hydrogen embrittlement, microcracking, and piezonuclear ... · called cold fusion (cf) 1989 -...
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HydrogenHydrogen EmbrittlementEmbrittlement, Microcracking, and , Microcracking, and PiezonuclearPiezonuclear FissionFission ReactionsReactions at the Ni and Pd at the Ni and Pd
ElectrodesElectrodes of of ElectrolysisElectrolysis ““ColdCold FusionFusion”” ExperimentsExperiments
A. Carpinteri, O. A. Carpinteri, O. BorlaBorla, A. Goi, A. Manuello, D. Veneziano, A. Goi, A. Manuello, D. VenezianoDepartmentDepartment of of StructuralStructural, , GeotechnicalGeotechnical and Building and Building
EngineeringEngineering Politecnico di Torino, ItalyPolitecnico di Torino, Italy
CHARACTERISTIC PHENOMENA IN THE SO-CALLED COLD FUSION (CF)
1989 - Fleishman & Pons
1998 - Mizuno
2008 - Mosier-Boss et al.
Heat Generation
Heat GenerationNeutron EmissionCompositional changes
Heat GenerationNeutron EmissionCompositional changesAlpha particle emissions
Mizuno, 1998. Infinite Energy Press.Fleischmann, Pons, Hawkins, 1989. J. Electroanalitical Chemistry
Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., 2008. Eur. J. of Applied Physics
Is there a relation between the experimental evidence of the so-called “Cold Fusion”, observed during the last two decades, and the Piezonuclear evidence recently observed from fracture of inert and nonradioactive materials?
NeutronEmission
Compositional Changes
AlphaEmission
Cold Fusion vs Piezonuclear Reactions
“A unified interpretation and theory of these phenomena has not been accepted and their comprehension still remains unresolved” (Preparata1991)
Phenomena in common :
Micro-crackingand Fracture
Part I: Part I: NiNi--Fe and Fe and CoCo--CrCr
ElectrodesElectrodes
Experimental Set-up
Electrolytic Cell Electrodes
Co-Cr
Instantaneous Neutron Emissions between 4 and 10 times the background level
Neutron Emissions
AlphaAlpha ParticleParticle EmissionsEmissions
CELL OFF: 0.015 CsCELL OFF: 0.015 Cs--11((meanmean valuevalue))
Total acquisition time: 1 hour
Time (sec)
Total acquisition time: 1 hour
AlphaAlpha ParticleParticle EmissionsEmissions
CELL ON: 0.030 CsCELL ON: 0.030 Cs--11((meanmean valuevalue))
Time (sec)
Cumulative Cumulative CurvesCurves forfor the the AlphaAlpha EmissionsEmissions
Time (sec)
Ni-Fe Electrode : Compositional Changes
58 2828 14Ni 2Si + 2n→
58 24 428 12 2Ni 2Mg + 2He + 2n→
Ni (Ni (−−8.6%) = Si (+3.9%)8.6%) = Si (+3.9%) +Mg+Mg (+4.7%)(+4.7%)
Ni-Fe Electrode : Compositional Changes
58 2828 14Ni 2Si + 2n→
58 24 428 12 2Ni 2Mg + 2He + 2n→
56 52 426 24 2Fe Cr + He →
Ni (Ni (−−8.6%) = Si (+3.9%)8.6%) = Si (+3.9%) +Mg+Mg (+4.7%)(+4.7%)
Fe (Fe (−−3.2%) = Cr (+3.0%)3.2%) = Cr (+3.0%)
59 56 127 26 1Co Fe + H + 2n→
Co (Co (−−23.5%) = Fe (+23.2%)23.5%) = Fe (+23.2%)
Co-Cr Electrode : Compositional Changes
59 56 127 26 1Co Fe + H + 2n→
52 39 4 124 19 2 1Cr K + 2He + H + 4n→
Co (Co (−−23.5%) = Fe (+23.2%)23.5%) = Fe (+23.2%)
Cr (Cr (−−8.1%) + K8.1%) + K22COCO3 3 ((−−4.3%) = K (+12.4%) 4.3%) = K (+12.4%)
Co-Cr Electrode : Compositional Changes
CompositionalCompositional AnalysisAnalysis of theof the ElectrodesElectrodesCo-Cr electrode surface BEFORE the test
Micro-cracking after 38 hours
CompositionalCompositional AnalysisAnalysis of theof the ElectrodesElectrodesCo-Cr electrode surface AFTER the test
Part II: Part II: Pd and Ni Pd and Ni ElectrodesElectrodes
Experimental Set-up
Electrolytic Cell Electrodes
Pd
Neutron Emission
Neutron Emissions between 3 and 7 times the background level.
(min)(min)
PALLADIUM ELECTRODE
Palladium (−28.7%)
Iron (+2.0)
Calcium (+0.2)
Oxygen (+18.5)
18.5
Magnesium (+1.0)
Potassium (+1.5)
Silicon (+1.1%)
Element concentrations before and after the Electrolysis
(1)(1)
FIRST GENERATION REACTION (assumed)
Pd(−28.6%) = Ca (+10.8%) + Fe (+15.1%) + + neutrons (+2.7 %)
(2)(2)
SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS
Fe (−15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1)
(2)(2)
(3)(3)
SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS
Fe (−15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1)
Ca (−5.9 %) = O (+4.7 %) + He (+1.2 %)
(2)(2)
(3)(3)
(4)(4)
Ca (−1.6 %) = O (+0.6 %) + Mg (+1.0 %)
Ca (−5.9 %) = O (+4.7 %) + H (+0.6 %) + neutrons (+0.6 %)
SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS
Fe (−15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1)
(2)(2)
(3)(3)
(4)(4)
The calculated O increase of 18.2% is very close to the experimental value of 18.5%.
Ca (−1.6 %) = O (+0.6 %) + Mg (+1.0 %)
Ca (−5.9 %) = O (+4.7 %) + H (+0.6 %) + neutrons (+0.6 %)
SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS
Fe (−15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1)
Considering the experimental residual 0.2% of Ca, and the previously calculated residual 3.3% of Ca, the following tworeactions provide a complete matching:
(5)(5)
Ca (−1.5 %) = K (+1.5 %)
Considering the experimental residual 0.2% of Ca, and the previously calculated residual 3.3% of Ca, the following tworeactions provide a complete matching:
(5)(5)
(6)(6)
Ca (−1.5 %) = K (+1.5 %)
Considering the experimental residual 0.2% of Ca, and the previously calculated residual 3.3% of Ca, the following tworeactions provide a complete matching:
Ca (−1.6 %) = Si (+1.1 %) + C (+0.5 %)
NICKEL ELECTRODE
Nickel (−23.1%)
Oxygen (+19.5%)
Element concentrations before and after the Electrolysis
(7)(7)
Ni (−22.1%) = O (+18.0%) + He (+3.0%) + neutrons (+1.1)
The calculated O increase of 18.0% is not far from the experimental value of 19.5%.
(8)(8)
Ni (−1.0%) = Si (+0.9%) + neutrons (+0.1)
(9)(9)
Fe (−2.0%) = Al (+1.9%) + neutrons (+0.1)
(8)(8)
Ni (−1.0%) = Si (+0.9%) + neutrons (+0.1)
CompositionalCompositional AnalysisAnalysis of theof the ElectrodesElectrodesPALLADIUM ELECTRODE AFTER THE TEST
Macro-cracking after 20 hours
100µm
WAVELENGHT vs FREQUENCY
EarthquakesEarthquakes HumansHumans InsectsInsects BacteriaBacteria ProteinsProteins
MetreMetre
HertzHertz
101033 101000 1010−−33 1010−−66 1010−−99
10101212101099101033101000 101066
vf λ=
WavelenghtWavelenght vsvs FrequencyFrequency
3 112
9
10 ms10 Hz10 m
−
−=
NanoNano--scalescale vs vs TeraHertzTeraHertz
FrequencyFrequency vs Energyvs Energy
16 130.025 eV 6.58 10 eVs 3.8 10 Hz−= × × ×
TeraHertzTeraHertz vs vs VibrationalVibrationalEnergy of the Energy of the AtomicAtomic LatticeLattice
E hf=
(1) The primary phenomenon appears to be a symmetric fission of the atom of nickel into two silicon atoms, or two atoms of magnesium. In the latter case, additional fragments were found to be constituted by alpha particles.
(2) In a second investigation, where a palladium electrode was used, the primary process appears to be the non-symmetric fission of palladium into iron and calcium, whereas the secondary processes appear to be the further fissions of both such products into oxygen and alpha particles.
CONCLUSIONS