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Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease

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Page 1: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Hyperthyroidism

Graves’ disease

Page 2: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Hyperthyroidism Thyrotoxicosis

hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both

Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

excludes ; exogenous thyroid hormone intake & subacute thyroiditis

excess synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid

Page 3: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Common Forms (85-90% of cases)

Radioactive iodine uptake over neck

Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves disease) (50-60%)

Increased

Toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer disease)

Increased

Thyrotoxic phase of subacute thyroiditis

Decreased

Toxic adenoma Increased

Less Common Forms

Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis

Variable

Excess human chorionic gonadotropin (molar pregnancy/choriocarcinoma)

Decreased

Thyrotoxicosis factitia

Decreased

Uncommon Forms

Pituitary tumors producing thyroid stimulating hormone

Increased

Pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone

Increased

Metastatic thyroid carcinoma Decreased

Struma ovarii with thyrotoxicosis

Decreased

Page 4: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Graves’ Disease In 1835, Dr. Robert Graves

Page 5: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

• Anxiety

• Irritability

• Difficulty sleeping

• A rapid or irregular

heartbeat

• A fine tremor of your hands

or

fingers

• An increase in perspiration

• Sensitivity to heat

Signs and Symptoms• Weight loss, despite normal

food intake

• Brittle hair

• Enlargement of your thyroid

gland (goiter)

• Light menstrual periods

• Frequent bowel movements

Page 6: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Graves' ophthalmopathy Excess tearing and sensation of grit or sand in either or both eye

s Reddened or inflamed eyes Widening of the space between your eyelids Swelling of the lids and tissues around the eyes Light sensitivity less often, Ulcers on the cornea Double vision Limited eye movements Blurred or reduced vision

Graves' dermopathy results from a buildup of protein in the skin

Page 7: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Pathophysiology B- & T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmunity 4 well-known thyroid antigens :

thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, sodium-iodide symporter, TSH receptor

TSH receptor antibody : immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subclass pituitary TSH ↓ release of thyroid hormone and thyroglobulin iodine uptake, protein synthesis, and growth in the thyroid gland

↑ by cAMP Besides being the source of autoantigens, the thyroid cells express

molecules that mediate T-cell adhesion and complement regulation (Fas and cytokines) that participate and interact with the immune system.

Page 8: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Mortality/Morbidityif untreated ; life-threatening thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm) severe weight loss with catabolism of bone and muscle Cardiac complications and psychocognitive complications Osteoporosis neonatal hyperthyroidism Elderly pt. : apathetic hyperthyroidism

unexplained weight loss or cardiac symptoms such as atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure

Opthalmopathy Acropachy

Page 9: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Lab Studies

subnormal or suppressed TSH levels free T4, T3 ↑ TSH-receptor antibody ; TSI - diagnostic Others ;

anithyroglobulin antibody antithyroidal peroxidase antibodythyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodiesantisodium-iodide symporter antibody

Page 10: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Imaging studies

Radioactive iodine scanning : 123I radionuclide scan – diffuse uptake throught an enlarged gland

Ultrasound CT scan or MRI ; of orbits

Page 11: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

- prominent infoldings of the hyperplastic epithelium

- tall columnar thyroid epithelium lines the hyperplastic infoldings into the colloid - clear vacuoles in the colloid next to the epithelium where the increased activity of the epithelium to produce increased thyroid hormone

Page 12: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Treatment Medication – antithyroid drug Radioiodine ablation Surgery

Page 13: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Antithyroid drugs Thioamides

- inhibiting iodide organification and coupling processes → preventing synthesis of thyroid hormones

Propylthiouracil[PTU] vs.methimazole[MZ]- major congenital malformation incidence : PTU (3%) vs. MZ(2.7%) cf) normal background rate(2~5%)- Duration & doses : 0~23 weeks : 100-600 mg/d of PTU or 10-60 mg/d of MT- Agranulocytosis (0.2~0.5%)- PTU ; transaminase ↑ in susceptable individual MZ ; cholestatic

Page 14: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

PTU vs. MZWhich drug is more effective? MZ 10mg tid(n=66) vs. PTU 100mg tid(n=17)

MZ: more rapid normalization of TFT n=29, PTU 100mg tid vs. MZ 30mg qd

MZ: more rapid normalization of fT4 & T3 n=94, MZ 10mg q 12, 8, 6 hr vs. PTU 100mg q 12, 8, 6 hr, for 12

wks Term efficacy was equivalent

N=71, MZ 15mg/d vs. PTU 150mg/d for 12wks MZ group; lower fT4 & T3 at every time point Euthyroid at 12wks: MZ 77% vs. PTU 19%

Page 15: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

PTU vs. MZWhich drug is less toxic?

Minor reaction Rash, urticaria, arthralgia, gastric intolerance No stastically different MZ: dose related → MZ 5-10mg/d : fewer S/E

Major reaction Agranulocytosis: 0.2-0.5%,

lesser with MZ < 10mg/d Drug induced hepatitis: PTU exlcusively ANCA positive vasculitis: PTU exclusively

Colclusion MZ is safer, esp. dose below 10mg/d

Page 16: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

PTU vs. MZWhich drug is associated with greater patient compliance?

MZ 30mg/d vs. PTU 100mg qid after 3months 83% vs. 53%

Page 17: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

PTU vs. MZWhich drug costs less?

PTU 300mg/d : $21.81/month MZ 30mg/d : $62.3/month Dose

MZ 10mg = PTU 300mg 한국 (KIMS)

MZ 5mg: 39 원 /T ( 보 21-22 원 /T) PTU 50mg: 30 원 /T ( 보 24-30 원 /T)

Page 18: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

What are the effects of PTU and MZ on the efficacy of subsequent radiactive iodine therapy?

MZ : no alteration in the effectiveness of radioactive iodine therapy

PTU : the dose radioactive iodine could be increased by 25% to overcome the putative radioresistant effects of PTU

Page 19: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

How long should the patient be treated to maximized the chances of remission

Remission rate Higher with more than 2 yrs than 1yr

Relapse rates 6months >18months No difference

12 vs. 24 6 vs. 12 18 vs. 42

Conclusion Treatment longer than 12-18 months not yield a higher

remission rates compared with longer treatment periods

Page 20: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Does the antithyroid drug dose influence the chances of remission?

High dose + T4 or T3 vs. low dose No significant difference in remission rates High dose with more side effects

Page 21: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

How much Antithyroid drug dose should be used initially? Euthyroid within 3wks & 6wks

MZ 10mg/d : 68%, 85% MZ 40mg/d : 83%, 92%

Carbimazole More severe (T4>21ug/d)

→ CBZ 40mg (MZ 30mg) Less severe (T4>21ug/d)

→ CBZ 20mg (MZ 15mg) Conclusion

Underlying ds activity and starting dose are both important Mild to moderate ds : MZ 10-20mg

Page 22: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Radioiodine Ablation In 1941, Massachusetts General Hospital

처음으로 Hyperthyroidism 을 131I 으로 치료 자연계의 요오드 :

- 127I 형태의 안정된 상태 131I :

tellurium dioxide 의 중성자 조사에 의하여 핵반응기에서 생성 or 우라늄 핵이 붕괴될 때 생성

중성자가 전자 ( 베타 입자 ) 를 방출하면서 양성자로 전환되는 과정을 통하여 안정된 상태인 제논 (Xenon)으로 바뀜

베타 입자 방출후 감마선 방출

Page 23: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

임상에서 사용하는 131I 캡슐 형태 > 액체 형태 ; 안전 조직에 전달되는 방사선량 (2 가지 요인 )

섭취와 조직 크기 사이의 비율 ( 방사선 요오드 농도 ) 131I 의 유효반감기 (effective half-life, Te)

1/Te = 1/Tp + 1/Tb Tp : 붕괴 ( 물리적 반감기 , Tp= 8.02 일 ) Tb : 배출 ( 생물학적 반감기 ) 유효반감기 < 물리적 반감기 or 생물학적 반감기

축적된 131I 의 농도정상조직 1g 당 투여양의 약 1% 정도 vs.갑상선암 조직 1g 당 투여양의 0.001~0.5%

Page 24: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드가 갑상선 질환 치료에 사용되는 이유 갑상선에서의 섭취율 : 4,000~5,000 배 131I 갑상선 조직에 비교적 고루 분포 베타선에 의한 치료효과 :

1~2mm 의 파장 – 주변 조직에 거의 영향이 없다 비교적 짧은 반감기 : 8 일

갑상선에 섭취되지 않은 131I 은 대부분 신장을 통해 소변으로 배출

인체에 해가 없는 제논가스로 붕괴 비교적 싸고 쉽게 공급

Page 25: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드의 치료 적응증 중년 이상의 환자 중 갑상선종의 크기가 그리

크지 않는 경우 항갑상선 사용 후 심각한 부작용이 발생하였거나

재발한 경우 수술 후 재발한 경우 중독성 선종 또는 중독성 다결절성 갑상선종

Page 26: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드 치료의 금기증 임산부 또는 수유부 ( 절대적 금기 ) 매우 큰 갑상선종 ( 상대적 금기 ) 안병증이 동반된 경우 ( 상대적 금기 )

임신 10 주 이전 방사선 요오드 투여 - 갑상선이 요오드를 섭취하기 이전이므로 문제는 없다 .

임신 10 주 이후 - 태아 갑상선기능저하증- 방사선 요오드 투여하고 6 개월 ( 최소 3 개월 ) 은 임신 하지 말것 .

Page 27: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드 치료의 전처치 요오드 함유 식품이나 약물 섭취 제한

- 적어도 1 주일 항갑상선제

- 심장질환 , 노인 갑상선기능항진증- 매우 심한 갑상선중독증; 갑상선 기능을 어느 정도 안정화

항갑상선제 사용중인 환자- 최소 2~3 일 전 ( 보통 1 주 전 ) 부터는 투여 중단∵ 방사선 요오드의 유기화 과정 방해 , free radical scavenger 로 작용 → 효과 감소

Page 28: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드 투여량의 결정 50 ~ 150 Gy (5,000 ~ 15,000 rad) 의 방사선

5 ~ 15 mCi 투여량 (mCi) = (80-120 uCi/g of thyroid) * estimated thyroid weight

(g) / 24 hour RAIU

고려해야 할 요인들- 갑상선 선종의 크기 ; 클수로 고용량- RAIU 적을수록 (<50%) 고용량- 갑상선중독증 정도가 심할수록 고용량- 물리적 반감기 (8 일 )- 투여 전후 항갑상선제 사용 or 예정 : 고용량 (25%)- 중독성 선종 or 중독성 다발성 갑상선종 : 고용량- 두 번째 투여하는 경우 : 고용량- 노인 환자 or 심장질환이 있는 환자 : 고용량

Page 29: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드 투여 후의 자연적 경과 수주 or 수개월 걸쳐 서서히 좋아짐

; 이 기간동안 갑상선 중독증은 베타차단제 등으로 조절 갑상선중독증이 좋아지는 속도나 정도에 영향을 미치는

인자들- 초기의 갑상선중독증 정도- 갑상선 선종의 크기- 갑상선 내의 요오드 교체율- 방사선 요오드 투여 용량- TSH-receptor antibody 역가 (?) ; 방사선 요오드 투여 후 약 1 년간 증가하다가 이후 감소하는 경향

Page 30: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드 투여 후 6~8 주 : 50~75% 에서 갑상선기능 정상화 , 갑상선 위축

80~90% ; 1회 투여로 좋아짐10~20% ; 6 개월 or 1 년 후 재투여

투여 1 년 이내 10~40% ( 최대 90%) 에서 갑상선기능저하증; 이후 매년 2~3% 에서 추가적 발생; 결국 90% 에서 영구적 갑상선기능저하증

약 1/3 ; 투여 2 달 이내에 갑상선기능저하증 발생 → 1~4 개월간 지속

Page 31: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

방사선 요오드 치료의 부작용 갑상선 기능저하증 급성 부작용 ; 가볍고 일시적 , rare

갑상선염 침샘염 위염 방광염

기타 or 만성 부작용 알레르기 – rare 갑상선암 – not associated

Page 32: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Surgery 전처치방법의 향상완치율 = 80~90%

Page 33: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Indication of Surgery in patients with Graves’ disease Large goiter Resistance to antithyroid therapy Side effect of antithyroid drug Desire to rapid healing Inaccessibility to regular medical care Goiter with neoplasm Fear to radioisotope therapy Patients who want to high successibility Others

Page 34: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Purpose of preoperative preparation Maintain normal thyroid Hormone level Normalize activated Sympathetic Nerve

System Normalize increased metabolic rate Decrease blood loss during operation Decrease duration of preoperative

preparation Minimize side effect and easy to take

Page 35: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Preoperative Preparation Propranolol Propranolol + PTU Propranolol + PTU + Lugol’s solution PTU + Lugol’s solution PTU + Thyroid Hormone + Lugol’s solution Propranolol + Lugol’s solution Dexamethasone

전처치시 PTU 효과 :- 말초에서 T4 의 T3 전환 억제- TSH-receptor antibody 형성 감소시키는 효능- 2 주후 혈중 갑상선 Hormone 약 30% 감소 , 약 4 주에 정상 갑상선 기능으로

Page 36: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

Type of Operation in Graves’ disease Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy Lobectomy + Contralateral Subtotal thyroidectom

y Total thyroidectomy

잔여 갑상선의 무게 : 5~10g 80~94% 에서 정상 갑상선 기능 그 이상일 경우 재발률이 , 그 이하일 경우 기능 저하의 빈도 증가

Page 37: Hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism  Thyrotoxicosis hypermetabolic condition ↑ FT4, FT3, or both  Hyperthyroidism subset of thyrotoxicosis

수술 후 수술 후 합병증

Transient hypocalcemia Transient voice change

수술 후 갑상선 기능 Recurrence (14%) ↑T3, ↑T4, ↓TSH (13%)

↑T3, Normal T4, ↓TSH (1%) Hypothyroidism (4%) ↓T3, ↓T4, ↑TSH (3%)

↓T3, NormalT4, ↑TSH (1%) Euthyroidism (82%) Normal T3, T4, TSH (63%)

Normal T3, T4, ↑TSH (13%) Normal T3, ↓T4, ↑TSH (6%)

갑상선 기능은 수술 후에도 계속 추적관찰 要