ~utom sdb
-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-3-
POTENTIAL FOR USE OF SULFUR-COATED UREA
The major portion of the agronomic research reported herein
deals with the evaluation of SCU (sulfur-coated urea) as a source of
nitrogen for rice These results generally confirm those previously
reported by TVA (Tailoring of Fertilizers for Rice TVA Bulletin Y-52
December 1972) in that SCU is a superior source of nitrogen for rice
grown under conditions where flooding is delayed or intermittent
However the results of some experiments from India and West
Africa where rice was grown under conditions where only leaching and not
both leaching and dentrification would be expected to occur suggest that
SCU may be a superior source of N for rice grown under these conditions
as well In certain parts of the world large areas of floating or
deeply submerged rice are grown very little information relative to N
response i available but in general yields are comparatively low
Further research is planned to 4valuate SCU for rice grown under those
conditions
The exact areamp of rice grown in developing countries under
conditions where both leaching and donitrification can occur is diffitcult
to ascertan but tgleetad 1 L (Tailoring of Pertiltiters for ice
TVA ulletin Y-52) states that the staft of IOi has ea|aited that uvor
7I of the rice in outheat Asia So Arown under this type ofter meASe
sent Prelisneary bfbervetio eu est Oat at t l PsIblySoea (a4
ofe) of tw frie to Vat Atfica to gmrae 4nder delayd of totriltest
irwiM4 to FAD report MD00llIO owtoifar f rce rt Imvi
W1110010 teveW ftJ 4 We 04001406w 1 141410tIf 0 ferl4iiio 10
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~
m~uutaltwr WR6Y414 t10 w~
JA CA41 tbt iSK144 dJIW1 Wit O1 Vamp44 4Aif amp0i4 i 6 -~
catAt all PIed$ l low 40- 7~4a1 ff ~~44 F 0i 44$4
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fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
WRI
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21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
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e 1 d
Ii
Iw NO ~sp 44I0 so
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Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
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e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
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lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-4shy
applied at a rate of 60 kg Nha then approximately 2600000 mt of
N could profitably be used as SCU In 1972 33700000 mt of N was
used in the world and these figures suggest that as much as 8 of the
world consumption could potentially be expected to be applied as SCU
on rice
On a smaller scale approximately 114000 ha of rice are grown
in Peru nearly all of which is grown under conditions where SCU would
be the most desirable source of N Average rice yields in Peru are about
4000 kgha but research by Sanchez and coworkers (see attached report)
indicates that with ample N yields of 9000 kgha can be attained To
obtain these yields 25500 at of N as SCU would be needed compared to
42000 at of N as straight ure to obtain the same yield Thus SCU
would save 16500 tons of N or roughly 40 of the N needs
Results from India indicated that when equal amounts of N were
applied an average of about 1000 kgha more grain was produced on exshy
porLsentail plots This average figure included some areas where SCU was
not superior to AS In 1972 36500000 ha of rice were grown in India
with an average yield of 1616 kgha Proper use of SCU in place of
conventional form probably would not Increase yields an average of 1000
kghe under fam conditions as it would on the research plots but an
average of 500 k8 would be raoom ble This would rotult to an Increaa
of a50000 m of rice an Incras of 311 over the 197 production of
$90o000000 mt
The 40 04Melee Ore cited t dMWMaftampt tbe iAnCicoo in
ftc prodwilu peble Ihrow~h proer t o of 60 a wvrf of 0 for
fiff MWere- f04ieb di at Peded t1 1if1 pfJiiea1y 4i fie toshy
ditlsw winde Iee idveitu f~ rics a to JMe(0wiaihthe of 1CM La f
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
Woeo of woo or mlm Wmiot InIasem~Wsy (heede 6Am 0 F- ad PAicv IfM tsoPm 9W famp kw~is 04eet The r4 ggm I ampbpiIs OnwAu 4nvmkstm v PAraem A4fshy
e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
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Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
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rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
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of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
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- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-5shy
precisely evaluate the economics of its use
Preliminary data indicated that SCU may be a superior source
of N for other tropical crops particularly long-season crops such as
sugar cane and pineapply grown in areas of high rainfall
The results of the wheat experiment followed by sorghum in
Pakistan in which the residual effects of SCU were evaluated suggest
that in intercropping and multiple cropping systems fertilizer nitroshy
gen may be applied in a slow-release form (SCU) at a convenient time in
the cropping system so that the nutrient elements will be released for
utilization by succeeding crops
Information already obtained indicate that SCU is a superior
source of N for crops grown on large enough areas to economically justify
its commercial production As more data are obtained with more crops
and from new areal the potential for its use will undoubtedly increase
Consequently as adequate supplies become available programs need to be
initiated in selected areas to introduce the use of SCU to agricultural
extension workers to the fertilizer industry end to farmers and to
encourage its coinercial production Since the cost per unit of N will
always be higher in SCU than in regular urea the use of SCU will be
econmically practical only under specific conditions and these restricshy
tions as to its use make it perative that effective education and
inforuation progra- be conducted prior to the comerctel Introduction
Of SU On 4 Wid eeie
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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or 444M7
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
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Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
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amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-6-
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The present project is designed to capitalize on the momentum
and knowledge gained in the previous project Tailoring of Fertilizers
for Rice This project demonstrated that a superior nitrogen fertilshy
izer can be developed for tropical areas and that some relatively low
cost phosphate sources can be effectively utilized The present project
seeks to broaden the base for development of improved fertilizers through
a wider range of agronomic economic and engineering evaluations Preshy
viously the emphasis was placed on SCU as a nitrogen source and the dirshy
ect application of a limited number of selected phosphate rocks as phosshy
phorus sources for rice fertilization In this project a wider range of
fertilizer materials will be tested on a variety of upland crops such as
maize wheat sorghum and sugar cane cassava and others of national imshy
portance in various countries
Through its domestic fertilizer research and development proshy
gram TVA produces experimental fertilizer materials that may have poshy
tential for tropical soil conditions and crops With support from AID
in this project the capability viii exist to work toward improving fershy
tilitors for developing countrive through the necessary and logical soshy
quenco of production to ramer aceptonce to sess the potential for
co mrcial production
Pertilliers now being used in 4eveloping countriee relAtive
OeCOtcs And shortcoMiNge of the Mterials viii be Ovai6Isd Ktshy
true thel ena 4 4 0(fiashyporimrtAl product wlornriee pilot plt
ties OaI1 pl0t4 Will be W0bsutd to fcresMq tet in jre
tof f~wrisea with caomvstmwl siatofials rr f P0041610 161i
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
Woeo of woo or mlm Wmiot InIasem~Wsy (heede 6Am 0 F- ad PAicv IfM tsoPm 9W famp kw~is 04eet The r4 ggm I ampbpiIs OnwAu 4nvmkstm v PAraem A4fshy
e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
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-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-7shy
screening will be done using soils of the area where the fertilizer
will be used Materials showing potential in greenhouse tests will
be further evaluated in actual field programs in selected countries
If successful at this stage economic and engineering data will be
compiled to assess the potential for commercial production In orshy
der to evaluate the product and process the total system will be
studied including storage handling and transportation from the
point of production to the farm Information developed throughout
this work will be available to industry foreign and domestic so
that it can develop a production marketing and use base for utishy
lizing the product This level of technology is rapidly being achieved
for SCU which received major emphasis in the previous study additional
agronomic economic and engineering data both with rice and with other
crops will be obtained to complement the previous findings
This project must be broad and combine a variety of professhy
sional disciplines but it is necessary to retain the flexibility to
move forward in specific directions as Improvements in products occur
This is necessary to insure that improved products identified in this
project can ultimately be made available to farmers zegrdless of their
economic and social status and that sufficient data aro available so
that induetry can make soomd decisions regarding the foasibility for omshy
marcial production
Major objectives of this project are eommartted as tollovws
(1) Developing Iertilaers to wt the nutrient neD of oocitic
4I l VhICh are not set iconmically withtfopical Crops and
etoshytoov~tmtl| Nrtiliieoro or that can set thse ne- s fre
006eItCOMlY ky 4ir lfte the W91~1ici of teftlliaer ultil4tin
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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4~b~~ 444 AW4iU a-w $ 4 $ts
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io- s4aq4 4Wvs i 44t amp 4W 4-1ampo-v 4tI 44041 4 4~ kikamp3o 41
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-w i4 I~~~
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6WViso4wb f vfpo w
w0OIA - i f iIS
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fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
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21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
N$eumWe of Mt5p4Amomd 1k PindW hswk4PhI fl fRw cW ims we
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ff~~~- am diwda Vs Wow at 4g eltpowm woo OI teeMA AMamdmOMisan A d1 Tm WNW m4 uwwemm mmmM
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toI4 0 06d 00 wo A Md N WILSAl DuIKWION oo A Nw U am ONq ep
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at MW em matshyW M offm of4 W twampwmwausoo wo asdm65m Auamp Ahbwu in 4ih asTal ON~ al oem IN Maie dmAd A a own did ofe w17 I inM mimman Ofd ofimruwf gas Pius di aMe Kwe auw a dow iNPOOIN tmo a SO$SO~4W
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pro alfp al 0 WN Is obaml~ of th es Wls pouvy Ofts oeWMed N
$ae fapree ulesaseup IfIwotohaffe St
40WilinAn 06 kw Ma ho 00 e IW aftakrw splerefAnhffsb m esmem
I$Ow Ip ampMI pasi 1ead eu an Toud 2l
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VAp 1Mampd KV ppu~s dw whaim $i a a los Al w W
Ib Milvo urns of OWe d- musA as h~ s a IuIow 8 1 ue ip
-Wlidswf of 4 ofatsIW5vsS d M M5 i RSa pm~daps In ampup 1Powworw rue hevi A b
el eas goileN ruseW4 wo duffeeme bWOM isttouwi
14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
wals rIs O touprua KU=plaINamppNOMeses a
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e 1 d
Ii
Iw NO ~sp 44I0 so
~ ~ I $4U tml
Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
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e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
WLIMmAmMVL 1
lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-8
(2) Proving the value of these improved materials to insure that
they will increase farmers income over a large enough area
to attract and Justify commercial production
(3) Developing the production technology for new fertilizers as
a basis for encouraging and advising potential commercial proshy
duction The integrated process designs will seek product
quality and economy while striving to minimize harmful emisshy
sions to air water and land
(4) Working through cooperating organizations and with leaders in
research extension and industry to develop and demonstrate
methods for introducing new fertilizers to farmers so that they
will be properly used when they become commercially available
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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gr~a 1971
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-9-
SCOPE OF WORK
This project integrates agronomic economic and engineering
expertise into a single team in order to develop improved fertilizers
for a wide range of crops and soils in developing countries Considershy
able emphasis is given during the first eighteen months to collecting
the data needed to complete the evaluation of sulfur-coated urea and
ground rock phosphate for lowland rice Both materials then are
scheduled for demonstrations during the latter part of the project in
order to educate extension workers and farmers and to attract the fershy
tilizer industry into commercial production Considerable emphasis is
given to the economic evaluation of a total production-marketing-use
system for each material in contrast to alternative nutrient sources
The probability of commercial production of SCU and ground
rock phosphate can be enhanced by expanding their use to additional
crops and soils Thus the project is expanded in scope as compared
to the previous project on tailoring of fertilizers for rice in order
to test these materials on additional crops
The expanded work includes a major effort in screening and
testing new compounds and forms of fertilizers for various food crops
produced under tropical conditions Alt hough it if already known that
more effective andor lens expensive formn of nitrogen and phosphorus
are needed a literature survey will nerve an Lan additional guide to
important and presing fertilizer problems
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4
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4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
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i1$0N ~ It$ 121
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
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4$14
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60 t 041
04 11 )fi
00 1 - 1 ft01
amp~11OtN
Axfw 0 -00100
Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~
o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI
OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f
toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411
14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W
of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e
twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We
-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At
wx451146
ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
T60te
owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
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TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
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-d
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41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
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of~U -a~ mo uNo
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-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-10-
Much of the work with fertilizers for both lowland rice and
upland crops will consist of field tests in Southeast Asia Africa and
Latin America Greenhouse and engineering studies will back up the field
research All field experiments are designed to provide at least an esshy
timate of costs and returns for each fertilizer tested
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
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As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-Wlidswf of 4 ofatsIW5vsS d M M5 i RSa pm~daps In ampup 1Powworw rue hevi A b
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14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
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Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
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e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
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41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
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rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
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bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
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IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
PROJECT PLANS FORFISCAL 1975
In this section the work for fiscal 1975 will be discussed
It should be remembered that the success of this project depends in a
large part upon maintaining sufficient flexibility so that work in inshy
dividual countries can be adapted to supplement and complement programs
already under way While guidelines and plans of work must be developed
so that the objectives of the project are clearly defined detailed
plans for specific countries or groups of countries must be developed
by consultation wth local cooperators
These plans will be discussed under the following three general
phases of the project
I Engineering and development
2 Agronomic testing and evaluation
3 Economic evaluations
Engineering and Development
Phosphate Rock
Methods have been proposed for relatively simple treatment of
phosphate rock (PR) to increase the availability of the phosphate to make
it more suitable for direct application to the soil These treatments
may be economically feasible in certain areas especially in view of the
current world fertilizer situation Considerable work has been done at
TVA studying means of altering PR and plans are being developed to inishy
tiate further developmental work and field testing of these materials durshy
ing fiscal 1975
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
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of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
- 12 -
Emphasis will be placed upon obtaining samples of phosphate
rock from deposits in developing countries and testing and improving
procedures for increasing their citrate solubility and tzius availabilshy
ity of the phosphorus From this laboratory screening process sevural
sources will be selected from which small amounts (50 to 100 pounds)
will be prepared for greenhouse and field experiments ou various soils
(as described under agronomic section)
From these results one or two locations (or countries) will
be selected for development of a pilot program to utilize local sources
of phosphate rock This program will involve production of the altered
PR and its agronomic evaluation and then educational programs with govshy
ernment and commercial representatives to introduce its use to the farmers
Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers
Some preliminary work has been done in which urea-potash mixshy
tures were coated with sulfur The 7-day release rates for the N and
K20 were 17 and 36 respectively from the coated product (22-0-11-30S
grade) This was the first effort in coating a compound fertilizer
with the new coating system
The widely differing release rates for the nutrients from
the coated compound product raise some interesting prospects for tailshy
oring the nutrient release rate of sulfur-coated products It might
be possible to cogranulate materials of varying water solubility and
sulfur-coat them to produce products with release rates that would apshy
proximate the timing of nutrient requirements of the crop The need
for this type of controlled-release product has been mentioned many
times by agronomists and may be especially applicable in multiple and
intercropping systems
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
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MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
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e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
inawa~~aUww e t of~ wdtop~s WRisr 4owt~
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0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4
4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)
) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~
4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I
QOWIf XVif k
4004 004o4f U A
-w i4 I~~~
40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644
4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~
6WViso4wb f vfpo w
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TOM I
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fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
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t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
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ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
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owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
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fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
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21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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ff~~~- am diwda Vs Wow at 4g eltpowm woo OI teeMA AMamdmOMisan A d1 Tm WNW m4 uwwemm mmmM
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pro alfp al 0 WN Is obaml~ of th es Wls pouvy Ofts oeWMed N
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VAp 1Mampd KV ppu~s dw whaim $i a a los Al w W
Ib Milvo urns of OWe d- musA as h~ s a IuIow 8 1 ue ip
-Wlidswf of 4 ofatsIW5vsS d M M5 i RSa pm~daps In ampup 1Powworw rue hevi A b
el eas goileN ruseW4 wo duffeeme bWOM isttouwi
14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
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e 1 d
Ii
Iw NO ~sp 44I0 so
~ ~ I $4U tml
Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
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e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
WLIMmAmMVL 1
lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
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amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
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Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
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A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
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of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
Okfi A4~
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
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Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
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or 444M7
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- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f
toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411
14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W
of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e
twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We
-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At
wx451146
ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
T60te
owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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mr m l r _ I I I _ r i I r9104 104
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f~~~~~iqt toitib ws 4 ~t4p6W1 1 i1 a
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bosom
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ItM 1 sIM~~slieg~ ~utom sdb
-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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VAp 1Mampd KV ppu~s dw whaim $i a a los Al w W
Ib Milvo urns of OWe d- musA as h~ s a IuIow 8 1 ue ip
-Wlidswf of 4 ofatsIW5vsS d M M5 i RSa pm~daps In ampup 1Powworw rue hevi A b
el eas goileN ruseW4 wo duffeeme bWOM isttouwi
14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
wals rIs O touprua KU=plaINamppNOMeses a
W UWhk 0 ASOoml ft A poWsdvutA adesae of amr Wns ai A 0r- 1ampdd Oehs IuRawy NO Pue podllosWewwe gmak asmpnle by dMiss is amle OWN pet -W yid I MuC)ad ampAn (WiplaeT16s mOW aOW aNo fhr ft ymIed------ obealud w3t 0 OW 40IsA a VM bpR ofthW d saw ns m aI efes R 24 ad 7
e 1 d
Ii
Iw NO ~sp 44I0 so
~ ~ I $4U tml
Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
Woeo of woo or mlm Wmiot InIasem~Wsy (heede 6Am 0 F- ad PAicv IfM tsoPm 9W famp kw~is 04eet The r4 ggm I ampbpiIs OnwAu 4nvmkstm v PAraem A4fshy
e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
WLIMmAmMVL 1
lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
0uI 4044~Me ~ ~ N4
4 jk-4il4 9-4 jio4 4 4I4wSj- ~ 4 sZiamp 44s)
) o~4w4 4444~S Is~4~4 ol I i A 4~ ~
4Ii I~4I4M$~ ~I
QOWIf XVif k
4004 004o4f U A
-w i4 I~~~
40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644
4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~
6WViso4wb f vfpo w
w0OIA - i f iIS
f4 A 00 1 o4
I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~
TOM I
Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1
fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
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4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
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-w i4 I~~~
40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644
4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~
6WViso4wb f vfpo w
w0OIA - i f iIS
f4 A 00 1 o4
I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~
TOM I
Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1
fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
WRI
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4
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ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
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owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
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4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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toI4 0 06d 00 wo A Md N WILSAl DuIKWION oo A Nw U am ONq ep
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I$Ow Ip ampMI pasi 1ead eu an Toud 2l
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VAp 1Mampd KV ppu~s dw whaim $i a a los Al w W
Ib Milvo urns of OWe d- musA as h~ s a IuIow 8 1 ue ip
-Wlidswf of 4 ofatsIW5vsS d M M5 i RSa pm~daps In ampup 1Powworw rue hevi A b
el eas goileN ruseW4 wo duffeeme bWOM isttouwi
14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
eUW as ymlh OW by IONamph avWlbl N The mubsr 1MM Pude M~ IsA aemOWeld
IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
wals rIs O touprua KU=plaINamppNOMeses a
W UWhk 0 ASOoml ft A poWsdvutA adesae of amr Wns ai A 0r- 1ampdd Oehs IuRawy NO Pue podllosWewwe gmak asmpnle by dMiss is amle OWN pet -W yid I MuC)ad ampAn (WiplaeT16s mOW aOW aNo fhr ft ymIed------ obealud w3t 0 OW 40IsA a VM bpR ofthW d saw ns m aI efes R 24 ad 7
e 1 d
Ii
Iw NO ~sp 44I0 so
~ ~ I $4U tml
Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
_____k _ _ shy
~ - 56I 5
-f
irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
Woeo of woo or mlm Wmiot InIasem~Wsy (heede 6Am 0 F- ad PAicv IfM tsoPm 9W famp kw~is 04eet The r4 ggm I ampbpiIs OnwAu 4nvmkstm v PAraem A4fshy
e W d inSIWfh sil $ad doke IaefitV twoer) 1 Te to theo owie effu so booJ imik WOi 100 N
-d
Is re4aled uIwq~e~w Aueee atofurnw di Capsnm ptopeatls is a oommm eiws to 100 tom of 04404man d CtdUW 4M Anw K~a do Aamp apowee WPUaN powu eel H pae iaaa thAi SCUI isWW owr hmem ISsuppl N to the li ieee F A IM1 Nampa Obo~amie m
41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
PWWWW t HW f hea~I~~~~~a 0th
kog Ii ampI b 1111h1atAmOem aid itsaere~m-aelmoeug toolPe aal 111W mWa Wisg ag so~ ti~Wo booviot65k Th eme Iua 1111411uiwon it es 01000 AW~CWS ~muiseeteqqsheer21111 ionev
oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
WLIMmAmMVL 1
lill mi oHow al of a be 1974oyais4gamm wsoc wwo
rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
e~ihs diu~wsm ~phid W A0)ad Lobe d mi-~-- 1) 14 hald
bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
Um~~srTmws~of 4 A ad to wy mis itm voW
IN~flA4T ampMww IV Kwo~t M1CI I POWMAIS amV VARw d01M11 W V
e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
QOWIf XVif k
4004 004o4f U A
-w i4 I~~~
40440wo oow IVTA 44qol 644
4I~~~4J 00S4 4410 114w- A44W Wamp ~
6WViso4wb f vfpo w
w0OIA - i f iIS
f4 A 00 1 o4
I1~wo ow4O4-40404f-4 ~
TOM I
Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1
fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
WRI
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04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440
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t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
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owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
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4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
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amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
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h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
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A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
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of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
TOM I
Cs VWA1 t lw Vairtile ot P44Y 44c KW MI1
fiat Wm~~JL U Lem~ampuJampAJ Wat IO
~ 941~1 41 ~~~~j~~qt~~8IJ WtS dobu
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
WRI
iwii4 i M
owo~
4
______m44-o
4 4
404 400
~4
44- 40
A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144
I~ u~~~~4~4~~~~amp~~~$9~~~3 shy
04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440
Otooiy oO 4 kuO 44-sso 4j w4 (
4A -414+ 4amp v A44
4s 444op44I4 +A00U lw 4 4fw04W04Ok40 400w
JW4 It~~
t w4~
Ia
4 f~
4040 4010
Ip
if S
A
SA
O
944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI
w 4 40k404r I4 44 woi tw v
404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M
I~litamp 40 ~ ~ 40 tow4 4u I WiIF 4 to 4 44f4Ar4w amp
~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444
4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A
4 4f w OW 44
4 W4 4w moP 4S0A4 e4 toW4a 4O 4~~A 0
4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I
4ww4 0-4l$ oo~ Ww woR W ft 40V
4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~
~1 b 4W owl ipt4os k4o WO
4 H 4 $ks 9~44 shy14 40 4- A + O W01
VW0 fffV0 f 440 4
tot 10mimo 41
0 co
04W
1 441 M - 4 4 I t
AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I
4$14
Ikamp
All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf
Sae AIAaus90AWdA
60 t 041
04 11 )fi
00 1 - 1 ft01
amp~11OtN
Axfw 0 -00100
Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~
o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI
OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f
toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411
14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W
of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e
twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We
-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At
wx451146
ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
T60te
owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp
T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w
3r1 L 1U SaN)
WON 644 40
4 O- tw-0
w1twh gi C MWh p o
~~140
ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4
WIt
W1
mr m l r _ I I I _ r i I r9104 104
aI~
-0 twof 0f 01141046ut1 M p4fw a is ow -h 4sf Ow 6 bo mII4W tsr qii NMaO
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p itt wt M 4441 f l T aw IlaI~l vweAUl
0 04 M 4 iU4eOW
fi~qr 14edqAs 1W44tMiwty w It 14C
WOA Y~U i44001r i U 4
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p~ to Ai~ f
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~ ~ ftfW
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by ~ ~ ei~t11i ~~t
M toI0 ww)
mwt Fwaabe
ItM 1 sIM~~slieg~ ~utom sdb
-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
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TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
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Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
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oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
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of~U -a~ mo uNo
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A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
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bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
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- omlos r umIWO1in pw
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of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
Table 2
Mttct of 0 Sourco aampW $At On Upt~ks of 0 by Two Varitgtos of Paddy Rice
gr~a 1971
~ MMUampL~ ~L ~ nYLALI~ 11 lemall
I ie
W0 v slit III I) tQo9
KvN 1 17 111 1119
or 444M7
111a
i1$0N ~ It$ 121
1$
x IV ~404 tot Vsr 1 P1 41 w otv 1
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
- - - all 7i i
95l 119 1 1~ ~~~~~ an iI3lli i1
WRI
iwii4 i M
owo~
4
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404 400
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A 44a4P4 ~~ 44p $444m 04I-Aamp~ 114144
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04 o oa4414 -4V~iWO440
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toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411
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of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e
twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We
-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At
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ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
T60te
owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp
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w1twh gi C MWh p o
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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I$Ow Ip ampMI pasi 1ead eu an Toud 2l
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VAp 1Mampd KV ppu~s dw whaim $i a a los Al w W
Ib Milvo urns of OWe d- musA as h~ s a IuIow 8 1 ue ip
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el eas goileN ruseW4 wo duffeeme bWOM isttouwi
14 gnp40 woSalrw 11ylo amreu Mwb Isevlow roosmN~ahIt s 60 W ~tsmAIM L n ~ ~~ ~
MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
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IWOes A rspeas Owed ai udlWwease
por bre
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Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
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~ - 56I 5
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irenY w -a
Tiles I sed I thm Au do sel oeppled upaoIks WIM0 0da ispI amd us Ou s 106 kg
h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
bs eabI wish as aVWWa uwewy nap (f5s)f ad Mashes reaMeY valaes of 48 0 S414 CWm
owdb imto US Wh s vs sf 3I mld 54S fro 2 aMd 3) A A
valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
MGMe -M4 Wg kmuwadM 1Wr wih SCV4 Psmuck Wff It dlL Wm 1W led 0 1 oo teeA of aiwaisme aweeoid h
1Kach Vt V amp4W ILK t)sa 10 Nareps vm This ndY ub thee hbow apiptomuasa of gulfu-aw~sd of Cup lP~~tamsl wi(i
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41MB ~ ~ m ~ ~0 0-- 0 140 The ffsemn of food Nn else9~e(Ud~ ~ ~ ~~ WooksaS eAWw pjed of ho~raw of IU effadam vfdva oft xhj0I 13iAl
DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
Walo by a onMm I dmivid hseidm6Wlk W~edesie s
peuiieles as is s e wpwigstee eded his S -em -om 0641 h4 hisW1mWOWb~ bfem peess Wimm kv Iee
Pa~~~eakr4awiS SeUeeiNaiA WOW 14e
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oO00 llb K0 ibad~ ~~ doj 140WI s o mimdW um
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rdy i of OMAN toblind id sh os 00 IN bei m us salqs m kid Vw 1 a0Msw WFW isms waf e eeiWei he-4~~e gsa dulsi
os 0aMW ofmu WA l aduWs~Ib rowuvvl3maIpm s
CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
M PolsdAvoWdw Ons pugm~ low iwLW m We
of~U -a~ mo uNo
0401ts of 40
A e mun5d m i vvamp sa s ow bftIS i sa omdIs a w
edi1 hswopmo an ag am Iw anom erlwaPASneooie bnwoM po
o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
4st diwemmSod i 6o pa P)ameakiksm4 m 04M t 1iV vs 0606 o IS ft dopsss of q madl w I10000014 t 44hs
arbs awasm 00 iztv Am-~~~i u5~ms ashu is byw
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bob~wh do is poPbe~mueus l to aVE tumad 40at iai ka as m
bdisc shmm Ammmd a Sm ofd~~~~~d~A ~ a~m olWshmo
OWNSrilgf ms as
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e~~Pum-p -f AOACoe~mfmmdso isedp Am PApmi sk adw Wsk m~ o P4 m
- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
- 24 shy
India--The results of four experiments conducted with flooded
transplanted rice in India by the All-India Coordinated Rice Project
Hyderabad are given in table 3 The response to N was excellent the
yield without N being only 41 of those obtained with basal applications
of N as uza With basal applications of SCU the yields were 20 higher
than with basal applications of urea and in the three experiments in
which urea applications were split yields with SCU were 18 higher than
yields with split applications of urea When comparing the average Nshy
response (kamp grainKg N) yields were increased 13 more by SCU than by
basal applications of urea
The data from one experiment with light irrigated rice in India
are given in table 4 yields were relatively low and differences between
N sources or method of application were not significant However yields
with SU tended to be higher than when all urea was applied at planting
but lower than when split applications of urea were applied Again yields
increased more than 13 more with SCU than with basal applications ofwere
ur
In tables 5 and 6 the yields of a short-duration transplanted
rice grown in irrigated light-textured soils at five locations in India
indicate that higher yields were obtained with SCU than with urea when apshy
plied as a basal application Yield increases due to basal N applications
were 502 greater with SCU than with urea However split applications of
resulted in yields equal to those obtained with basal applications ofurea
CU
The yields of direct-seeded upland rice grown at three locations
to India are given in table 7 and the relative yields in table 8 Yields
were low due to drought but good responses were nevertheless obtained for
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
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P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
~4~~wreu -A---I ad
fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
im ^aim4 Nomod 06maw ee Aist em moom a rA No fmiEo of emit
~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
- 25 -
Table 3
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Paddy (Flooded) Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data from 4 Experiments)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain
Season Nitrogen kgha Application mtha Kg N
- - - 196 34 -
Urea 120 Basal 573 100 314
11 Urea 120 80 + 40 611 107 345 Rabi SCU 120 Basal 713 124 430
12 - 0 - 202 30 -
Urea 125 Basal 682 100 384
Rabi Urea 125 35 + 20 + 35 + 35 633 95 344 SCU 125 Basal 781 115 463
13- 0 - 168 44
Urea 100 Basal 385 100 217
Kharif Urea 100 30 + 20 + 25 + 25 400 104 232 SCU 100 Basal 462 120 293
14 -
Urea -
125 -
Basal 355 650
55 100
-
236
Rabi SCU 125 Basal 781 120 341
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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fit~~~~O 114 4 t I mMsmm m~
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~ -0
65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
-- 26 -
Table 4
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yield of Light Irrigated Rice in India 1972 (Summary of Reported Data From
One Experiment at Pattambi)
Experimental Number Source Rate Method Yield Relative N-Response
and of of N of Yield Kg Grain Season Nitrogen (kgha) Application (mtha) Q) Kg N
38 0 - 204 85 -Rabi Urea 120 Basal 241 100 308
Urea 120 60 + 0 + 30 + 30 267 ill 525 SCU 120 Basal 255 106 425
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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ItM 1 sIM~~slieg~ ~utom sdb
-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
IaM 0t sdw a wn a8duws i ofV -w Mm P16I4 TWO a ewu i an
ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
ItsAO se Y lieowawo u~w pkow-W1b pwf on a C Nohkw is f 0o1 s do~omW C mmU4
owud6moeft 4 Obind PINa~e
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
Table 5
Effect of N Source and Time of Application on Yields of Short-Duration Transplanted lice Variety Grown on Irrigated Light-Textured Soils at 5 Locations in India 1972
(Snmzarized From Reported Data)
Rate Grain Yields (MtHa) Source of N Method of N GrainI of N kgh Application Faizabod Karjat Mandva Pattabi laya Averaje X
- 291 266 211 19 340 260 -
Urea 100 Basal 386 407 361 285 482 3 124 Urea 100 50 + 25 + 25 399 430 434 334 6amp2 4A8 186
SCU 100 Basal 368 468 439 360 572 41 181
Table 6
Effect of I Source end Tlae of ApplIcattoo c RIstave Tle24 of a rt- rat1 T Lsd lice Vasrety Crin o Irrigated L41tshy1 at S Locitite mindi 1972
Rate ____________14_3
Source of X N~tbad of Of X An 1 tat14 1 acr X__T1 4v tatW ttva
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Tabl I
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W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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-48
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
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vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
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- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
44- 40
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- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
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ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
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euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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MM I PWrawA = rMla yowIeM oa
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Tile 4-00dw x uiampOW74u 0qee of
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h Eaap 8n 14 sMsa of abw~greuad PU Pau WW 1 u itb IUKho 0aaphelem s 60 Otarlmmh At ~ 0sU Ishiseoo Cook oiA N uiplasu mAasslaly abess A leel
v doese a WKWye Is ks Nha m 6 sa4to dafo aONmuw The appee swm Wsssof adde N4 alalaed by vuMb ifaa W C Was sekilumganSro Is
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
d m M 0bmSaImu M-1 ofM6 h Intun to 7I
aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
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o ~ do=lr 3s fluACWoSM Owaa VolM Ain b 400b adW g o as amob ofrMOWS A oo eWmaa ow $wofdi60 ow - ema
-v K Vcon l ap ad md ld KU lbs PoabumwA od w to domi a bembe 0b lt $014 i ampmomONo
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- omlos r umIWO1in pw
lie Uvplist i piw S p wsmoW N of t as so in~tabo 440 o rodgAsect M4Ammd meM ii INAq10ed~ Pib mdWWeiW 1w -w emit TU UFm 6AV 0W A fIN 00~ lb 0PANNO 4 drp OW~It~Oi Ofme _____f WACMW0IN WMVsol~lmO ft SNAO 40 do1Si - m Md y e b ii m
of of~phaow tw bmsdf toamplboe
AjflsutomW C1D-pCTP AD mSmZLT op 1 m ow ts Wdm of P om M
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ov4mnk wsi 9 Mxfeu~i am emwm ismi0wmd fq W No ~~ - f mug Aitowe eutlkowbmTV is
amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
ap is~e I the ampo A A Mwof ~Do toit op aenu w~ifiOimem~ MAN ampW)
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
4 f~
4040 4010
Ip
if S
A
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O
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~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444
4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A
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4~ -~ 4 I4AOW +4A44~P4 ~ I
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4 f 4 0 W4w 44000004 44~
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AhA$ ~ A H~3 ki41 I
4$14
Ikamp
All f MW A~PIL44 PtS tf
Sae AIAaus90AWdA
60 t 041
04 11 )fi
00 1 - 1 ft01
amp~11OtN
Axfw 0 -00100
Pfvitiftto 10 rtc5rwtO4 m 0 ro Wow en 0~u~
o~na~iwi Iwc44 SM 1046~ li r~eto LI
OCWooati4 Soamp~1( 4td04 0 ~jtIf itpj~M f
toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411
14lfVO4 wf4 6m4m ifAS0ent1u0o WI~ i W
of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e
twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We
-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At
wx451146
ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
T60te
owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp
T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w
3r1 L 1U SaN)
WON 644 40
4 O- tw-0
w1twh gi C MWh p o
~~140
ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4
WIt
W1
mr m l r _ I I I _ r i I r9104 104
aI~
-0 twof 0f 01141046ut1 M p4fw a is ow -h 4sf Ow 6 bo mII4W tsr qii NMaO
of~~ WW ii4 fia to IW41d4 OW 44tfMwf~ f 400 I~ 1I404 sr wii w4ft43 ~o
m FFO t 4W iFO 4AP 6WWt w0 I 4I 14f
I t Ot iMpt w 4 1 0404494 4It 4 t4A
O tow o0 4 VU0040W ti4uw A
~~0946 I s fW MM- It1444Wttfw W
mtbeft t~t fr~ 0 Omq 01 NoW Otfw wk41 4)
O4f ofSWsowfW W aaoq fm~ MOW 10d ANN W 4 4w fO44o0
StOowew ARM4 WON tffas 0t0ff1 OIPsem Itf
9w NOofb rsrft s fw ~ w-o 4domw op
tu ot t two4 wo of44 At~ut6 04
ftINi 4~
owl 141
wt it14
F woo 04 WFf
044ofmamp 1 g w
h91 WOO owl
ow tl
eIa 4tiamp tbat O14 w44m mAqi~f~M0Il
p itt wt M 4441 f l T aw IlaI~l vweAUl
0 04 M 4 iU4eOW
fi~qr 14edqAs 1W44tMiwty w It 14C
WOA Y~U i44001r i U 4
cb o~t
f~~~~~iqt toitib ws 4 ~t4p6W1 1 i1 a
I~oil~ It w4M
mt4o Ofu~Mampwt i oe 0a 1~4tatlt~ 14 wlpo 0amp p
p~ to Ai~ f
bosom
~ ~ ftfW
W~ t tieiis ptooo 00u14 ie0
by ~ ~ ei~t11i ~~t
M toI0 ww)
mwt Fwaabe
ItM 1 sIM~~slieg~ ~utom sdb
-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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valves a hevwae u Iar Walh basl oswas dhe uwpatr bshava of
tb~msusasl appkausu of ofta sede s have aoweN
TOW opl taoe for AieweeW 4OsmWMbas Op peas As Tabl 4 sling sob Os awowully eom grams Piel level Thes oeulam Ma sed as IM
-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
primS o r OeampAd WU toa Them fl~ w At NOSSe earno maisslea Ia N he mOWamplIO yik ampWd IMe aampWmW OWa Owe wa UMs of KU to 41 Oke ampWiiIamm be dkrnety ewspokawleM(a s8 te camtd wie a eapmoe by TVA pavw ltoi NA poundrmdaka4us vrimeW460 o to ilkidm ofWW (Mtemas MuOwe 1973) TVA mwi bawld on soi ficedims IampWp seg rudwiv s~s0abet ke WNmdoe ON 01 K Is12 NOSW ie fssewnmu Ie I QvaaIi rowp IMA) f9
)amp m lodk byO voebmsaIS8OpeaWfrats 11 OWNmi a I a W idisod 0 81 Now 111 nindat Wm fysmpseaamp (If tsO tUmtI IsM $P shoroV4mmo knflkvnf (foOdme nuw ae Ow OImstwe in SM pnmm8 af tXm 10 114PIS kequoian wo Mpfii
SC~po umd spop~o VWt alm 4emWal 1 4ink PCmirsra M 1 ad AI 14bmms
1MM Ww Even to doe shw wisht b-o -Wamp Ekb fed rbaimpal of14~ Am Smpound oS mv fAaMda
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Amorphomw CeetIup en XmWra Ssrfmls
L C koits Am~ 0 tmmkaAf
ommp A faieiaAMTRACT skiwe lo nW ampM sm wi4h
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CaO~OP aw AlNomI 4ornomd to9 IS is -l O SI g4he rpidyThus whim m dowu bWa 0 m m- ei u
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aiba maush WAesshwn~u9dSg a osusLwpI ~ v m
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is
944W4 - 4 4 a 4 4j 04 4I~I4VI
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404_4040sk4 0 4 4 4 u t M
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~44 4~iS4 ~ 4444 ww4 0 44 4K104440 444
4w 444 1 400I WA 4i A
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4$14
Ikamp
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00 1 - 1 ft01
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toI4Gkoft t4ls04 14qobe itk 4roico at Vbeif us~ 47aamp 411
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of o tee t ~pe10iAEkm~t 1 w4C4400e
twoo TttWimI fl04it M 4 ~t w tamp A 11P o We
-40 tad 11fdIAW000 0tw A004s~lI7KVw totI Pt to))
t 164 044pi 44~4 WO 040Oipi0 ~om b~e1
rewIott- MN1 tVfI OOwK o l
Stt19 Of 0 SeOO M IbAWO AffikampI 00 Vt414 Ot VPtd 44 tM~wuOWe tni144 Ite W 1iw)ts 060
211 U e 1dit f
w 0 31 ~ 19 AA 116 1 AS Ma )4 ) At
wx451146
ISO 00) OM4 0101 9I
T60te
owel4440 00VII O A ofWM PwmeeA st rof (Amrol IMVf
Mt ot U 6q-wto~ COW i 4t~ eso
Tel of ate (01m itl it Iiuma tWuJt)
21L1L LW ufU~ vie 114 3 10 106
As 11 i 41 4 smg LAY1 $Of 41)
Tabl I
f~ttwi Ot 0 6wirce 81d At$ a vt1d at flUop4d Rico to Vitjorim (1ITA)All fortitfour to rsodkeet OA lC~OVPr4( 114 5iI 000
W Iotors Ftslanp tospg Irritd for Two thvk Afler flontiw wft rkwa~ Floo4d 191)
- -I-of LWAIM) (IS YJl- fl-----II)
-0 10)
AA MO 4 S4
4of O 149 6MID O 41110
KthD 00
- 38 -
Table 18
Yild of aemati-370 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute in Pakistan in 1969-70 Grown Under
Couditions of Intermittent Flooding
Pate of application
=IL
o 0 67 67 100 100 67 67
100 100 67 67 200 100
Average for Sources
Ntha
AS 260 gres 279
320
Source f5
-
AS AS Ura Urea SCU SCU
Yield
Relative
93 100 115
(M)O
Yield
Increase Yield Due to N
(Ktlha) (mtha)
-212 245 033 274 062 260 048 297 085 315 103 325 112
Yield Increase
Relative
72048 067 100 108 161
(2)
- 39 shy
Short-statured high yielding rice varieties grown extenshy
sively in northern Peru require extremely high rates of conventional
N sources to achieve maximum yields The recovery of applied N is
extremely low due to the use of intermittent flooding This water
management system results in heavy N losses even with properly timed
split applications In search of simpler and more effective methods
of N management eight field experiments were conducted in the region
to evaluate sulfur-coated urea (SCU) an experimental slow-release N
source supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority Rice yields were
increased an average of 59 more by pretransplant-incorporated SCU than
by urea or ammonium sulfate applied in the same manner SCU produced
excessive vegetative growth which resulted in yield reductions at high
N rates
Regardless of an assumed 48-higher unit N cost in SCU the
overall benefits of pretransplant-incorporated applications of SCU
were favorable since there was a decrease of 40 in the optimum rate
of N and the need for precise timing of application was eliminated
Pakistan--In Pakistan basal applications of AS urea and
SCU to rice grown under conditions of intermittent flooding in 1969-70
(table 18) indicate that SCU is a superior source of N as compared to
urea or AS when all N is applied at or before planting The data also
indicate that a yield response was obtained for P applications but a
comparison of N sources at each level of P indicates that no interaction
between N and P was present so that differences between N sources were
relatively the same at each level of P Yields were increased about 60
more when SCU was applied than when urea was applied Yield increases
with AS were only about 72 of the increase obtained with urea these reshy
sults do not agree with the generally-reported superiority of AS as comshy
pared to urea as a source of N for rice
- 40 -
In 1973 experiments were conducted in Pakistan using both
Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 varieties of rice grown under conditions of
When all N was applied at puddlingintermittent flooding (table 19)
or 12 at puddling and 12 at panicle initiation both AS and SCU were
superior to urea with SCU tending to be the most efficient source
However when N was applied 12 at transplanting and 12 at panicle
initiation SCU was the poorest source of N This would indicate that
the release of N from SCU applied at these times is too slow for optimwn
plant growth
In another experiment in Pakistan in 1973 no differences
in the effectiveness of urea AS or SCU were noted in the yields of
continuously-flooded rice (table 20) Again these results are conshy
sistent with earlier results which indicate no superiority for SCU
when rice is continuously flooded
Nitrogen Studies--Maize
A series of three experiments were conducted by IITA in
armo-Nigeria in 1972-73 comparing AS urea SCU and
CAN (calcium
nium nitrate) as sources of N for maize (table 21) A significant
yield response was obtained for N at each location but no conaistent
differences were noted amaong sources These results are consistent
with results at other locations which have not shown that SCU is a
superior source of N for maize grown over a period of 3 to 4 months
Nitrogen--Wheat
The yields of wheat in Pakistan in 1969-70 (tables 22 and
23) show that yields with SCU) tended to be lower than those with ureaJ
although at one locction where sorghum was grown followilng wheat with
Table 19
Yields of Basmati-370 and IRRI-6 Rice at Punjab Agricultural Experiment Station in Pakistan in 1973 Under
Conditions of Intermittent Flooding
Rate Yield Source of N Time of Yield (Mtha) Increase of N B-370 IRRI-6 Application Basmati-370 IRRI-6 Average (Mtha)
0 0 - 21 353 287 -
SCU 90 150 At Puddling 325 545 435 148
Urea 90 150 At Puddling 309 500 405 118
AS 90 150 At Puddling 324 529 427 140
SCU 90 150 Puddling 372 572 472 185 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 Puddling 335 502 419 132 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 Puddling 353 529 441 154 Panicle Initiation
SCU 90 150 After Transplanting 312 562 437 150 Panicle Initiation
Urea 90 150 After Transplanting 340 624 482 195 Panicle Initiation
AS 90 150 After Transplanting 349 583 466 179 Panicle Initiation
All plots received 45 lbs P205acre as single superphosphate
Relative Yield Increase ()
Source of N At Puddling Puddling Panicle Transplant h Panicle
Urea 100 100 100 AS 119 117 92 SCU 125 140 77
Tioe dt ftwiftuIl Fiat It 0 poundtfsew61 loO Iwon f Ott to lot) ow weIw Iamp
T14 ft Uk 0000) 4amp Kfffewow twoot ot otloo ri 1w
3r1 L 1U SaN)
WON 644 40
4 O- tw-0
w1twh gi C MWh p o
~~140
ow ( m1 Pm o tamp 4
WIt
W1
mr m l r _ I I I _ r i I r9104 104
aI~
-0 twof 0f 01141046ut1 M p4fw a is ow -h 4sf Ow 6 bo mII4W tsr qii NMaO
of~~ WW ii4 fia to IW41d4 OW 44tfMwf~ f 400 I~ 1I404 sr wii w4ft43 ~o
m FFO t 4W iFO 4AP 6WWt w0 I 4I 14f
I t Ot iMpt w 4 1 0404494 4It 4 t4A
O tow o0 4 VU0040W ti4uw A
~~0946 I s fW MM- It1444Wttfw W
mtbeft t~t fr~ 0 Omq 01 NoW Otfw wk41 4)
O4f ofSWsowfW W aaoq fm~ MOW 10d ANN W 4 4w fO44o0
StOowew ARM4 WON tffas 0t0ff1 OIPsem Itf
9w NOofb rsrft s fw ~ w-o 4domw op
tu ot t two4 wo of44 At~ut6 04
ftINi 4~
owl 141
wt it14
F woo 04 WFf
044ofmamp 1 g w
h91 WOO owl
ow tl
eIa 4tiamp tbat O14 w44m mAqi~f~M0Il
p itt wt M 4441 f l T aw IlaI~l vweAUl
0 04 M 4 iU4eOW
fi~qr 14edqAs 1W44tMiwty w It 14C
WOA Y~U i44001r i U 4
cb o~t
f~~~~~iqt toitib ws 4 ~t4p6W1 1 i1 a
I~oil~ It w4M
mt4o Ofu~Mampwt i oe 0a 1~4tatlt~ 14 wlpo 0amp p
p~ to Ai~ f
bosom
~ ~ ftfW
W~ t tieiis ptooo 00u14 ie0
by ~ ~ ei~t11i ~~t
M toI0 ww)
mwt Fwaabe
ItM 1 sIM~~slieg~ ~utom sdb
-48
Therean laiictw that It lbs P to th e am lukis
obosomhu rocks 0entk catetas rth Unrtdo costrat frwt) to
ht tse balt s Owosiv as that to TwP it rocks WM bo
fmtbt alteruutiv to MSso gotastte to~ Ik lee used to
ThUAIAd
Tht wMl dt gotmtmlaoti wout th possibility
of law Vhld free ww e1 e66001 4 It cooUt be YgWd Sutt
a4 10 0410 SWUSSM yt$4e TOP wUd predWr A r~ftIf fl~W t
1f f ot P the wuld phosphae rck TWOe viWMW efocitill b
true to low rttos t tsplusatiI P wi 9 Ma Liiam $S
amp4at r per Wforssota Mav two 64eed Wilk elikor It 44 of
P go Mi er 4A bg oftoP aon of tewmrowtni pboophals fwAh
It vwld be polotrd A Wevero wtht Is the jteld level that
W414 gk tko videm dtterem~j o(A 1 the 4~etamp tk~e~t
P11~0 pra~lpj prefer gre4r tuftlter for whlae
of hoaw ppltrstie Mhe to a dloedveaP for The PINSOO rocka
vkth m r II spotted 10 ftewil 4106Me tem
Nub studios we ovsosd o IVA vol gramleid a
forgof wee aMW pbsepbots A fths pemhawe evsielew us
Odellod to detMlee it otteettvmm of 11agotated Stoture of
mmfp MW phapa A (CI) sed graewletod pampAtlti arlolatod Pa
asowcs of P tof ttde ro The wreem proucts omre raGther
pemour~a ot P syag besmti andMi as elt ov so gpamwhr
iuipiqffhate(TS) low twseeo Is eftwiltve Is thet
W41 preeme wae oialain ire post-rItoi effriq to Stanlato the
pud6itt of Irto paddle Wee ofsdlseireplastiq
0 49 shy
lbs partially scldiaatede grawilated Ml prodlucts Vere isshy
toiwdiats in 5tftOvttWS54 betwee wroiPi ad TVP NotV5Ymf to
me coo were they mere twoe $a a etfective ao TIP 00 sipifleast
LVSUMI5 at0 efecto wore toun tor thee produteo Timely dtIampWde
FR (-t00 mmoh) Uia amp~rally oar affective than Owe gra8448r FOampprodt
featal twos o 6 aotetire s I
Nowvero it to felt that sfortber field euprtet vth
hese interials Amd ether typs of grometatodl Wter nre wrrautad
hater ceeuwodh that they have me areec poteatlal toi additoG
e tate wAne the sectte as OtawrI sed bovoloen turther
euperimeste vth few reck pboophar s0d with reck pbophat treated
to sehesa citrata selmtliy or to ha csaducted
Metbir sertes of tbme enprtaeats wae c~edtmcted by IITA
to Ut~rta copal TVP AOP APP aed it at see tecastisix (table 14)
No dot lalt sewseltles teh draw tree thee results simouely em pear to tlvdl bsww they do stwgpt tbat forthew work with
MR to werramid so tbme sels
Table 24
LttcttF Swce MaPlate 06 ieldot IM AWaia CoelsANS at IITA (Ugboda ad Apoin ail sorit) aid at Ike (AUaba s5i series)
1973
Plate ot IP Apinu 5 poundebods A1ab
Ocrol 0 Z94 419 M)
Tr ipl ruprphite 20 349 3799378
Triple vepput 40 M09 410$
Triple 6wp~~b1 4271 4344 42250
Ammotw-ritpophW to 4201 4124 4040
Amosim-rdop~phlt 40 4270 4106 4231
AM tuo-polpephats 20 404 4244 3794
~eai~mpelppepbuI 400)49 4094
Cee m-pbpbt to- 59
momee eph lto 0 4192
LSO (0 0$) 29 1025
Th WPII
- 51 shy
101Y114 tpeM-fI PEP~tbRP YO
1 ~ ~ gmw 1pc~biofl- 9 Kla4v4h
Upia U04 Copfind am Crehout Stet Rpano at (Ia4
rico t IF t rume6 orth~ Caralto phoophale rocl QAR) vaUN pqU41 to
roopon from cmonetrat4 gsporphophai (CIP) who ort$o4 oil k
was 45j itwas tafertor vb protioo4 oil p war OS Ib 4iffer~c
in rtc reepos to X cod14 oo bo ttrit4 4 4 hvsciag of boil p
~ Pt o r11221 0 tP
c theto the rhimecyllndor of rico tots par to)14M4i1 roeoi~t
ed oil emd PA prior to tho ont of an~robi4 cMioe AA~ oIifoshy
nAte bYpot t taet~d tO fC4sin t~r 4PWden0 Of f Ot(tivshy
ofOWailiJtyno o prefla4 all Put that 4t01etoo 14 tvsIk
of the Ott to prvvld a 014for C4m0 44 mI 1 o4sf
EfftC ftPet141on AIAM-0 V f401td 4 4iv 440 Mtft
Aa torfat VampP f4MWfCi4W04wt0amp to 4eturWlI Ot(Wel~drIC ft
Ot f tM6 the flooded Ott 00 14 04019I Pft0uAw Of gAr~s~lr
pkS$t M40b MP) Tw P1101 Piset Prodwie W-e 10M0di Wr04
(10-1) emW 0aretilp ddw01at4 P WAA firom Rrth M~flRU414~$
wee cowiared with fie Md reWim 44104 proo~fo) foruk oith laWItter
I v te-PR P OW1004 4 4 O Wf ottil OW ellt Oo
Oveiel1 the 40tt dmcruie to effetotww Wtollowui Co fme
PR tpaUIB1I ldoltmo PR (pamwlatr) offr~- ArmeuM) 0 orwi
- 52 -
Effect of N Sourc6 and Water Management on Response of Rice
toe Zn- M Giordano J J Mortvedt OP Engelstad and Greenhouse
Staff Several rotes of CO(14H2)2 and (H )2So4 vith or without ZnO
wore applied to flooded and nonflooded Crowley oil (limed to pH 75)
to determine response of Bluebelle rice to Zn Yields with both N
sources veotrgreator on flooded then on nonflooded soil In the abshy
ence of applied Zn total dry matter production vith CO(NH2)2 was
slightly lower than with (NH)2S04 on flooded soil and considerably
lover on nonflooded soil Concentration of Zn wan higher in straw and
grain of plants roun on flooded than on nonflooded soil Although
concentration of P was unaffected by N source or Zn rate there was
som indication that cranslocation of P from straw to grain may be
depressed in nouflooded rice Concentration of N was lower in straw
grown on flooded than on nonflooded soil due to apparent dilution
thereas both X sources resulted in similar N concentrations in straw
at all rates of N application the N concentration in grain increased
with 0 rAse
feSpongi gf(SM to Chjorospodiostte and Related P Sources--
Si Allen and Greonhoue Staff A greenhouse pot experiment was
couct44d with corn Brown on Hountview silt loam to compare the ofshy
fectlivees of chlorospodiosito (Chlor-l) with concentrated supershy
phosphate (CP) Thomas slag and North Carolina phosphate rock (NC-PR)
Oil-prillad urea-phophato rock (UPI) FeA1JMP 20 7 and monomthyl
phosphate were included in the experiment Based on yield of forage and
uptake of P by tvo crops each of 6-weeks duration the following conshy
stui were dravat
I Chlor-1 was slightly loss effective than CSI Thomas slaS or NC-PR
from which Chlor-l wae prepared
- 53 shy
2 Granular UPR was a poor source of P its effectiveness was greatly
increased by reducing the particle size to -35mesh
3 FeAlNH4P207 was unavailable to the crop
4 Monomethyl phosphate was equivalent toor slightly more effective-
than CSP
Research Indirectly Related to TVA-AID Project
Response of Several Rice Varieties to Zn in Moist or Flooded
Soil--P M Giordano J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Several varieties
of rice from Mexico and the Dominican Republic currently under investishy
gation in Puerto Rico for adaptation to upland culture were compared with
some established United States varieties with regard to Zn response on
moist and flooded Crowley sil (pH 75) Chontalpa (Mexico) Bluebelle
(Texas) and Starbonnet (Arkansas) were most responsive to applied Zn
Juma (Dominican Republic) intermediate and Sinaloa (Mexico) and Calrose
(California) were the least responsive The Sinaloa varieties (Mexico)
appeared to be best adapted to non-flooded conditions whereas Chontalpa
and Calrose were poorest Concentrations of Zn generally were higher in
plants grown on flooded than moist soil
Pattern of Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Rice--P M Giordano
J J Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Rice plants were harvested at weekly
intervals from shortly after emergence through maturity The objective
was to determine the rate of growth and Zn uptake by a Zn responsive varshy
iety (Bluebelle) and a less Zn-responsive variety (Calrose) in the presence
or absence of Zn applied to Crowley sil (pHl 75) Dry matter production
of Calrose was linear with time of growth and of a similar magnitude until
heading with or without applied Zn Bluebelle followed a similar pattern
where Zn was applied However in the absence of applied Zn foliage yield
was reduced markedly
-54
Uptake of Zn was similar for both varieties whenZn was
applied Dry matter production and Zn uptake by the two varieties
also were comparable when Zn was applied However yield of Calrose
was much higher than that of Bluebelle in the absence of applied Zn
while Zn uptake was only slightly higher This suggests that the lesshy
ser responsiveness of Calrose to Zn may be due to more efficient utilishy
zation of Zn There was no indication of a greater demand for Zn durshy
ing reproduction in either variety as was suggested in earlier greenshy
house experiments
Response of Upland Rice to P and Zn--P M Giordano J J
Mortvedt and Greenhouse Staff Several rates of P and Zn were applied
to Crowley sil (limed to pH 75) in factorial combination to determine
whether differences in rice growth under flooded and nonflooded soil
conditions are related to plant nutrition Although straw yields were
slightly higher in nonflooded rice receiving adequate P and Zn grain
yields were higher in the flooded crop increased rates of F andor Zn
did not result in equal yields Except in the highest Zn rate (75 mg)
concentrations of Zn in both straw and grain were higher with flooding
Concentration of P increased with rate of applied P and was higher in
the grain or flooded than upland rice at a comparable P rate In conshy
trast concentrations of N were lower with flooding due in part to dilshy
ution from increased growth
Rice Response to N and P in Flooded and Unflooded Cultures--
G L Terman S E Allen and Greenhouse-Analytical Staff Rates of
N from 250 to 2000 ntpot and P from 0 to 1000 mtpot were applied for
Nato rice grown on Mountview sil and Sango sicl (625 kg of soil per
pot) Market yield response to N and P was obtained Yields of straw
- 55 shy
total yields N uptake and N recovery were higher on unflooded than
on flooded soil cultures Grain yields however were slightly higher
with flooding These results indicate that with adequate applied
nutrients especially of N rice yields without flooding can approach
or even equal those under flooding
Uptake of N P Ca Mg and Zn increased with yield response
to N and P while K uptake decreased on the Mountview soil Concentrations
of N and P increased with applied N and P respectively while concentrations
of other nutrients were diluted in most situations with yield response to N
or P
Results from this experiment show that amouats of N applied in
previous pot experiments for rice have been much too low especially if the
crop was grown to maturity
Response of Corn to S and N i UUASand Urea-S--S E Allen
and Greenhouse Staff Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to
measure response to S and N in ulfur coated urea (SCU) urea amonium
sulfate (UAS) and urea -S as well as estimate N losses from surface apshy
plied N sources
In Experiment 260 less than 20 of the S mixed with the soil
was recovered from SCU or urea-S granules by two crops of corn as comshy
pared to 45 or 80 from flowers of S or Na2SO 4 CLop response followed
a similar pattern
In Experiment 260-A N sources were surface applied and alshy
lowed to dry for two weeks before incorporation Into the soil and plantshy
ing Recovery of N by two crops of corn was 77-82 for AN an compared
to 37-70 for urea UAS urea-S and ICU Thus n this experiment loss
of N from urea did not appear to be re~dcud by light S-coatlngn or by Inshy
corporating S or AS in the granules
-S -
I xbprZnSlt a Wtch aU Meyto 0-Ai Wt f9r
higher reermo teOrtOrs cOM reSpWNO i r0100 Of N w
not oaisteontly related to sewe ot N In edl tust 0 ioltiUe Lim
lo in VMuwpped evlmtUTS 48 merind by seirest nte appresOehe
501 for uroa as cwarod to 210 for urea peepha
Rus- or Upse to LoAmIl34I a AriMed bI Earl U
MW NOWlsIIsIr-4 L Toman 5 1 Alln and eesese StNf rio
row on Sawg did (0 tpot) We 1l0l0 Ws feritiud vith 05is
of Npot mixod with the 6011 as aureCA NiAO) 1 Age god At Ures
was also itcluded at rtt t 05 10 end 15 of Upee Theas trealshy
onto were followed 4 wpdrsetago of U s AN wre 4C 10o or at I3n
Weeks toulin up to IS pot
A soil application of 10 pot rosulvod to the maim yield
at 4 weeks Tio4 sad percont prottis t intre raite tncreased rftishy
linearly with U applictalien IeseeItally all at the m iNd wit
the moil w domitrifted after flooding Grail end straw Ilelds vere
highly correlatod with tiliriag and vlh ubers of gralm arl
The results Widicat that 0$ to 10 a of Upot as orea or
NN bsuld be sied with the oil to stilate tiilrir with adshy
ditional 0 topireased later to increase grain lIds mad protia cmshy
tout
DIVISION 54- FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY AND USE
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-02
792 60L WI W A)49R Pio VOL 37 197)
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DIVISION 8-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
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amppowftdmi TiM 0 Tie OAA mo p)a Mwomoi dOn4m A)w
MW 0 604 0M mm yaM 01MWOfdi to tA0 M OOAW uinw OSOb
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65
0IL CL OC AMXR PROC VOL 38 1974
)aT1 S4I104 ow Lusanll Tawng isa tall Thai variety known for beingIwo nonshyi s s ) sensitive to photoperiod A split-plot design was used in
S e e these euperimeots with 4 rates of P (I1 22 44 and 88t i V IV k of Pha) applied a main plot treatments and with the OF It sourMes of P as subplot treatments There were two checkS plots in each rmplicate The extra check plot was included to permit the application of fresh TSP standard Jor the
It- ti 06 + i bull fa succeeding crop the p-4me of bi was to permit accurate d awrnwal of the mdual effectiveness of the phosphate
ftinSUbI rock The P fertilioers were broadcast on the mud andthen Worporald In the soil during the last harrowing At
whM N both On ACS indx ampM time of transplanting Immediately before the last harrow61t (4j 5 4 01 P s 3Mm o Vallonal in con n 100 kgha of N as ammonium sulfate and 33 kghaWO Of Spews ampm lIW thaabe rocks do ACS indes of K as polium chloride were applied A total of 40 wa in prepw O do ctih k otent kha of N a ammoniunt sulfate was applied later in twoir P The hew oNed amp wM W for 5 of gw topdrossingp with about 5cm depth of water on the plotsvV I aiOMveffeOctveee Three to six ldayold selings pr hillwW the ACS idex were planted00OWW wia Oft fo an c irNk I p Coen 20 by 20 cm part in straight rows Hand weeding was used
and insecticide were applied for Insect control Grain yieldw was masared by sampling 5 ml of each plot excluding border rows The date of heading in each treatment and theUNiN d pbM W Weks rin tOW USA UMe In Tale yed componnts at hafvel were also recorded
I filM rsperMS esOM kdwdua 1 t ab The average yields of ough (unhulled) rice for botha 84 OW O 8uo 4 Thala TM was a locations are ploutel in PIS 3 for the first crop (1969 wet
owou thRM seaso0) The Veamps yield response was obtained at Klonge (s) W lDtO t Of dMa of1tw W d l R Luang however a 4ute satisfactory yield response was
~Mk ^d TVA UJSD ad Kd UnIveS obtalned to applied P at Bangkhen as wellXUe LaM e R qwrw Ims The sod was do Relative aponomlAe effectiveness values were calculated
VOW (a ksA w edmwL t Poesesm h Vy for these data and am presented In Table 3 The valuesdAY buo if dIe ouh ne Pee wtk a Mlak vow 1009 for th first crop are plotled against ACS index in Fig 41 This Im M i6ti l 4bNd IO a0 O mkarnk for both locatio r relationship was linear for the
11400 ThCpH 0( lb pW IW 01 th UpeiaW so Sanodion location and curtiltnear for KIng Luang The was u i 4A sksamp lMaor nrusio model amparounted for 81 of theAmO$MI Aw jAAsue Swim T1 Snh Wd variation In the AE valu for Bantkhen a square root
Mems a Iw iv fern alh$ sedm haowg dayNW W t he plAL At tdo M tM aso W s as ctminued throufh eltaM t Ofpof -le lse wo am P OeNI VeOpls 1o ealluae tI lon4erm MIdual Offccls
A on W isset i a wse to hsh eapeel of these ooihss t ocks The baagkhon experimnent was letmiaI1DlVemisthis is a w hulu Lo g Tasug ia iasael aft - Msd residual Ves will be pr-Om crok TheseTwod esewm
SWWo
A
lP~U~7 ISIIPe1iuIWN e bsedisssin ian ghth siaoelalbe
984 0 6 O O - M s -s fWPas 11eSft W d Uo al a o
o
S4l~ lIIII I~l I 1f fl
( +
+ + + m + ++++-
++ +(++ + ++++ + ++ ++
- 66 -
ENOIMLSTAD ET AL RESPONSE BY FLOODED RICE TO PHOSPHATE ROCKS VARYING IN CITRATE SOLUBILITY
I I I I j0 I I
BANOKHEN BANGKHEN
pH 56 6 - 0o
TSP
NC
5~ ~ ~ L o 4 - -shy
4 ] - --------shy04
6S
|0 III 2 44 8r 66
I I I
a 1KLONG LUANG
pH 46 z KLONG LUANG
TSP Sc2 NCFL(N)
5 FLIC) J0 TU
oshy
4 ~40shy
3 bull eM0
I - I I I I I
0 II 22 44 88 0 5 10 15 20 IP APPLIED KO HA ABSOLUTE CITRAE SOLUBIITY INDEX
Fig 3-Yield of rough rice at Klong Luang and Bangkhen Rice Fig 4-Relative agronon effectiveness () of P sources ploz-Experiment Stations Thalmand as affected by rate and Source ted against citrate solubity Index for both Thailand field ex
of P applied (crop 1) periment (first crop only)
regression model accounted for 97 of the variation in sumably resulted from crop uptake and reaction with the RAE values at the Klong Luang location soil to form less soluble products Such effects may have
These experiments were continued during the dry season been more important at the lower rates since the two TSP of early 1970 to ascertain the residual effectiveness of the curyes converged at the highest rate of application various sources applied to the first crop No new P was These data from KIong Luang indicate that (i) residual applied except for the fresh TSP standard mentioned effects of all rocks except Mlcwuri were substantial (ii) above rhe experiment otherwise was conducted in a man the relationship between relative agronornic effectiveness ner similar to that followed in the first crop of the phosphate rocks and citrate solubility levels was
The response to both freshly applied ad residual P was largely obscured and (iii) the general superiority of TSP marked at the Klong Luang location and marginal at over phosphate rock in terms of effectiveiss persisted Bangkhen In fact at the latter location the response was through the second crop so small that little can be said regarding residual effectiveshyness The yield data from crop 2 at the Klong Luang DISCUSSION experiment are plotted in Fig 5 Greenhouse and field data presented in this paper show
Relative agronomic effectiveness values (Table 3) were clearly that there are substantial differences among phosshycalculated for the Klong Luang data using both the residual and freshly applied TSP as standards It is of Interest to note that the superiority of TSP over the phosphbte rocks Table 3-Relative agronomic effective values for field experishyments in Thailand persisted through the second crop The main difference in KlowlZmlnql~the residual effects is that with the exception of the MIs- s Crop 1 Crop 21 Crop 1-shysouri rock Ihe marked relationship between citratr-soluble WoiCarolina yl 59 76
phosphate rocks and RAE had largely rds norh) a 64P conltct of th Florida (eqlral is 6969 6
disapipeared In this acidic soil (pHi 46) P would by this I14o 69 63 40 ToonesS 31 65
limo be supplied by Intermediate reaction products In addl Missou 0 o lion to residues of the initial spatlte Ts P o 2 o 0
The TSP applied to the first crop declliv-d slightly In campIafcmWataesr e id ofeuhuloefor 22MA rates of PtColeouattd as aba u tlte td18 kS ratesp dlverage yield tM868 to 22 44
effectiveness relative to the freshly applied ISP This pre- of d s4
A
4
- 67 shy
-SOIL SCL SOC AMER I
KLONG LUANG CROP 2
Si 3
eN
TAPPLIEDKGHA
Fig 5-The residual effectiveness ovarious P sources for crop s compared with freshly applied TSP Klong Luang Rice
Experiment Station Thailand
phate rocks in terms of agronomic effectiveness for flooded
rice Further these differences can be predicted by means of citrate solubility or by the ACS index It appears that
the latter is more appropriate where the content of apatite varies among phospiate rocks The most soluble phosphate rocks approached but did not actually equal TSP in limit-iuig (maximum) yield in these experiments regardless of rate applied This agrees with the results of Ensminger Pearson and Armiger (4) One needs to consider the defi-nite posribility of same yield loss in zhoosing a phosphate
rock over TSP such yield losses must be weighed against the lower price of phosphate rock The explanation for such iosses may involve concentration of soluble P in the soil Khasawneh and Copeland (6) suggest that the growth rate of crop plants is a function of P concentration that can be maintained in the soil solution If P concentration is limiting or inadequate becawe of a lower dissolution rate of phosphate rock the growth iate ard uiiimate yield will be diminished accordingly
The RAE values bascd on yield increases reflect the agronomi effectiveness of these various sources relacve
to the TSP standard however these nould be supple-
mented by an economic analysis before rational choice can
be made The following calculations will provide an estimate of
the rclativ ecooomic effectiveness(REE)
Y t Ps aXpatREE -- 100
vahtercks t sphate or e b i- eor
Price of TSPkg fo
be Price of PRkg P
PROC VOL 38 1974 leO
90r
Wsoshy
0
60-LUSEPHOSPHATE ROCK
00 10 20
PTP PR
Fig 6-Relationship between relaZive effectiveness values (RAE) and the price ratios between TSP and phosphate rock Such a figure can be used in making a choice between these
sources
If REE exceeds 100 in this calculation the phosphate rock would be preferable to TSP
The REE calcuktaaa wre used in preparing an indifshyference curve (Fig 6) wherein RAE values are plotted
against PTsPPpR ratios The cu~rve itself connects those points at which REE equals 100 When exactly on the curve it makes no real economic difference what source is chosen After choosing a suitable price ratio one can then project upward from that ratio knowing the RAI
value (or estimating it from such data as shown in Fig 4 using citrate-soluble P content) one can then choose the source on the basis of both agronomic and economic conshysiderations For example if the price ratio is 25 and the RAE value of the phosphaite rock is greater than 40 the rock phosphate in question would be used However if the RAE value was less than 40 TSP would be a better choice There are indications that if the P in the more soluble phosphate ro~cks (North Carolina north Florida central Forida) is less than half as expensivz as that in TSP these rocks would be feasible altereaives to TSP on soils similar
to thoseused in Thailand This analysis does not take into account the possibility
of lower yields from use of phosphate rock In addition only a portion of the various yield response curves was used in this anlysis ie up to 22 kgha Beyond this
rate yield response was much less pronounced it could be argued that at less than maximum yields TSP would produce a certain yield at lower rates of P than would phosshy
pow ofrock This would especially be true for rates applioa example at Klong Luang 5500 kg of
rice pcr iectare could have been produced with either Ii kg of P as TSP or 44 kg of P as son of the more reacshy
tire phosphate rocks It should be pointed ot however
- 68 shy
(IIKIS amp YOUN( ARIFICIAL WEATIIERING OF OXIDIZED p[ll- IV
that this is the yield level that would show the widest difference such is the advantage of hindsight
Farmers generally prefer granular fertilizers for machine
or hand application This is a disadvantage for the phos-phate rocks which are normally arplied in finely divided form Recently experimental quantities of granular urea-
phosphate rock mixtures have been made by TVA Results of trials with these fertilizers will be reported elsewhere
LITERATURE CITED
1 Armiger W H and Maurice- Fried 1957 The plantavailability of various sources of phosphate rock Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 21183-188
2 Bengston G W E C Sample and S E Allen 1974 Re-sponso of slash pine seedlings to P sGurces of varying ci-trato solubility Plant Soil (In press)
3 Caro JIt and W Hill 1956 Chard eristics and fer tilizcr value of phosphate rock from different fields J Agr Food Chem 4684-687
4 Ensminger I E R W Peirson and W II Atmiger1967 Effectivencs of rock phosphate as a source of phosshyphurus for plants US Dep Agr ARS Bull 4112S
5 Engelstad 0 P J G Getsinger anid I J Stangel 1972 Tailoring of fertiliers for rice cnnece Valley Author ftyNational Fertilicr Developmnent Center Hull Y-52
6 Khasawnch F E and Jane P Copcland 1971 (otton root growth and uptake of nutrievos relation oif phosph
rus uptake to quantity intensity and buffering capacit) Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 37250-254
7 Lehr JR and G H McClellan 1972 A revised lIbora tory reactivity scale for evaljativg phosphate rocks for direct application Tennessee Valley Authcrity National Fertilizer Development Center lull Y-43
H Terman G L S EAllen and 0 P Engelstad 1970 Response by paddy cice to ratcs and suurces of appliedphosphorus Agron J63390-394
DIVISION S-9-SOIL MINERALOGY
Artificial Weathering of Oxidized Biotite IV The Inhibitory Effect of Potassium on Dissolution llate
R JGILKES AND R C YOUNG2
ABSTRACT
Rates of dissolution of oxidized biotites in OIM 001M ICI are severely depressed in the presence of IM KCI The amovnts of Al Mg Mn dissolved in the first eytraction are similir to those found without KCI however subsequent extractions remove these elements at 10-20 of the corresponding lICI rates This effect may be due to a decreased rate of vermiculite formation thereby reducing the effective basal area exposed to attack A decrease in dissolution rate with increasing ferric iron content was still apparent in the presence of IM KCI
Additional Index Words X-ray diffraction infrared aborp-
N EARLIER papers of this series the tole of biotite in soils
as a source of both macro and micronutrient elements
has been discussed ((Gilkes Young and Quirk 1972 1973ab) Experiments in artificial weathering uiing as va-
riety of extractants were undertaken to determiie the inlu-
ence of oxidation of octahedrally coordinated iron on the bull release of structural cations to solution The results of this
work demonstated that biotite behaves anomalously with respect to the other common ferromagnesian minerals found in soils Oxidation leads to the development of a high degree of resistance to cation exchange and dissolution Several authors have coiwludcd that decreased rates of K
Contribution from the Dep of Soi Science and Plant Nutri-tion Institute of Agriculture Univ of Western Australia Ned-lands 6009 Western Australia Received 29 Sept 1973 Ap-proved 8 Jan 1974
2 Senior Lecturer in Soil Science and Research Officer respeclively
replacement in electrolytes shown by oxidized biotites are
a result of the inclination of structural hydroxyl adjacent to newly created trivalent iron or vacant octahedral cation sites (Robert and Pedro 1959 Barshad and Kishk 1968) Gilkes et al (1973b) suggested that decreased rates of disshysolution of oxidized biotite in 0001 0t)l 0Af CI may also be due to the presence of inclined hydroxyl In this case a smaller surface area external and exposed intershylayer may be available for attack if K replacement by hyshydrogen ions occurs at a slower rate in oxidized biotites
Gastuche (1963) has shown that significant dissolution ofthe (IIM) biotile face may occur and it is easily demonshystrated that the proportion of exposed (001M) face in weathering biotites depends on the percentage K replaced
Rausell-Colom ct al (1965) have shown that hydrogen ions act in an identical fashion to metal cations in K exshy
change from micas In particular exchange c-f K by hydroshy
gen ions will be terminated or greatly reduced by high levels of K in solution Thus if dissolution of oxidized biotite by
acids is carried out at sufficiently high K levels to prevent vermiculization any differences in dissolution rate that may occur cannot simply be ascribed to differences in rates of K replacement The following results were obtained from such an experiment which unlike the experiment described in Parts I and II (Gilkes et al 1973ab) does not attempt to simulate natuiral - conditions
MATERIAILS AN) M HIiODS Further subsamples of the less than 0 hiotites used in K
excherandbaid disoo tu es (G iles e9n K exchange and acid dissolution studies (Gilkes et al1973ab) were used in these experiments Preparation of sequentiallyoxidized biotites without intermediate vermiculite formation is