2077/03/31

Human Respiratory system

Dr. Nirajan Neupane (ZNN)

Respiratory systemAnatomy

• Nose & PNS

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs & pleura

• Diaphragm and muscles

NoseLined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Divided into external nares ,nasal cavity and internal nares

• Nasal cavity : two nasal chambers by a nasal septum

• Nasal septum forms medial wall of each nasal chamber;

• bony-cartilaginous structure : septal cartilage(hyaline) ,vomer ,perpendicular plate of ethmoid etc

• Roof : cribriform plate of ethmoid

• Floor : palatine bones,maxillae

• Lateral wall : nasal turbinates/concha

• Vestibular region

• Respiratory region : highly vascular

• Olfactory region

• Filters, warms, moistens or humidifies air i.e. air conditioning

• Smell

Paranasal sinuses

• Filters, warms, humidifies or moistens air

• Vocal resonance

• Reduction of weight of skull

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Behind noseBehind mouth( uvula to

epiglottis)Behind larynx(c3-c6)

Air Food & air Food

PSCCE nKSSE nKSSE

ET

Nasopharyngeal tonsil

Tubal tonsilsPalatine tonsils(2) No

LarynxVoice box

Trachea10-12 cm

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Made up of 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage

Trachealis muscle

Bronchi

• Plates of cartilage

SmallerAirways

• Bronchioles

• T. Bronchioles

• R. Bronchioles

• Alveolar duct

• Alveolar sac

• Alveoli

Lungs & pleura

Physiology of respiration

• Breathing

• Gas exchange at alveoli

• Gaseous transport

• Gas exchange at tissue

• Cellular respiration

Mechanics of breathing

Spirometers / PFTVolumes & capacities

Gas exchange

Respiratory epithelium is

a. non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

b. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

c. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

d.simple squamous epithelium

Bronchioles are lined by

a. simple ciliated columnar

b. simple ciliated cuboidal

c. simple cuboidal

d. All

Olfactory region contains

a. Bowman’s glands

b. Bowman’s layer

c. Bowman’s capsule

d. Bipolar neuron

e.schneiderian membrane

f. All except b & c

All the cartilages of respiratory systems are hyaline except

a. Septal & alar cartilages

b. ECC

c. ATC

d. Tracheal rings

e. Bronchial plates

Nose bleeding is called

a. Epistasis

b. Epistaxis

c. Hemoptysis

d. Hematemesis

e. Hematuria

Type II pulmonary epithelial cell secretes

a.mucus

b.surfactant

c.heparin

d.polypeptide

IVC pierces the diaphragm at what vertebral level ?

a. T6

b. T8

c. T10

d. T12

During inspiration diaphragm

a. Contracts

b. Relaxes

c. Does nothing

d. Expands

In inspiration IPP becomes

a. Less negative

b. More positive

c. More negative

d. Same as expiratory level

Rate of breathing in an adult human is

a. 10-12/min

b. 14-18/min

c. 20-25/min

d. 25-30/min

Which of the following is not responsible for causing right shift of O-D curve

a. Increased CO2

b. Temperature

c. Exercise

d. Alkalosis

The decrease in O2 affinity of Hb when Ph of blood fall is called

a. Bohr’s effect

b. Haldane effect

c. Hamburger effect

d. Chloride shift