hydropower development options...micro-hydro design manual: a guide to small-scale hydropower...
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions
Layout of the presentationLayout of the presentation
•• Two sides of hydropower in the water cycleTwo sides of hydropower in the water cycle•• Previous studiesPrevious studies•• Generating options Generating options •• Feasibility studyFeasibility study
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y yy y•• ConclusionConclusion•• Opportunities related to high energy costsOpportunities related to high energy costs
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Energy sourcesEnergy sources
Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions
Pumped storagePumped storage NuclearNuclearPercentage of SA productionPercentage of SA productionPercentage of global productionPercentage of global production
•• Energy shortage in South AfricaEnergy shortage in South Africa•• High escalation of energyHigh escalation of energy
–– Hydropower generation capacitiesHydropower generation capacities–– Available turbine typesAvailable turbine types
Gas/liquidGas/liquid5.8%5.8%
HydroelectricHydroelectric1.4%1.4%
Pumped storagePumped storage3.4%3.4%
NuclearNuclear4.4%4.4%
CoalCoal--firedfired40%40%
LiquidsLiquids5%5%
NuclearNuclear15%15%
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–– What is low head hydropower?What is low head hydropower?–– Factors influencing the generation capacityFactors influencing the generation capacity
CoalCoal--firedfired85.0%85.0%
Natural gasNatural gas22%22%
HydroelectricHydroelectric18%18%
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Hydropower generation capacitiesHydropower generation capacities
Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions
Turbine Runner Capacity outputPico ≤ 20 kW
Micro 20 kW to 100 kW
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Mini 100 kW to 1 MW
Small 1 MW to 10 MW
Macro /Large > 10 MW
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Available turbine typesAvailable turbine types
Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions
Turbine Runner
High
HeadMedium Head Low Head
Ultra-Low
Head
> 100m 20-100m 5-20m < 5m
I lPelton
Cross-flow
T
Cross-flow Water wheel
S T
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ImpulseTurgo
Turgo
Multi-jet Pelton
Multi-jet
Turgo
Screw Type
Hydrokinetic
Reaction -Francis
Pump-as-Turbine
Propeller
Kaplan
Propeller
Kaplan
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• What is low head generation (ESHA, 2004)What is low head generation (ESHA, 2004)Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions
Classification Head (m) Typical turbine type
High > 100 Pelton, Francis, etc.
Medium 30 to 100 Francis, Kaplan, etc.
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Low 2 to 30Crossflow, Archimedes screw,
water weel, Hydroengine, etc.
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Factors influencing the generation capacityFactors influencing the generation capacity
Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions
–– Flow rate, Q;Flow rate, Q;–– Available head (positional energy), H;Available head (positional energy), H;–– Efficiency, Efficiency, ηη;;–– Reliability/load factor, R (Hydrology, Reliability/load factor, R (Hydrology,
operational match with demand,operational match with demand, etcetc))
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operational match with demand, operational match with demand, etcetc))–– Constants (gravitational acceleration, g and Constants (gravitational acceleration, g and
liquid density, liquid density, ρρ).).
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Demand and supply (input and harvest)Demand and supply (input and harvest)Two sides of hydropower in the water cycleTwo sides of hydropower in the water cycle
•• Demand sideDemand side::–– Optimum pipe diameter (Pumping hours and Optimum pipe diameter (Pumping hours and
energy rates; Static head; Transfer rate and energy rates; Static head; Transfer rate and Pipe costs/class/size)Pipe costs/class/size)
•• Harvest sideHarvest side::
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Harvest sideHarvest side::–– Available head; flow rate; technology Available head; flow rate; technology
(efficiency); value of energy; reliability and load (efficiency); value of energy; reliability and load factorfactor
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsImpactImpact ofof energyenergy escalationescalation –– ConceptualConceptual assessmentassessment
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsCost breakdown of pumping systemsCost breakdown of pumping systems
Expected influence of energy increase - S3
Capital10%
Maintenance34%
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Energy
Other9%
Capital Energy Other Maintenance
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Opportunities: Capital/Operational Trade offOpportunities: Capital/Operational Trade off
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReview existing pumping systems
Garsfontein Elarduspark Selection of Optimum Pipe Line Diameter with 18h of Pumping per day
R 117 000 000.00
R 122 000 000.00
R 127 000 000.00
rese
nt v
alue
cos
ts (
R )
Diameter with 18h of Pumping per day
Installed Installed diameterdiameter OptimumOptimum
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R 107 000 000.00
R 112 000 000.00
350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050
∑ P
r
Pipe line diameter (mm)
diameterdiameter
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReview of installed pumping systems Review of installed pumping systems -- TshwaneTshwane
Selection of the pump Selection of the pump systems for which the systems for which the
pipelines needs upgradespipelines needs upgrades
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReview existing systems Review existing systems –– Procedure to selectProcedure to select
hf/Hs vs Hshf/Hs vs Hs
Objective: Maximize Objective: Maximize Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
h f/H
s
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
h f/H
s
Mi iMi i
Maximum Maximum return on return on
investmentinvestment
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0
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Hs
Replace Parallel DS 1 DS 2
0
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Hs
Replace Parallel DS 1 DS 2
Minimum Minimum returnreturn
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsHydropowerHydropower fromfrom pressurizedpressurized conduitsconduits
Vari
esVa
ries
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsHydropowerHydropower fromfrom pressurizedpressurized conduitsconduits
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
WRC HP SJVV 310811 P1-17
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Hydropower facilityHydropower facilityInstalled Installed
generation generation Load Load factorfactor
Power Power generation generation
HydropowerHydropower fromfrom pressurizedpressurized conduitsconduits
capacity (MW)capacity (MW) factorfactor ((MWhMWh))
Generation from pressurised supply to reservoirs in 5
Metropolitan AreasVarious 0,28 22 500
Gariep Hydropower Station 360 0,6 1 892 160
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(Base Station) 360 0,6 1 892 160
Grootdraai Power Station (Reinstated) 1200 0,9 9 460 800
Colley Wobbles (Feed into the local grid) 42 0,7 257 500
Klipheuwel Windmill 3,2 0,6 16 800
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
AA Hi h L l S i I ti ti i t thHi h L l S i I ti ti i t th
Previous studiesPrevious studies
•• A A High Level Scoping Investigation into the High Level Scoping Investigation into the Potential of Energy Saving and Potential of Energy Saving and Production/Generation in the Supply of Water Production/Generation in the Supply of Water through Pressurized Conduits. WRC Project through Pressurized Conduits. WRC Project No. No. K8/839/3K8/839/3
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•• Scoping Scoping study: Energy generation using low study: Energy generation using low head hydro head hydro technologiestechnologies
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Types of HydropowerTypes of Hydropower
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Generation optionsGeneration options•• DamsDams
G iG i•• Gauging structuresGauging structures•• RunRun--ofof--riverriver•• PipesPipes•• Diversion structuresDiversion structures•• Concrete lined chutes and drop structuresConcrete lined chutes and drop structures•• Bridges across constant base flow conditionsBridges across constant base flow conditions
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•• Bridges across constant base flow conditionsBridges across constant base flow conditions•• Flow measuring stationsFlow measuring stations•• Open lengths on irrigation canalsOpen lengths on irrigation canals•• SiphonsSiphons
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
DamsDams
(a) Kaplan(Alstom,2013)
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(b) VerticalKaplan(Mavel,2013a)(c) Hydroe‐kidsassiphon(Toshiba,2013)
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsGauging structuresGauging structures
(a)Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013)
(b)Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013)
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(c)Kaplanturbine(Alstom,2013)
(a) HorisontalKaplan(Mavel,2013a)
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
RunRun-- ofof-- river (CSIR/Eskom)river (CSIR/Eskom)
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsPipelinesPipelines
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsSystem layout of water supply to System layout of water supply to BloemwaterBloemwater
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsPipelines Pipelines -- BloemwaterBloemwater
ΔΔHHmaxmax = 83.2 m, = 83.2 m, QQminmin = 0 m³/s = 0 m³/s
QQmaxmax = 1.42 m³/s, = 1.42 m³/s, ΔΔHHminmin = 15 m = 15 m To be discussed To be discussed
during the site visitduring the site visit
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during the site visitduring the site visit
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
•• Q, H, generation time and assurance of Q, H, generation time and assurance of Development criteria for HydropowerDevelopment criteria for Hydropower
supplysupply•• Accessible to site and infrastructureAccessible to site and infrastructure•• Reservoir storage buffer to accommodate Reservoir storage buffer to accommodate
fluctuating demandsfluctuating demandsG d l i iG d l i i i ?i ?
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•• Generated electricity Generated electricity vsvs consumption?consumption?•• Bypass alternativeBypass alternative•• Safety mechanismsSafety mechanisms•• StaffingStaffing
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Diversion structuresDiversion structures
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Diversion structure in Diversion structure in BoegoebergBoegoeberg Irrigation SchemeIrrigation Scheme
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Chutes and drop structuresChutes and drop structures
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsBridgesBridges
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Bridge across Bridge across TeebusTeebus canalcanal
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsOpen channelsOpen channels
Drivers areDrivers are::
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Drivers areDrivers are::•• Need for electricity nearbyNeed for electricity nearby•• Flow volumeFlow volume•• Flow velocityFlow velocity•• Reliability of flowReliability of flow
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsTypical InstallationsTypical Installations
(a) Hydroe‐Kidsassiphon(Toshiba,2013)
(b)Hydrokineticturbine(Hydrovolts,2013)
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(b) Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013) (d)Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013)
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsExample: OrangeExample: Orange--FishFish--Sundays Transfer SchemeSundays Transfer Scheme
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options
Conclusion•• Opportunities for Opportunities for picopico to micro to micro scale hydropower scale hydropower
installations in South Africa water infrastructureinstallations in South Africa water infrastructureinstallations in South Africa water infrastructureinstallations in South Africa water infrastructure•• Most important Most important parametersparameters to consider are:to consider are:
-- Pressure head, flow and;Pressure head, flow and;-- ReliabilityReliability
•• Locations should be identifiedLocations should be identified•• Consider Consider Capital cost/Operation cost trade off (KickCapital cost/Operation cost trade off (Kick--start start
economy and create jobs economy and create jobs –– Planning Commission)Planning Commission)
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•• Provide additional hydraulic capacity in pumping mains Provide additional hydraulic capacity in pumping mains ((Subsidize capital to Subsidize capital to improve energy improve energy efficiency and offset efficiency and offset energy demand)energy demand)
•• Develop the potentialDevelop the potential
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReferencesReferences• British Hydropower Association (BHA). 2005. A Guide to UK Mini-Hydro
Developments, Version 1.2. The British Hydropower Association, Wimborne, UK. Available online: www.british-hydro.org.y g
• Eskom. 2012. Integrated Report for the Year Ended 21 March 2012. Available online: http://www.eskom.co.za/c/article/289/publications/. [Accessed: 7 January 2013].
• Harvey, A., Brown, A., Hettiarachi, P. and Inversin, A. 1993. Micro-Hydro Design Manual: A Guide to Small-scale Hydropower Schemes. Practical Action Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom.
• Van Dijk, M. Van Vuuren, S.J. and Barta, B. 2012. Optimization of energy generation from water supply and distribution systems Proceedings of the Hydro 2012
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from water supply and distribution systems. Proceedings of the Hydro 2012 International Conference, 29-31 October 2012, Bilbao, Spain.
• Van Vuuren, S.J. 2010. A High Level Scoping Investigation into the Potential of Energy Saving and Production/Generation in the Supply of Water through Pressurized Conduits. WRC Project No. K8/839/3. WRC Report No. KV 238/10. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsOpportunities derived from high energy costsOpportunities derived from high energy costs–– Review and optimize energy demand.Review and optimize energy demand.–– Consider Capital cost/Operation cost Consider Capital cost/Operation cost
trade off (Kicktrade off (Kick--start economy and create start economy and create jobs jobs –– Planning Commission)Planning Commission)
–– Provide additional hydraulic capacity in Provide additional hydraulic capacity in pumping mains (Subsidy to improvepumping mains (Subsidy to improve
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pumping mains (Subsidy to improve pumping mains (Subsidy to improve energy efficiency)energy efficiency)
–– Review Hydropower generation Review Hydropower generation (Pressurised systems)(Pressurised systems)
Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsAny questions ?Any questions ?
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Thank you