hyperthyroidism
TRANSCRIPT
Hyperthyroidism
•MONTE de RAMOS , URI P.
Hyperthyroidism is the second most prevalent endocrine disorder, after diabetes mellitus.
A common cause is Grave’s disease, also known as diffuse goiter. Incidence is higher in females, below 40 yrs. of age. The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are based on 3 Basic Concept:
• Increased Metabolic Rate• Increased body heat production• Hypocalcemia
It may appear after an emotional shock , stress , or an infection , but the exact significance of these relationships is not understood.
Other common causes of hyperthyroidism include thyroiditis and excessive ingestion of thyroid hormone
• Grave’s Disease ( diffuse toxic goiter )
• Toxic Nodular Goiter (multinodular goiter)
• Thyroiditis
Grave’s Disease Graves' disease is
caused by an antibody which stimulates the thyroid too much, in turn causing the excess production of thyroid hormone.
The disease is most common in young to middle-aged women and tends to run in families.
The three additional symptoms include:
goiter (enlarged thyroid which may cause a bulge in the neck)
bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
thickened skin over the shin area
Toxic Nodular Goiter
Hyperthyroidism caused by toxic nodular goiter is a condition in which one or more nodules of the thyroid becomes overactive. The overactive nodules actually act as benign thyroid tumors.
Symptoms of toxic nodular goiter do not include bulging eyes or skin problems, as in Graves' disease. The cause of toxic nodular goiter is not known.
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis causes temporary hyperthyroidism, usually followed with hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid). Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. There are three types of thyroiditis:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
silent lymphocytic thyroiditis
RISK FACTORS :
Medical Conditions
Age
Gender
Genetic Factors
Symptoms:
• Difficulty concentrating• Fatigue• Frequent bowel movements• Goiter (visibly enlarged thyroid gland) or thyroid nodules• Heat intolerance• Increased appetite• Increased sweating• Irregular menstrual periods in women• Nervousness• Restlessness• Weight loss (rarely, weight gain)
Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:•Breast development in men•Clammy skin•Diarrhea•Hair loss•Hand tremor•Weakness•High blood pressure•Itching - overall•Lack of menstrual periods in women•Nausea and vomiting•Pounding, rapid, or irregular pulse•Protruding eyes (exophthalmos)•Rapid, forceful, or irregular heartbeat (palpitations )•Skin blushing or flushing•Sleeping difficulty
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
Antithyroid Medication
Surgery
GENERIC NAME Brand Name
methimazole Tapazole
propylthiouracil Propyl-Thyracil or PTU
Heart-related complications including: • Rapid heart rate• Congestive heart failure• Atrial fibrillation
Increased risk for osteoporosis
Surgery-related complications, including: • Scarring of the neck• Hoarseness due to nerve damage to
the voice box• Low calcium level due to damage to
the parathyroid glands (located near the thyroid gland)
Treatments for hypothyroidism, such as radioactive iodine, surgery, and medications to replace thyroid hormones can have complications.
PREV
ENTIO
NThere are no known ways to prevent HYPERTHYROIDISM.
Toxic Multinodular Goiter (TMG)
MNG and Graves
Huge Toxic MNG Diffuse Graves Thyroid
Higher grades of Goiter
Toxic MNG (Diffuse) Graves
Grade IV Toxic MNG
Huge Toxic MNG Huge Toxic MNG
Proptosis
Lid lag
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Ophthalmopathy in Graves
Periorbital edema and chemosis
Ophthalmopathy in Graves
Occular muscle palsy Laka Laka Laka
Severe Exophthalmia
Thyroid Dermopathy
Pink and skin coloured papules, plaques on the shin
Graves with Acropathy
Graves Goiter Acropathy
Clubbing and
Osteoarthropathy
Thyroid Acropathy
Onycholysis