hybrid cars (toyota)

8/7/2019 HYBRID CARS (TOYOTA)

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HYBRID CARS (TOYOTA)HYBRID CARS (TOYOTA)

RAGHAVENDRA BRAGHAVENDRA B1BM03ME0691BM03ME069


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

What is ahybrid vehicle?What is ahybrid vehicle?

When a vehicle uses multipleWhen a vehicle uses multiple

propulsion systems to provide motivepropulsion systems to provide motivepower, it is called ahybrid vehicle.power, it is called ahybrid vehicle.


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WHAT MAKES IT AHYBRIDWHAT MAKES IT AHYBRID

A hybrid car is a vehicle that uses a combinationA hybrid car is a vehicle that uses a combinationofat leasttwo differentfuel sources for itsofat leasttwo differentfuel sources for itspropulsion. Although many combinations arepropulsion. Although many combinations arepossible, generallywhen people are talkingpossible, generallywhen people are talkingabouthybrid cars,theyare referring to cars withabouthybrid cars,theyare referring to cars witha combination ofa combination of

a gasoline internal combustion enginea gasoline internal combustion engine an electric motoran electric motor abatterythat powers the electric motorandabatterythat powers the electric motorand

stores energyforfuture use.stores energyforfuture use.Hybrid cars mayalsobe called gasHybrid cars mayalsobe called gas--electricelectrichybrids.hybrids.

Examples of current Toyotahybrid cars includeExamples of current Toyotahybrid cars includethe Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry, Toyotathe Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry, ToyotaHighlander.Highlander.


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HOW IT WORKSHOW IT WORKS

Hybrid cars work by integratingHybrid cars work by integratingmultiple power sources suchas a gasmultiple power sources suchas a gasengine,an electric motorand ahighengine,an electric motorand ahigh--powered batteryto make motivepowered batteryto make motivepower. Generallythe battery providespower. Generallythe battery providespowerforthe electric motorand ispowerforthe electric motorand isrecharged byrecapturing energyfromrecharged byrecapturing energyfromgas engine thatwould normallybe lostgas engine thatwould normallybe lostwhen decelerating. This recapturing ofwhen decelerating. This recapturing of

energy is calledenergy is called regenerativeregenerativebrakingbraking. Ifneeded, powerfrom the. Ifneeded, powerfrom thegas engine can be diverted torechargegas engine can be diverted torechargethe batteryas well.the batteryas well.


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To understand howthe gas engine,To understand howthe gas engine,

electric motorand batteryworkelectric motorand batteryworktogether, it is bestto divide hybridstogether, it is bestto divide hybridsintotwo categories:intotwo categories:

Mild hybrids andMild hybrids and Full hybridsFull hybrids


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MILD HYBRIDSMILD HYBRIDS

Gas engine provides the main force,Gas engine provides the main force,and the electric motor provides assistand the electric motor provides assistwhenever extra power is needed.whenever extra power is needed.

The electric motor can notoperateThe electric motor can notoperateindependentlyofthe gas engine.independentlyofthe gas engine.

The electric motor can generateThe electric motor can generate

electricityforthe batteryor consumeelectricityforthe batteryor consumeelectricityfrom the battery,but notelectricityfrom the battery,but notbothatthe same timebothatthe same time


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FULL HYBRIDSFULL HYBRIDS

The electric motor can operate on its own inThe electric motor can operate on its own incertain conditions.certain conditions.

Under low speed orwhen lower powerUnder low speed orwhen lower powerneeded,only electric motor used torun theneeded,only electric motor used torun thecar.car.

When higher power needed,boththe gasWhen higher power needed,boththe gasengine and the electric motor can workengine and the electric motor can worktogetherto provide the needed power.togetherto provide the needed power.

Able to generate and consume electricityatAble to generate and consume electricityatthe same time.the same time.Examples offull hybrids are,Examples offull hybrids are,

Toyota prius andToyota prius and Toyota Highlander.Toyota Highlander.


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There are twotypes ofgasolineThere are twotypes ofgasoline--electric hybrid cars. Theyare,electric hybrid cars. Theyare,

parallel hybrid andparallel hybrid and

series hybrid.series hybrid. Both use gasolineBoth use gasoline--electric hybridelectric hybridtechnology,but in radically differenttechnology,but in radically different

ways.ways.


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PARALLEL HYBRID CARSPARALLEL HYBRID CARS

In a parallel hybrid car,a gasolineIn a parallel hybrid car,a gasolineengine and an electric motorworkengine and an electric motorwork

togetherto move the carforward.togetherto move the carforward.To help pr otect your privacy, PowerPoint prevented this external picture from being automatically downloaded. To download and display this picture, click Options in the Message Bar, and then click Enable external content.


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SERIESHYBRID CARSSERIESHYBRID CARS

In a series hybrid,the gasolineIn a series hybrid,the gasolineengine either directly powers anengine either directly powers anelectric motorthat powers theelectric motorthat powers thevehicle,or charges batteries thatwillvehicle,or charges batteries thatwillpowerthe motor.powerthe motor.

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TOYOTAHYBRID CARSTOYOTAHYBRID CARS

TOYOTA PRIUS TOYOTA CAMRYTOYOTA PRIUS TOYOTA CAMRY

TOYOTA HIGHLANDERTOYOTA HIGHLANDER


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TOYOTAHYBRID SYSTEMTOYOTAHYBRID SYSTEM

The Toyota Hybrid System (THS) /The Toyota Hybrid System (THS) /Hybrid Synergy Drive mode ofHybrid Synergy Drive mode ofoperation withonlya single poweroperation withonlya single power

split device is more generically calledsplit device is more generically calledInputInput--Split Hybrid, due tothe factSplit Hybrid, due tothe factthatafixed amountoftorque isthatafixed amountoftorque istransferred viathe electrical pathtransferred viathe electrical path

from the engine tothe wheels.from the engine tothe wheels.


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PRINCIPLE OF TOYOTAHYBRIDPRINCIPLE OF TOYOTAHYBRID

STYSTEMSTYSTEM

This system combines theThis system combines the

characteristics ofancharacteristics ofan electric driveelectric driveand aand acontinuously variablecontinuously variabletransmissiontransmission, using, using electricityelectricity andandtransistorstransistors in place oftoothedin place oftoothed gearsgears..


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The differing torque vs.The differing torque vs. rpmrpmcharacteristics ofthe internal combustioncharacteristics ofthe internal combustionand electrical motors operateand electrical motors operatesynergistically.synergistically.

An internal combustion engine's torque isAn internal combustion engine's torque isminimal at lower RPMs, since the engineminimal at lower RPMs, since the enginemustbe its own air pump.mustbe its own air pump.

On the otherhand,an electrical motorOn the otherhand,an electrical motorexhibits maximum torque at stall;exhibits maximum torque at stall;

therefore this engine is well suited totherefore this engine is well suited tocomplementthe internal combustioncomplementthe internal combustionengine's torque deficiencyat low RPMs,engine's torque deficiencyat low RPMs,allowing the use ofa much smallerandallowing the use ofa much smallerandtherefore more fuel efficient engine.therefore more fuel efficient engine.

TOYOTAHYBRID SYSTEMTOYOTAHYBRID SYSTEM

CONTINUEDCONTINUED


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THS IN TOYOTAPRIUSTHS IN TOYOTAPRIUS

Addition ofafixed gear second planetaryAddition ofafixed gear second planetarygearsetas used in Toyota Highlandergearsetas used in Toyota HighlanderHybrid. This allows fora motorwith lessHybrid. This allows fora motorwith lesstorque buthigher power (and highertorque buthigher power (and highermaximum rotary speed), i.e. higher powermaximum rotary speed), i.e. higher power

density.density. Addition ofa RavigneuxAddition ofa Ravigneux--type planetarytype planetary

gear (planetary gearwith 4 shafts insteadgear (planetary gearwith 4 shafts insteadof3) and two clutches. By switching theof3) and two clutches. By switching theclutches,the gearratiofrom MG2 (theclutches,the gearratiofrom MG2 (the"drive" motor) tothe wheel shaft is"drive" motor) tothe wheel shaft isswitched, eitherforhighertorque orswitched, eitherforhighertorque orhigher speed (up to 250 km/h / 155 mph)higher speed (up to 250 km/h / 155 mph)while sustaining bettertransmissionwhile sustaining bettertransmissionefficiency.efficiency.


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TOYOTAPRIUSTOYOTAPRIUS


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POWER SPLIT DEVICEPOWER SPLIT DEVICE

The power split devise is the heartoftheThe power split devise is the heartoftheToyota Prius. This is a clever gearbox thatToyota Prius. This is a clever gearbox thathooks the gasoline engine, generatorandhooks the gasoline engine, generatorandelectric motortogether. Itallows the carelectric motortogether. Itallows the car

tooperate like a parallel and series hybrid.tooperate like a parallel and series hybrid.


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WHAT ISPOWER SPLIT DEVICEWHAT ISPOWER SPLIT DEVICE

The power split device is a planetary gearThe power split device is a planetary gearset. The electric motor is connected totheset. The electric motor is connected tothering gearofthe gear set. It is also directlyring gearofthe gear set. It is also directlyconnected tothe differential,which drivesconnected tothe differential,which drivesthe wheels. So,whatever speed thethe wheels. So,whatever speed the

electric motorand ring gear spin atelectric motorand ring gear spin atdetermines the speed ofthe car.determines the speed ofthe car.

The generator is connected tothe sunThe generator is connected tothe sungearofthe gear set,and the engine isgearofthe gear set,and the engine isconnected tothe planet carrier. The seedconnected tothe planet carrier. The seedofthe ring gear depends on all threeofthe ring gear depends on all threecomponents, sotheyall have toworkcomponents, sotheyall have toworktogetheratall times to control the outputtogetheratall times to control the outputspeed.speed.


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The Prius has many innovative features:The Prius has many innovative features:

Regenerative braking:Regenerative braking: The motorThe motorrecovers energyfrom the brakes whenrecovers energyfrom the brakes whenthey slow down or stop the vehicle andthey slow down or stop the vehicle anduses ittorecharge the battery.uses ittorecharge the battery.

Lighter, smaller engine:Lighter, smaller engine: To improveTo improveefficiency,the Prius engine is sized toefficiency,the Prius engine is sized toaccommodate its average power load,accommodate its average power load,

not its peak load. Most gasoline enginesnot its peak load. Most gasoline enginesare sized for peak powerrequirements,are sized for peak powerrequirements,yet most drivers need peak poweronlyyet most drivers need peak poweronly1% ofthe time.1% ofthe time.


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Better fuel efficiency:Better fuel efficiency: The PriusThe Prius

consumes less fuel than vehiclesconsumes less fuel than vehiclespowered by gasoline alonepowered by gasoline alone partlypartlybecause the engine is turned offbecause the engine is turned offwhen its not needed. Conventionalwhen its not needed. Conventional

gasoline engines run constantly,gasoline engines run constantly,regardless ofpowerrequirements.regardless ofpowerrequirements.

Lower emissions:Lower emissions: The PriusThe Priusreduces regulated tailpipe emissionsreduces regulated tailpipe emissions

by up to 90% and greenhouse gasby up to 90% and greenhouse gasemissions byabout 50% comparedemissions byabout 50% comparedwith Tier 2 standards.with Tier 2 standards.


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ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

The additional boost in power from the electric motor inThe additional boost in power from the electric motor in

certain driving conditions also guarantees maximumcertain driving conditions also guarantees maximumperformance.performance.

Hybrid cars use much less gasoline than standard vehicles,Hybrid cars use much less gasoline than standard vehicles,preserving oil reserves for other uses such as heating oil andpreserving oil reserves for other uses such as heating oil andpolymer synthesis.polymer synthesis.

The current hybrid cars, emit less pollutants than the marketThe current hybrid cars, emit less pollutants than the marketaverage. For example, Honda Insight has 67% less of annualaverage. For example, Honda Insight has 67% less of annualgreenhouse gas emission. Furthermore, car manufactures aregreenhouse gas emission. Furthermore, car manufactures areexploring way to reduce total emission in future hybrid cars.exploring way to reduce total emission in future hybrid cars.

In a effort to cut off gasoline consumption in car, research isIn a effort to cut off gasoline consumption in car, research is

underway to explore for alternative fuels, such as fuel cells andunderway to explore for alternative fuels, such as fuel cells andcorncorn--derived fuels.derived fuels.


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DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

Ecological DisadvantagesEcological Disadvantages

More carbatteries will need tobe made, creating a largerMore carbatteries will need tobe made, creating a largerproblem for disposal ofsuchbatteries.problem for disposal ofsuchbatteries.

Consumer DisadvantagesConsumer Disadvantages

The price range for HEVs is $17,400The price range for HEVs is $17,400 --> $26,000. The> $26,000. Thecurrent price range does nottargetan average householdcurrent price range does nottargetan average household

The manufactures have gone through considerable pains toThe manufactures have gone through considerable pains toreduce the weightofthe vehicle sothat itburns lessreduce the weightofthe vehicle sothat itburns lessgasoline while achieving areasonable acceleration. This hasgasoline while achieving areasonable acceleration. This hasraised questions as tohow safe the car is when it israised questions as tohow safe the car is when it is

involved in an accident.involved in an accident.

HEVs are smaller, less comfortable,and provide much lessHEVs are smaller, less comfortable,and provide much lessstorage space than an average conventional automobile.storage space than an average conventional automobile.


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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Hybrid cars are definitely moreHybrid cars are definitely moreenvironmentallyfriendlythanenvironmentallyfriendlythaninternalinternal--combustion vehicles.combustion vehicles.Batteries are being engineered toBatteries are being engineered to

have a long life. When the hybridhave a long life. When the hybridcars become more widespread,cars become more widespread,batteryrecycling will becomebatteryrecycling will becomeeconomically possible. Research intoeconomically possible. Research into

other energy sources suchas fuelother energy sources suchas fuelcells and renewable fuels make thecells and renewable fuels make thefuture look brighterforhybrid cars.future look brighterforhybrid cars.


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REFERENCESREFERENCES

www.hybridcars.comwww.hybridcars.com www.howstuffworks.comwww.howstuffworks.com

www.allabouthybridcars.comwww.allabouthybridcars.com

www.wikipedia.orgwww.wikipedia.org www.greenercars.comwww.greenercars.com

www.toyota.comwww.toyota.com

www.greenhybrid.comwww.greenhybrid.com www.automotive.com/newwww.automotive.com/new--

carcars/28/s/28/hybridhybrid//toyotatoyota


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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

hybrid cars (toyota)

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