HypertensionHypertension

Definition: blood pressureDefinition: blood pressure

Blood pressureBlood pressure is the force of blood is the force of blood pushing through the arteries and is pushing through the arteries and is necessary for maintaining our necessary for maintaining our circulation. With every heartbeat, circulation. With every heartbeat, the heart pumps blood through the the heart pumps blood through the arteries to all parts of the body.arteries to all parts of the body.

systolic systolic blood pressure (SBP)blood pressure (SBP) diastolic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) blood pressure (DBP) resting blood pressureresting blood pressure

Definition: hypertensionDefinition: hypertension

Hypertension’ is a persistently raised Hypertension’ is a persistently raised blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg.blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg.

The blood pressure must be high, at The blood pressure must be high, at least three consecutive least three consecutive measurements, measured at the measurements, measured at the same time of the day, in the correct same time of the day, in the correct way: in sitting, 33cm cuff, arm way: in sitting, 33cm cuff, arm position at the level of the heartposition at the level of the heart

Potential consequences of Potential consequences of HypertensionHypertension

Coronary heart disease (angina, heart Coronary heart disease (angina, heart attack)attack)

Stroke (thrombosis and hemorrhagic)Stroke (thrombosis and hemorrhagic) Heart failure (heart strain – especially left Heart failure (heart strain – especially left

ventricular)ventricular) Chronic kidney disease (including Chronic kidney disease (including

established renal failure)established renal failure) Aortic aneurysm (dilated aorta with risk of Aortic aneurysm (dilated aorta with risk of

massive internal hemorrhage)massive internal hemorrhage) Retinal disease (visual impairment), andRetinal disease (visual impairment), and Peripheral vascular disease (clogged blood Peripheral vascular disease (clogged blood

supply to the limbs).supply to the limbs).

Blood Pressure ValuesBlood Pressure Values

Normal BP: 100/60 mmHg – Normal BP: 100/60 mmHg – 140/90mmHg140/90mmHg

Low BP: < 100/60 mmHgLow BP: < 100/60 mmHg High BP: >140/90 mmHgHigh BP: >140/90 mmHg

Types of hypertensionTypes of hypertension

Essential (or primary) Essential (or primary) hypertensionhypertension

Secondary hypertensionSecondary hypertension Malignant (accelerated) Malignant (accelerated)

hypertensionhypertension Gestational hypertensionGestational hypertension ‘‘White-coat hypertension’White-coat hypertension’

Risk factorsRisk factors

Unmodifiable risk factorsUnmodifiable risk factors Modifiable risk factorsModifiable risk factors

Unmodifiable risk factorsUnmodifiable risk factors

Age and genderAge and gender EthnicityEthnicity Family historyFamily history Diabetes (Type 1)Diabetes (Type 1)

Modifiable risk factorsModifiable risk factors Excess dietary saltExcess dietary salt Low dietary potassiumLow dietary potassium Overweight and obesity Physical inactivity Excess alcoholExcess alcohol SmokingSmoking Cold homesCold homes Socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status Psychosocial stressorsPsychosocial stressors Diabetes (type 2)Diabetes (type 2) Low birth weight Low birth weight Being formula-fed as a baby Being formula-fed as a baby

COMMUNITY BASED COMMUNITY BASED INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS