I. Introduction toI. Introduction toAcids & BasesAcids & Bases

(p. 453 - 473)(p. 453 - 473)Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids & Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids &

BasesBases

A. PropertiesA. Properties

electrolyteselectrolytes electrolyteselectrolytes

turn litmus redturn litmus red

sour tastesour taste

react with metals react with metals to form Hto form H22 gas gas

slippery feelslippery feel

turn litmus blueturn litmus blue

bitter tastebitter taste

ChemASAP

vinegar, milk, soda, vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruitsapples, citrus fruits

ammonia, lye, ammonia, lye, antacid, baking sodaantacid, baking soda

SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS

Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid Most commonly produced industrial Most commonly produced industrial

chemicalchemical Uses: petroleum refining, metallurgy, Uses: petroleum refining, metallurgy,

manufacturing fertilizer, production of manufacturing fertilizer, production of metals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents, metals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents, and used in automobile batteriesand used in automobile batteries

Effective dehydration agentEffective dehydration agent

SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS

Nitric acidNitric acid Pure nitric acid is a volatile, unstable Pure nitric acid is a volatile, unstable

liquid that is rarely used in industry liquid that is rarely used in industry or labs.or labs.

Strong odor, stains skin, and can Strong odor, stains skin, and can cause serious burnscause serious burns

Used in making explosives, rubber, Used in making explosives, rubber, plastics, dyes and pharmaceuticalsplastics, dyes and pharmaceuticals..

SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS

Phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid Essential element for plants and Essential element for plants and

animalsanimals Used for manufacturing fertilizers Used for manufacturing fertilizers

and animal feed, diluted - flavoring and animal feed, diluted - flavoring agent in beverages, cleaning agent agent in beverages, cleaning agent for dairy equipment, manufacture for dairy equipment, manufacture of detergents and ceramics.of detergents and ceramics.

SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS

Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid Produced by stomach and aids in digestion.Produced by stomach and aids in digestion. Used for pickling iron and steel, general Used for pickling iron and steel, general

cleaning agent, food processing, activation cleaning agent, food processing, activation of oil wells, recovery of magnesium from of oil wells, recovery of magnesium from sea water, production of other chemicals.sea water, production of other chemicals.

Dilute HCl, commonly known as muriatic Dilute HCl, commonly known as muriatic acid, found in hardware stores and used for acid, found in hardware stores and used for maintaining acidity in swimming pools and maintaining acidity in swimming pools and general cleaning of masonry.general cleaning of masonry.

SOME COMMON SOME COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDSINDUSTRIAL ACIDS

Acetic acidAcetic acid Clear, colorless, strong smellClear, colorless, strong smell Concentrated form known as glacial Concentrated form known as glacial

acetic acidacetic acid Used in synthesizing chemicals used Used in synthesizing chemicals used

in the manufacture of plastics, raw in the manufacture of plastics, raw material in production of food material in production of food supplements, fungicide.supplements, fungicide.

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions ArrheniusArrhenius - In aqueous solution… - In aqueous solution…

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–

AcidsAcids form hydronium ions (Hform hydronium ions (H33OO++))

H

HH H H

H

ClClO O

–+

acid

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions ArrheniusArrhenius - In aqueous solution… - In aqueous solution…

BasesBases form hydroxide ions (OH form hydroxide ions (OH--))

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

H

H

HH H

H

N NO O–+

H

H

H H

base

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions Brønsted-LowryBrønsted-Lowry

HCl + H2O Cl– + H3O+

AcidsAcids are proton (Hare proton (H++) donors. ) donors. BasesBases are proton (H are proton (H++) acceptors.) acceptors.

conjugate acidconjugate base

baseacid

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions

H2O + HNO3 H3O+ + NO3–

CBCAAB

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions

AmphotericAmphoteric - can be an acid or a base. - can be an acid or a base.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

CA CBB A

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions

F F --

HH22POPO44--

HH22OO

HFHF

HH33POPO44

HH33OO++

Give the conjugate base for each of the following:Give the conjugate base for each of the following:

PolyproticPolyprotic - an acid with more than one H - an acid with more than one H++

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions

Br Br --

HSOHSO44--

COCO332-2-

HBrHBr

HH22SOSO44

HCOHCO33--

Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:

B. DefinitionsB. Definitions LewisLewis

AcidsAcids are electron pair acceptors. are electron pair acceptors. BasesBases are electron pair donors. are electron pair donors.

Lewis base

Lewis acid

C. StrengthC. Strength Strong Acid/BaseStrong Acid/Base

100% ionized in water100% ionized in water strong electrolytestrong electrolyte

- +

HCl

HNO3

H2SO4

HBr

HI

HClO4

NaOH

KOH

Ca(OH)2

Ba(OH)2

C. StrengthC. Strength Weak Acid/BaseWeak Acid/Base

does not ionize completelydoes not ionize completely weak electrolyteweak electrolyte

- +

HF

CH3COOH

H3PO4

H2CO3

HCN

NH3

NeutralizationNeutralization

An acid base reaction produces salt An acid base reaction produces salt and water.and water.

An antacid soothes an overly acidic An antacid soothes an overly acidic stomach by neutralizing the stomach stomach by neutralizing the stomach acid.acid.

Neutralization is the reaction of the Neutralization is the reaction of the hydronium ion and hydroxide ion to hydronium ion and hydroxide ion to produce water.produce water.

SaltsSalts

The salt from the neutralization reaction The salt from the neutralization reaction is composed of the cation from the base is composed of the cation from the base and the anion from the acid.and the anion from the acid.

Examples – Complete and balance:Examples – Complete and balance: Carbonic acid + strontium hydroxideCarbonic acid + strontium hydroxide Perchloric acid + sodium hydroxidePerchloric acid + sodium hydroxide Hydrobromic acid + barium hydroxideHydrobromic acid + barium hydroxide Nitric acid + magnesium hydroxideNitric acid + magnesium hydroxide

Acids and carbonatesAcids and carbonates

The products of the reaction between The products of the reaction between acids and carbonates are salt, water, acids and carbonates are salt, water, and carbon dioxide.and carbon dioxide.

Acid rain can contain nitrates and Acid rain can contain nitrates and sulfates and carbonates that destroy sulfates and carbonates that destroy marble structures.marble structures.

Write and balance the equations Write and balance the equations between calcium carbonate and acids between calcium carbonate and acids from the above polyatomic ions.from the above polyatomic ions.

HomeworkHomework

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