i ndian g aming in the us a broad introduction (preface to the triptych case studies) by shalin...
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INDIAN GAMING IN THE USA Broad Introduction(Preface to the Triptych Case Studies)
By Shalin Hai-Jew
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CONTEXT
Hundreds of years of misdirected federal policies towards Native Americans
Low socioeconomic status (SES), high poverty rates, and low health and other indicators of well being for Native Americans
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TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY
the “central legitimating issue” for Indian gaming (Elinson, Jan. 19, 2007, n.p.)
“a matter not only of sensitivity and legal nuance” but also “the crux of dispute” related to Indian gaming (Elinson, Jan. 19, 2007, n.p.)
also labeled “dual sovereignty” (Fenelon, Nov. 2006, p. 382)
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PUSH FOR NATIVE AMERICAN SELF SUFFICIENCY
Native American Government: Reservation infrastructure building
Economic partnerships, entrepreneurial endeavors and fund-raising
Revitalizing tribal governance Reconnecting with traditional cultures and
languages Jobs creation Image recreation US Government: Fewer transfer
payments, more tax revenues
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“INDIAN GAMING”
“gaming conducted by an ‘Indian tribe’ on ‘Indian lands’” (Light and Rand, 2005, p. 3)
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INDIAN GAMING REGULATORY ACT (1988)
Tribes… must establish their own gaming regulatory
systems; must solely own Indian casinos; must use net revenues for restricted
purposes…
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RESTRICTED EXPENDITURES FROM TRIBAL GAMING
(i) to fund tribal government operations or programs;
(ii) to provide for the general welfare of the Indian tribe and its members;
(iii) to promote tribal economic development;
(iv) to donate to charitable organizations;
(v) or to help fund operations of local government agencies. 7
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DETRACTORS
Some corporate casinos Some religious groups Some political groups Some Native tribes and “traditionalists”
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ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
No new wealth creation Less taxation for state coffers Self-contained benefits to Indian casinos with
little to no “spillover” benefits Undue infrastructure and public services
burden on the local community
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ECONOMIC CHALLENGES (CONT.)
High “opportunity costs” for the tribe Unfair support for a particular segment of
society A recycling of tribal moneys only A rise in crime
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TRIBAL RELATIONSHIPS / NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES CHALLENGES
Inter-tribal strife and competition Misuse of sacred lands Gaming is counter-cultural Unintended social changes towards more
individualism, more focus on materialism, and more cultural decay Conflict with Native American lifestyles
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ETHICAL AND / OR MORAL EFFECTSCHALLENGES
Promotion of problem gambling Buying political power Image changing for Native Americans A compromising of Indian nationhood and
sovereignty Mainstream economic assimilation
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TIMELINE FOR NATIVE GAMING
1991Legalized Riverboat
Gaming in Iowa and Illinois
1988Indian Gaming
Regulatory Act (IGRA)1978Atlantic City, New Jersey
1931Las Vegas,
Nevada
1990Land-Based Casino Gaming
(Slot Machines at Pari-mutuel
Racetracks or Racinos in West Virginia
A General Timeline of Native American Gaming
1985National Indian
Gaming Association (NIGA) Founding
1979Seminole Tribe of FL
High Stakes Bingo Parlor Followed by 150 Tribes in
Next Two Years
2007At Present:
400+ Indian Gaming Facilities in US
(in 29 states)
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STATISTICS TODAY
567 federally recognized Indian tribes in the US
4.1 million Americans with American Indian ancestry (1.5% of the nation’s population)
65% of Indian tribes in lower 48 use Indian gaming for government revenue
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STATISTICS TODAY (CONT.)
$22.6 billion generated by Indian gaming in 2005
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THREE CASE STUDY APPROACHES
THE ECONOMICS FRAME: “All in? Economic Factors to Consider in Native Gaming”
THE SOCIAL – CULTURAL FRAME: “Smallpox or New Buffalo: What’s the Right Analogy for Native Gaming?”
THE POLITICAL FRAME: “Setting the Rules for Native Gaming” 16
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USING FRAMES TO STUDY INDIAN GAMING
Indian GamingFrame
Frame
Frame
Frame
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