i. anthophyte ii. angiosperms as a separate group
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I. Anthophyte
II. Angiosperms as a Separate Group
Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are
monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97: 4092-4097.
Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).
Bootstrap Value = 92
Bootstrap Value = 83
Qiu et al.’s Tree
(Nature, 25 November 1999)
Based on 5 - genes
2-mitochondrial
2-plastid
1-nuclear
IllicialesNymphaealesAmborella
Basal Angiosperms
Magnoliids
Bootstrap Value = 100
Barkman et al. 6-gene tree (PNAS 2000).
9-gene tree
Barkman et al. 2000
Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A (Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone). Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.
Amborella and Nymphaeales share the basal clade
Amborella alone is in the basal clade
Support Leans Towards a Shared Clade
Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups
These 3 groups are unresolved
3. Monocots
2. Magnoliids
1. Basal Angiosperms
4. Eudicots- the largest group
4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree
The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.
Amborella is native to New Caledonia
+ =Illiciales
(Trimeniaceae, Amborella)
Amborellales
Amborellaceae
Amborella
Amborella Flowering BranchAmborella branch- evergreen, simple, alternate leaves with wavy edges
www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg
www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg
Amborella male flower-note “leaf-like” stamens with a thick filament that are spirally arranged. Amborella is dioecious.
Amborella
Female Flowers
Carpels
The “stamen”-like structures are staminodes.
www.botany.org/newsite/publications/ajb/2004coverStories.php
Nymphaeales
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea
Nymphaeaceae the “N” of the ANITA groups.Note: Radial symmetry, aquatic habit, palmate venation. We have two local species of Nymphaea
Victoria amazonica, Amazon Water Lily, Nymphaeaceae
http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/foto/Nymphaea.jpg
Note many flower parts, radial symmetry
Stamens with wide- “leaf-like” filament.
fused carpels, stigmas radiate from a circular disk
Stamens
Stigmas
Ovary
Note several locules (chambers) in the ovary
Nymphaeales
Nymphaeaceae
Nuphar
Nuphar the other main genus of the Nymphaeaceae found in the NE- note radial symmetry, blade like filaments, fused carpels. We have 1-3 local species of Nuphar.
Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots. These would grow in the substrate under water.
Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen
Monosulcate Pollen
http://www.kv.geo.uu.se/pollen/N/Nuphar.html
Nuphar Embryo Sac
Recall that Nuphar female gametophytes have only one nucleus in their central cell and lack the antipodal cells entirely-- making their embryo sac only 4-celled!!
sy = synergids
cc = central cell nucleus
e = egg (behind synergids)
Illiciales
Illiciaceae
Illicium
phylogeny.arizona.edu
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1761_021.jpg
http://www.fleischlos.de/assets/images/sternanis.gif
Illiciaceae - “I” of ANITA
Illicium sp.
Star Anise
Note: radial symmetry, woody, mostly unfused flower parts
Illicium religiosumhttp://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~goostake/SIKIMIX.JPG
Star anise developing fruit and mature fruits