Hybrid Cars: How Hybrid Cars: How have they improved have they improved since introduction? since introduction?

Aron GeelanAron Geelan

Adam KirkpatrickAdam Kirkpatrick

IntroductionIntroduction

DefinitionsDefinitions Electric vs. Internal CombustionElectric vs. Internal Combustion Timeline for Hybrid technology Timeline for Hybrid technology

developmentdevelopment The BatteriesThe Batteries Study: Insight vs. PriusStudy: Insight vs. Prius The FutureThe Future

DefinitionsDefinitions Combustion vs. ElectricCombustion vs. Electric ((http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car1.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car1.htm))

Parallel vs. Series HybridParallel vs. Series Hybrid ((http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car2.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car2.htm))

Honda InsightHonda Insight Toyota PriusToyota Prius

Full HybridFull Hybrid Mild HybridMild Hybrid

Stop/Start HybridStop/Start Hybrid Integrated Starter Alternator with Damping Integrated Starter Alternator with Damping

(ISAD) (ISAD) Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)

Plug-in HybridPlug-in Hybrid

Electric MotorElectric Motor

Lots of torqueLots of torque Zero emissionsZero emissions Tax breaksTax breaks No transmission neededNo transmission needed Starts more efficientlyStarts more efficiently

Can turn off motor when you stopCan turn off motor when you stop

GasolineGasoline

Higher energy density than batteriesHigher energy density than batteries 1,000 pounds of batteries = 1 gallon (7 1,000 pounds of batteries = 1 gallon (7

pounds) of gaspounds) of gas Cheaper initial cost for carCheaper initial cost for car

Hybrids are $3500-5000 moreHybrids are $3500-5000 more Reliable, more historyReliable, more history

Cost Per Mile Cost Per Mile Electric vs. GasElectric vs. Gas

TimelineTimeline

1839: First electric vehicle1839: First electric vehicle 1886: Electric powered taxicab in 1886: Electric powered taxicab in

EnglandEngland 1890-1910: Significant 1890-1910: Significant

improvements in battery technology improvements in battery technology (lead-acid, nickel-iron)(lead-acid, nickel-iron)

1898: Ferdinand Porsche built a 1898: Ferdinand Porsche built a hybridhybrid

TimelineTimeline

1900: Pieper introduced hybrid 1900: Pieper introduced hybrid 1905: Gas-Electric car1905: Gas-Electric car 1970’s: Arab oil embargo; hybrid VW Taxi1970’s: Arab oil embargo; hybrid VW Taxi 1979: hybrid car built with lawnmower 1979: hybrid car built with lawnmower

engineengine 1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium 1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium

launched major program to produce launched major program to produce “super” battery“super” battery

TimelineTimeline

1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan 1999: Honda Insight released in US 1999: Honda Insight released in US

(70 mpg)(70 mpg) 2000: Toyota Prius available in US2000: Toyota Prius available in US 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid

introducedintroduced 2004: Toyota Prius II introduced; 2004: Toyota Prius II introduced;

Ford Escape Hybrid introducedFord Escape Hybrid introduced

The Batteries Behind It The Batteries Behind It AllAll

Early Prius and Early Prius and Insight NiMH D Insight NiMH D CellsCells Stick ArrangementStick Arrangement

((http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_maru.html))

Prismatic Ni-MHPrismatic Ni-MH

15% pack volume reduction15% pack volume reduction 25% pack weight reduction25% pack weight reduction Less battery module per pack Less battery module per pack

numbernumber

http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_kaku.html

Metal Case Prismatic Ni-Metal Case Prismatic Ni-MHMH

Improvement 14% less volume14% less volume 40% higher cooling40% higher cooling

((http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_kinnzoku.htmlhttp://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_kinnzoku.html))

ECUECU

Electronic Control Electronic Control UnitUnit

Regulates Regulates temperature and temperature and state of chargestate of charge

Ensures safe and Ensures safe and reliable drivingreliable driving

http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_bms.html

Study: Battery Usage and Study: Battery Usage and Thermal Performance of Thermal Performance of

Prius and InsightPrius and Insight Honda Insight Honda Insight vs. vs. Toyota PriusToyota Prius

Charge, Discharge and SOCCharge, Discharge and SOC

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31306.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31306.pdf

Battery Energy and Battery Energy and Battery TemperaturesBattery Temperatures

Hybrid Cars TodayHybrid Cars TodayTable 1. Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles Table 1. Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles

OEM OEM ModelModel Body StyleBody Style Power TypePower Type FuelFuel Date Introduced/AnnouncedDate Introduced/Announced Production DateProduction DateCurrently in ProductionCurrently in Production DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler Ram Pickup Contractor Special Ram Pickup Contractor Special Truck Truck Mild Hybrid Mild Hybrid Diesel Diesel Nov-00 Nov-00 2004 (Limited) 2004 (Limited) Ford Ford Escape Escape SUV SUV Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-01 Jan-01 2004 2004 General Motors General Motors Silverado/Sierra Silverado/Sierra Truck Truck Mild Hybrid Mild Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-01 Jan-01 2004 (Limited) 2004 (Limited) Honda Honda Accord Accord Sedan Sedan IMA1 Hybrid IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-04 Jan-04 2005 2005 Honda Honda Insight Insight Coupe Coupe IMA1 Hybrid IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Dec-99 Dec-99 2000 2000 Honda Honda Civic Civic Sedan Sedan IMA1 Hybrid IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-00 Jan-00 2002 2002 Lexus Lexus RX400h RX400h SUV SUV Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-03 Jan-03 2005 2005 Toyota Toyota Prius Prius Sedan Sedan Parallel Hybrid Parallel Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jun-00 Jun-00 2000 2000 Toyota Toyota Highlander Highlander SUV SUV Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-04 Jan-04 2005 2005 Suzuki Suzuki Twin Twin Mini Mini Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Nov-02 Nov-02 2003 (Japan) 2003 (Japan) Toyota Toyota Estima Estima Minivan Minivan Parallel Hybrid Parallel Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jun-01 Jun-01 In Japan Only In Japan Only Toyota Toyota Crown Crown Sedan Sedan Mild Hybrid Mild Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Aug-01 Aug-01 In Japan Only In Japan Only Toyota Toyota Alphard Alphard Minivan Minivan Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jul-03 Jul-03 In Japan Only In Japan Only Planned for ProductionPlanned for Production Ford Ford Fusion Fusion Sedan Sedan Full Hybrid Full Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Apr-03 Apr-03 2006 2006 General Motors General Motors Silverado/Sierra & Tahoe/Yukon Silverado/Sierra & Tahoe/Yukon Truck & SUVTruck & SUV Strong Hybrid Strong Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Nov-03 Nov-03 2007 2007 General Motors General Motors Equinox Equinox SUV SUV Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-03 Jan-03 2006 2006 General Motors General Motors Malibu Malibu Sedan Sedan BAS2 Hybrid BAS2 Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-03 Jan-03 2007 2007 General Motors General Motors Graphyte Graphyte SUV SUV Full Hybrid Full Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-05 Jan-05 2006 2006 Hyundai Hyundai Click Click Sedan Sedan Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Nov-03 Nov-03 2005/06 (Korea) 2005/06 (Korea) Mercury Mercury Mariner Mariner SUV SUV Full Hybrid Full Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Apr-04 Apr-04 2005 (limited) 2005 (limited) 2006 (full) 2006 (full) Nissan Nissan Altima Altima Sedan Sedan Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jun-04 Jun-04 2006 2006 Saturn Saturn Vue Vue SUV SUV BAS2 Hybrid BAS2 Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Jan-03 Jan-03 2006 2006 Toyota Toyota Camry Camry Sedan Sedan Unknown Unknown Gasoline Gasoline Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Toyota Toyota Sienna Sienna Minivan Minivan Hybrid Hybrid Gasoline Gasoline 2003 2003 2007 2007 Recent Concepts - Production Plans UnknownRecent Concepts - Production Plans Unknown Honda Honda ASM ASM Minivan Minivan IMA1 hybrid IMA1 hybrid Gasoline Gasoline Oct-03 Oct-03 Unknown Unknown Ford Focus Ford Focus C-MAX C-MAX Sedan Sedan Hydrogen ICE Hydrogen ICE Hydrogen Hydrogen Jul-04 Jul-04 Unknown Unknown Daewoo Daewoo S3X S3X SUV SUV Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Oct-04 Oct-04 Unknown Unknown Opal Opal Astra Astra Sedan Sedan Unknown Unknown Diesel Diesel Jan-04 Jan-04 Unknown Unknown Mercury Mercury Meta One Meta One Unknown Unknown Hybrid Hybrid Diesel Diesel Jan-04 Jan-04 Unknown Unknown Mercury Mercury Milan Milan Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Jan-04 Jan-04 Unknown Unknown

1 Integrated motor assist. 1 Integrated motor assist. 2 Belt alternator starter. 2 Belt alternator starter. (Source: Collected by Robb Barnitt and Leslie Eudy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, from various sources) (Source: Collected by Robb Barnitt and Leslie Eudy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, from various sources) Table from Table from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37777.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37777.pdf

Future of HybridFuture of Hybrid

Hybrid busesHybrid buses ~1,000 in use~1,000 in use SeattleSeattle California California

Tax Break IncreaseTax Break Increase

Future of Hybrid CarsFuture of Hybrid Cars

Toyota VoltaToyota Volta

3.3 liter V6 gas engine

Toyota Hybrid Sports CarToyota Hybrid Sports Car

408 horsepower

30 miles per gallon

SummarySummary

DefinitionsDefinitions Electric vs. Internal CombustionElectric vs. Internal Combustion Timeline for Hybrid technology Timeline for Hybrid technology

developmentdevelopment The BatteriesThe Batteries Study: Insight vs. PriusStudy: Insight vs. Prius The FutureThe Future