human impact on the biosphere chapter 6 - mr....
TRANSCRIPT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
ACID RAIN
OZONE DEPLETION
DEAD ZONES
GLOBAL WARMING
WASTE
DEAD ZONES
When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input
of limiting nutrient (ie., fertilizer runoff) the
population increases dramatically = ___________
REMEMBER !
ALGAL BLOOM
Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
The DEADZONE forms each April, generally grows
throughout the summer, reaching a peak in late July.
Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
At its peak, the nearly lifeless water can span
5,000 to 8,000-plus square miles, an area almost
the size of New Jersey
DEAD ZONES
How do we HELP?
• Use modern technology and
“green” farming methods to:
• Decrease agricultural fertilizer use
• Decrease runoff of agricultural waste
Our atmosphere between
20-50 km contains
high concentrations
of ____________
which protect us from
the sun’s harmful
______________ radiation.
OZONE LAYER
ultraviolet
OZONE (O3)
EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION
__________________________________
________________________ of skin
__________________________________
Reduces ________________
Disrupts __________________ in oceans
Skin cancer
Cataracts/blindness
Premature aging
crop yield
food chains
WHAT WE KNOW
Scientists have been
monitoring the ____________
of ozone in our atmosphere
and have discovered
a hole in the ozone layer
over ____________.
depletion
Antarctica
Ozone Video
The annual ozone "hole“ over Antarctica has
occurred during the Antarctic Spring (October)
since the early 1980s.
Rather than being an actual hole
through the layer, the ozone
hole is a large area
with extremely
low amounts of ozone.
Ozone levels fall by over
60% during the worst years.
Ozone depletion is a global issue NOT
just a problem at the South Pole.
Research has shown that ozone depletion
also occurs over North America, Europe,
Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and
South America.
Over the U.S., ozone levels have fallen 5-10%, depending on the season.
What’s the cause of
Ozone Depletion? Chlorofluorocarbon
molecules _______
released from
air conditioners,
aerosol spray cans,
fire extinguishers,
and industry
________________
destroy ozone
(CFC’s)
HOW DO WE HELP?
1987- the _______________________
committed signing nations (including USA) to
a ____________ in the use of CFCs and other
ozone-depleting substances.
CFC production was _________ after 1995 in
the developed countries, and later in
developing countries. Today, over 180
countries have ratified the treaty.
OZONE DEPLETION
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
REDUCTION
banned
_____________spray cans
no longer contain
CFC propellants.
Gases in ___________________
and _____________ are collected
and recycled.
THAT’S WHY . . . AEROSOL
AIR CONDITIONERS
refrigerators
OZONE DEPLETION
How do we help? We can't make enough ozone to replace
what's been destroyed, but provided that
we stop producing ozone-depleting
substances, computer models predict
natural ozone production reactions
should return the ozone layer to normal
levels by about 2050.
This is the first example of different countries
getting together on an environmental issue,
agreeing on what to do, doing something,
and seeing a positive effect
Emissions to Atmosphere
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Chemical Transformation
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Precipitation
Acid rain, fog,
snow, and mist
Dry Fallout
Condensation
particulates, gases
Industry Transportation Ore smelting Power generation
ACID RAIN
What’s the cause?________________________ BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
Releases _______________ and ________________
into the atmosphere that react with water to
produce ACID RAIN.
Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides
ACID RAIN EFFECTS
• damages buildings and statues
• damages forests
• kills fish
• reduces biodiversity
• causes illness & premature death from heart & lung disorders like asthma and bronchitis
HOW DO WE HELP?
Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes
use of alternative renewable energy sources
Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels
conserve electricity
drive less
Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency
OR run on alternative fuels
ACID RAIN
Recycle
(uses less energy than starting from scratch)
GREENHOUSE EFFECT Temperatures of Earth remain within a range
______________ because the _____________
acts as a natural _________________ blanket.
atmosphere suitable for life
insulating
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Atmospheric gases such as
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
NORMALLY trap heat
energy from the sun
like a greenhouse
= _____________________
Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
Greenhouse effect
methane
water vapor CFC’s
GLOBAL WARMING- Is it real?
Some people say that the Earth has
cycles of warmer/cooler climate change
and that this is just part of that cycle.
Most scientists believe that the increase in
global temperatures is the result of human
activities that have increased the amount of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere
In 2007 in Paris a U.N.- backed panel of international scientists issued a major announcement on climate change stating that:
1. "warming of the climate system is unequivocal“
2. There is a 90% probability the cause “man- made”.
Either way… our planet is getting warmer!
Global mean surface temperatures have increased
0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century.
The 20th century's ten warmest years have
occurred in the last 15 years of this century.
FACTS WE KNOW
The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and
floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased.
FACTS WE KNOW
WHAT’S the CAUSE? • Burning solid waste, fossil fuels
(oil, natural gas, and coal), wood and wood products
• Production and transport of fossil fuels
•Decomposition of organic wastes in landfills
• Animal sources (methane)
•Deforestation
(trees remove CO2 from atmosphere)
GLOBAL WARMING
What’s the Kyoto Accord got to
do with it?
The Kyoto Accord is an agreement, aimed at
reducing global warming that asks
participants to __________ their
________________ emissions to a
percentage of their 1990
emission levels _____________.
REDUCE
GREENHOUSE GAS
by 2012
PROBLEMS WITH the KYOTO
ACCORD (The US has not ratified this agreement)
In 1998-Clinton administration signs the Kyoto Accord committing the United States to a 7% reduction in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 emissions levels, to be achieved between the years 2008 and 2012.
2001- Bush administration withdrew the U.S. signature, claiming that the treaty was "fatally flawed".
2008- Australia (last major nation hold out) signed
160 nations have now agreed (not US)
PROBLEMS WITH the KYOTO
ACCORD
ALL countries not required to reduce emissions equally 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia,
Developing nations don’t have to reduce emissions at all India and China, which have ratified the protocol,
are not required to reduce carbon emissions under
the present agreement despite their relatively large populations.
Developed nations (like USA) can meet required reductions by
purchasing emission reductions from elsewhere and funding
developing countries for climate related studies, projects, and
technology
KYOTO is “OLD NEWS”!
Standards set by Kyoto will expire in 2012.
United Nations Meeting on
Climate Change
Met in December 2009 - Copenhagen, Denmark
Current Status • OBJECTIVE: to keep the maximum temperature
rise to below 2 degrees Celsius;
• the commitment to list developed country emission reduction targets and mitigation action by developing countries for 2020;
• Proposed $ 30 billion short-term funding for immediate action till 2012 and $100 billion annually by 2020 in long-term financing (still needs to be approved by countries)
• The challenge now is to turn what is agreed into something that is legally binding in Mexico one year from now.
What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT?
A ____________________ =
the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas)
emissions caused directly and indirectly by
an individual, organization, event or product
CARBON FOOTPRINT
http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/
Even if you don’t “believe” in
global warming . . .
Even if countries can’t agree
on emission levels …
we should still work to reduce our emissions
of global warming gases BECAUSE . . .
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX GLOBAL WARMING”
make sense anyway!
Fossil fuels are a limited resource…
eventually they will be gone!
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX GLOBAL WARMING”
make sense anyway!
Our supply of fossil fuels is dependent on
countries that are not “friendly” to the U.S.
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX GLOBAL WARMING”
make sense anyway!
Drilling for and transporting fossil fuels has
negative environmental consequences
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX GLOBAL WARMING”
make sense anyway!
Drilling and transporting fossil fuels has negative
environmental consequences
THINGS WE DO TO “FIX GLOBAL WARMING”
make sense anyway!
Innovation and alternative energy technologies for automobiles and power generation are good for our economy
HOW DO WE HELP?
Cut down on CO2 emissions
(with or without the Kyoto accord)
Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes
use of alternative renewable energy sources
Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels
Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency
OR run on alternative fuels
GLOBAL WARMING
Recycle
(uses less energy than starting from scratch)
Reduce deforestation (plants use CO2)
Watch your carbon footprint
WHAT DO WE DO WITH OUR TRASH?
According to the
Environmental Protection Agency,
the average American produces
about 4.4 pounds of garbage a day.
That adds up to a approximately
220 million tons of garbage each
year for all of us.
This only takes into consideration
the average household member
and does not count industrial waste
or commercial trash.
PICTURE THIS:
It would bury more than 990,000 football
fields under six-foot high piles of waste..
. . . and that’s just the United States!
TRASH KILLS
It has been estimated that over
a million sea-birds and 100,000
marine mammals and sea turtles
are killed each year by ingestion
of plastics or entanglement.
PACIFIC OCEAN GARBAGE GYRE
• See a video
Covers an area twice the size of TEXAS
Estimated to contain
over 100 million tons
of debris
We Can’t Just Keep Piling it up in
Landfills
We have to:
_____________
_____________
_____________
REDUCE,
REUSE,
RECYCLE
QUOTES
This we know... the earth does not belong to man,
man belongs to earth. All things are connected,
like the blood which connects one family.
Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children of
the earth. Man did not weave the web of life –
he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to
the web, he does to himself.
~ Chief Seattle, 1854
QUOTES
If you want to see an endangered species, get up and look in the mirror. ~ John Young, former Apollo astronaut
A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers, but borrowed from his children. ~ John James Audubon, 1785 - 1851
It's not easy being green. ~ Kermit the Frog