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* The new pCRTM 11 vector provides an fi origin forrescue of single stranded DNA, T7 and Sp6 RNA Tollpromoters for sense and anti-sense transcription, the (619)'lacZ gene for blue/white selection, and a choice ofampicillin or kanamycin resistance to eliminatebackground when amplifying from plasmids.E Invitrogen's TA CloningTm kit eliminates the need l tEfor traditional PCR cloning procedures which aretime-consuming, expensive and inefficient andprovides the fastest, most reliable method for direct 3985*B Sccloning of PCR products.

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1 9 r a 1

COVERSectors of a tobacco leaf infiltrated with the plantpathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora or harpin, aprotein isolated from it, show collapsed tissue (darkspots); sectors infiltrated with E. amylovora mutantsthat lack harpin have not collapsed. Erwinia amylovora

causes fire blight, a severe disease of apple and peartrees; harpin appears to be responsible forthe collapseof infiltrated tissue and is required for the developmentof the disease. See page 85. [Photograph: K. Loeffler]

REPORTSPicosecond Optical Switching Based on 63Biphotonic Excitation of an Electron Donor-Acceptor-Donor MoleculeM. P. O'Neil, M. P. Niemczyk, W. A. Svec,D. Gosztola, G. L. Gaines III, M. R. Wasielewski

A High-Pressure Test of Birch's LawA. J. Campbell and D. L. Heinz

Chemiluminescence of Anodized andEtched Silicon: Evidence for a LuminescentSiloxene-Like Layer on Porous SiliconP. McCord, S.-L. Yau, A. J. Bard

66

68

Induction of Pre-Infection Thread Structures 70in the Leguminous Host Plant by MitogenicLipo-Oligosaccharides of RhizobiumA. A. N. van Brussel, R. Bakhuizen,P. C. van Spronsen, H. P. Spaink, T. Tak,B. J. J. Lugtenberg, J. W. Kijne

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Redirected to 72Medium Chains in Transgenic Oilseed PlantsT. A. Voelker, A. C. Worrell, L. Anderson,J. Bleibaum, C. Fan, D. J. Hawkins, S. E. Radke,H. M. Davies

Evidence That Eukaryotes and EocyteProkaryotes Are Immediate RelativesM. C. Rivera and J. A. Lake

C 74

Conformation of the TAR RNA-Arginine 76Complex by NMR Spectroscopy

J. D. Puglisi, R. Tan, B. J. Calnan, A. D. Frankel,J. R. Williamson

An Unlikely Sugar Substrate Site in the 811.65 A Structure of the Human AldoseReductase Holoenzyme Implicated in DiabeticComplicationsD. K. Wilson, K. M. Bohren, K. H. Gabbay,F. A. Quiocho

Harpin, Elicitor of the Hypersensitive 85Response Produced by the Plant PathogenErwinia amylovoraZ.-M. Wei, R. J. Laby, C. H. Zumoff, D. W. Bauer,S. Y. He, A. Collmer, S. V. Beer

Increased Osteoclast Development After 88Estrogen Loss: Mediation by Interleukin-6R. L. Jilka, G. Hangoc, G. Girasole, 0. Passeri,D. C. Williams, J. S. Abrams, B. Boyce,H. Broxmeyer, S. C. Manolagas

Expression of a Ryanodine Receptor-Ca2+ 91Channel That Is Regulated by TGF-(PG. Giannini, E. Clementi, R. Ceci, G. Marziali,V. Sorrentino

No Requirement for p56ck in theAntigen-Stimulated Clonal Deletion ofThymocytesK.-i. Nakayama and D. Y. Loh

94

In Vivo Calcium Elevations in Thymocytes 96with T Cell Receptors That Are Specific forSelf LigandsT. Nakayama, Y. Ueda, H. Yamada, E. W. Shores,A. Singer, C. H. June

Selection of Drug-Resistant Bone Marrow 99Cells in Vivo After Retroviral Transfer ofHuman MDRlB. P. Sorrentino, S. J. Brandt, D. Bodine,M. Gottesman, I. Pastan, A. Cline, A. W. Nienhuis

Infection of Macaca nemestrina by 103Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-iM. B. Agy, L. R. Frumkin, L. Corey, R. W. Coombs,S. M. Wolinsky, J. Koehler, W. R. Morton,M. G. Katze

Distributed Neural Network Underlying 106Musical Sight-Reading and KeyboardPerformance

J. Sergent, E. Zuck, S. Terriah, B. MacDonald

-I-u-rn- m u---- PI Indicates accompanying feature

* SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week inDecember, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street,NW, Washington, DC 20005. Second-class postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington,DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright 1992 by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individualmembership and subscription (51 issues): $87 ($47 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutionalsubscription (51 issues): $195. Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $50;other countries (air assist delivery) $95. First class, airmail, student and emeritus rates on

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Bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for intemal or personal use undercircumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by AAAS tolibraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) TransactionalReporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1 per copy plus $0.10 per page is paid directlyto CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075/83$1 + .10. Science is indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature and in severalspecialized indexes.* TheAmerican Association fortheAdvancementof Sciencewasfounded in 1848 and incorporatedin 1874. Its objectives are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, tofoster scientific freedom and responsibility, to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotionof human welfare, to advance education in science, and to increase public understanding and appre-ciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 3 JULY 1992

103The pigtail macaque: a newmodel for HIV infection

1

5

"Here 's why GELase may replaceNal/glass bead kits for purifying DNA

from LMP-agarose gels."7 reasons that you can easily check for yourself.. .

1. Recovery of DNA is about 100% using GELase.Nal/glass bead kits give about 50% recovery for 2-15 KbDNA (see figure) and much less outside of that size range.

2. High molecular weight DNA, even megabaseDNA, is not damaged using GELase.DNA larger than 15 Kb is sheared using Nal/glass beadkits.

3. GELase is easy to use.Just melt the gel slice with GELase Buffer, add GELaseand incubate at 4500 to digest. To concentrate the DNA,add ethanol. The gel digestion products are soluble andwon't precipitate with the DNA.

4. GELase is inexpensive.One unit of GELase digests 600 mg of a 1% LMP-agarose gel in 1 hour in GELase Buffer. With a 10-hourincubation instead of 1 hour, the 200-unit size of GELaseis enough to digest more than a KILOGRAM of a 1% gel.

5. DNA purified using GELase is ready to use andbiologically active.Some companies recommend two rounds of purificationwith a Nal/glass bead kit to obtain DNA for cloning. That'snot necessary with GELase. DNA recovered using GELaseis ready for use in restriction mapping, cloning, labeling,sequencing or other molecular biological experiments.

6. GELase is active in electrophoresis buffers.It digests gels in TAE, TBE, MOPS and phosphate buffers.Special Nal/glass bead kits are needed for gels in TBEbuffer.

7. Protocols for using GELase are the same forRNA as for DNA.GELase is RNase-free and active in MOPS or phosphatebuffers that are used for RNA gels. In contrast, a specialversion of Nal/glass bead kit is needed for purification ofRNA.

*GELase is a trademark of EPICENTRE TECHNOLOGIES, Madison, WI.

EPICENTRE TECHNOLOGIES1202 Ann Street

Madison, WI 53713800/284-8474

...when you need to be sure of the qualityEPICENTRE's products are also available from the following distributors:

AUSTRALIA: Andromeda Scientific, Tel. 02/418-1684 BENELUX: BlOzym Nederland BV, Tel. 045/427247CANADA: Cedarlane Laboratories, Tel. 800/268-5058 FRANCE: TEBU SA, Tel. 1/34-84-62-52GERMANY: BlOzym Diagnostik GmbH, Tel. 5151/7311 ISRAEL: ORNAT, Tel. 08/468043ITALY: SPA - BioSPA Division, Tel. 02/81831 JAPAN: Bokusui Brown Co., Tel. Osaka 06/441-5103; Tokyo 03/3545-5720NORWAY & DENMARK, FINAND, ICELAND, SWEDEN: or Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd., Tel. 03/3663-0723

MedProbe AS (Oslo), Tel. 47-2/200-137 SPAIN: Ramon Comet SA, Tel. 93/237-55-62SWEDEN: Bio-Zac AB, Tel. 0758/503-74 SWITZERLAND: INOTECH AG, Tel. 057/26-11-00

TAIWAN: PROTECH, Tel. 2/381-0844 UNITED KINGDOM: CAMBIO, Tel. 0223/66500

For other countries, please contact EPICENTRE TECHNOLOGIES at Tel. 608/277-8474 or Fax 608/251-3199.Circle No. 10 on Readers' Service Card

B1 ^ ^ . e - 7 tS ^ - .444^b

A

Kb: 8.77 7.33 6.24 5.34 4.25 2.37 2.11 1.95 1.70 1.21

Recoveries of 1.2 to 8.8 Kb DNA fragments excised from a 1% LMP-agarose gel (Figure A) were consistently much greater using GELase(Figure B, odd numbered lanes) than using a commercial kt containingsodium iodide and silica matrix (Figure B, even numbered lanes).

What is GELase?GELase is a novel enzyme preparation that digests thecarbohydrate backbone of agarose into small soluble oligo-saccharides, yielding a clear liquid that will not becomeviscous or gel even on cooling in an ice bath. It permits simpleand quantitative recovery of intact DNA or RNA from lowmelting point (LMP) agarose gels. GELase contains nocontaminating DNase, RNase or phosphatase.

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Oversees Offices: Statsoft of Europe (Hamburg, FRG), ph: 040/4200347, fax: 040W4911310; StatSoft UK (London, UK), ph: 0462/482822, fax: 0462/482855; StaS Pacific (Melboume, Australia),ph: (03) 663 6580, fax: (03) 663 6117; StatSoft Canada-CCO (Ontario), ph: 416-849-0737, fax: 416-49-0918; Available From: CORPORATE SOFTWARE and other Authorized RepresentatvesWorldwide: Holland: MAB Julsing, 071-230410; France: Version US (1) 40590913; Sweden: AkademiData 018-240035; Hungary: P&D Soft KFT 185-868; Beigium: TEXMA 1061 1628; South Africa:Osiris 12 663-4500; Japan: SOFEL Co. 03-3251 1195.CSS. CS13. CSS:GRAPHICS. Megatile Manager, Quick CSS. STATISTICA. StatSoft. dBase IV. Excef. Lous. MacDraw. Macintosh, Posscript are tradea of t raspec ompeoanies. SPSS is a registred trademark of SPSS, Inc.

SSCIENCEPublisher: Richard S. NicholsonEditor: Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.Deputy Editor: Ellis RubinsteinManaging Editor: Monica M. BradfordInternational Editor: Alun AndersonDeputy Editors: Philip H. Abelson (Engineering andAppliedSciences);John1. Brauman (Physical Sciences);Thomas R. Cech (Biological Sciences)

Editorial StaffAssistant Managing Editor: Dawn BennettSenior Editors: Eleanore Butz, Martha Coleman,R. Brooks Hanson, Barbara Jasny, Katrina L. Kelner,Linda J. Miller, Phillip D. Szuromi, David F. VossAssociate Editors: Pamela J. Hines, Suki Parks,L. Bryan RayLetters: Christine Gilbert, Editor; Steven S. LaphamBook Reviews: Katherine Livingston, Editor; ClaireWilsonContributing Editor: Lawrence1. GrossmanChief Production Editor: Ellen E. MurphyEditing Department: Lois Schmitt, SeniorCopy Editor;Julie W. Albers, Valerie Jablow, Harry JachCopy Desk: Douglas B. Casey, Joi S. Granger, BeverlyShields, Kirsten L. WallEditorial Support: Sherryf Farmer, Supervisor;CarolynKyle, Diane Long, Michele Listisard, Patricia M. Moore,Melissa Quackenbos, Kameaka WilliamsAdministrative Support: Sylvia Kihara, JeanettePrastein

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E

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See page 10 for additional Advertising and CirculationStaff

Science Editorial BoardCharles J. Arntzen John J. HopfieldElizabeth E. Bailey F. Clark HowellDavid Baltimore Paul A. MarksWilliam F. Brinkman Yasutomi NishizukaE. Margaret Burbidge Helen M. RanneyPierre-Gilles de Gennes Robert M. SolowJoseph L. Goldstein Edward C. StoneMary L. Good James D. WatsonHarry B. Gray

EDITORIAL

Agriculture and Climate ChangeHow will increases in levelsof CO2 and changes in temperature affect food production? Arecently issued report analyzes prospects for U.S. agriculture 1990 to 2030.* The report,prepared by a distinguished Task Force, first projects the evolution of agriculture assumingincreased levelsof CO2 but no climate change. Then it deals with effects of climate change,followed by a discussion of how greenhouse emissions might be diminished by agriculture.Economic and policy matters are also covered.

Most forecasts of the future miss reality by a large margin because of the unforeseen.However, trends of increases in agricultural productivity have been robust. If climate does notchange drastically, U.S. agriculture is likely to continue to expand production per hectare byabout 1.5% per year. The report points out that from 1930 to 1987, while population nearlydoubled, the land area required for crops in the United States shrank by one-seventh. Wereclimate to remain steady, the crop land area needed to meet domestic demand and projectedincreased exports would decrease from 134 million hectares in 1987 to about 88 millionhectares in 2030. Those estimates did not factor in beneficial effects of increased CO2 inenhancing yields and lessening need for water by plants. The increased efficiency in produc-tion would be based largely on genetic improvements. Traditional plant breeding continuesto produce better varieties. In addition, the potentials of biotechnology are only beginning tobe exploited.

How the climate would respond to more greenhouse gases is uncertain. If temperatureswere higher, there would be more evaporation and more precipitation. Where would the rainfall? That is a good question. Weather in a particular locality is not determined by globalaverages. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s could be repeated at its former site or located in anotherregion such as the present Corn Belt. But depending on the realities at a given place, farmershave demonstrated great flexibility in choosing what they may grow. Their flexibility has beenincreased by the numerous varieties of seeds of major crops that are now available, each havingdifferent characteristics such as drought resistance and temperature tolerance. For example, infuture, varieties of winter wheat are likely to have an even larger role than now. Seeds areplanted in the autumn, and the crop is harvested ahead of the drought and heat of midsummer.The area suitable for this crop has already been doubled as a result of success of plant breeders.

In past, agriculture has contributed about 5% of U.S. greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, andN20). Two large components have involved emissionsof CO2 from farm machinery and fromoxidation of organic matter in soil due to tillage. Use of diesel fuel and more efficientmachinery has reduced emissions from that source by 40%. In some areas changed tillagepractices (no till) are now responsible for returning carbon to the soil.

The report identifies an important potential for diminishing net U.S. emissions of CO2by growth and utilization of biomass. Large areas are already available that could be devotedto energy crops. Estimates of potential impact included one from the Office of TechnologyAssessment. It hypothesized that 30 million hectares might be employed, ultimately resultingin production of 6 to 8% of current U.S. energy consumption. Another estimate suggested thatthe United States could offset half of its current emissions of CO2 related to fossil fuels byplanting 140 million hectares with trees. Other projections (not cited) indicate a potentialthat all U.S. liquid fuels eventually could be obtained from biomass. To achieve such a goalwould require selection and development of fast-growing, high-yielding trees or herbaceousplants, plus improved methods of processing their cellulose to ethyl alcohol. A substantialpotential for diesel fuel lies in the seeds of some plants such as sunflower and rape. In additionto providing local benefits technology developed in the United Staters would likely findapplications in other countries, resulting in diminished global emissions of CO2.

To achieve long-term goals of using biomass energy and maintaining reliable foodproduction under changing conditions will require a vital agricultural research and productionsystem. But the goals can be reached. As the report states, "Unlike the earth's endowment ofland and water, which are fixed and growing relatively smaller compared to demands on them,the capacity for acquiring knowledge has no known limit."

Philip H. Abelson*Preparing U.S. Agriculture for Global Climate Change (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA,1992).

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 3 JULY 1992 9

Published by the American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science (AAAS), Science serves itsreaders as a forum for the presentation and discussionof important issues related to the advancement of sci-ence, including the presentation of minority or conflict-ing points of view, rather than by publishing only mate-rial on which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Sclence-including edito-rials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signedand reflect the individual views of the authors and notofficial points of view adopted by the AAAS or theinstitutions with which the authors are affiliated.

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10

LETTERS

Tree Ring Research

Regarding a photograph by one of us

(B.M.B.) that appeared with the article"There's a new offering on campus: Globalchange 101" by Ann Gibbons (ResearchNews, 22 May, p. 1146), I would like to

clarify a few points. First, the photographshows Mike Peterson of the Tasmania For-estry Commission and Mike Barbetti of theUniversity of Sydney working near the sum-

mit of Mount Read, in a group of trees

killed by fire in 1961. Neither Peterson nor

Barbetti is a Lamont-Doherty researcher, as

stated in the caption; both were assisting onan ongoing project directed by Ed Cook, a

research scientist at Lamont-Doherty. Wecut and sectioned this standing, dead treefor our study; but the rest of our sampleswere taken with the use of increment cor-

ers, which remove only a 4-millimeter dow-el of wood from the tree and cause no

discernible harm to living trees. We do notusually cut trees, and when we do only deadtrees are cut. Additional samples taken atthis site included buried and partially bur-ied, nonliving stems and eroded stumpsfrom within the fire-killed site only, andnot from the adjacent, living site. We makeevery effort to have minimal impact in theareas in which we work, while at the same

time getting the best samples for our re-

search interests.Brendan M. Buckley

Edward R. CookGordon C. Jacoby

Tree-Ring Laboratory,Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964

R

Evolution of HIV in Africa

Steve Sternberg's Research News article of15 May (p. 966) describes a phylogeneticanalysis which concludes that West CentralAfrica may contain a lineage of HIV-1(human immunodeficiency virus-1) that isancestral to the other HIV-1 isolates ana-

lyzed to date. This conclusion has beencriticized on the basis of the relatively lowprevalence of HIV-1 in that region of Af-rica, but this low prevalence is entirelyconsistent with the patterns expected fromcurrent evolutionary considerations of HIVvirulence (1) . These evolutionary consider-ations suggest that the pandemic HIVevolved to a high level of virulence in

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 3 JULY 1992

mid-Central and East Africa in response to

an increase in multiple-partner sexual con-

tact brought about by the socioeconomiccrisis that occurred there during the 1970s.The lower rates of sexual contact along thewest coast of Africa should have favored theevolution of lower virulence. Accordingly,current evidence indicates that the HIV-2in West Africa has a lower virulence andlower prevalences than the pandemicHIV-1 (1-3). The limited comparisons to

date also suggest that these low prevalencesof HIV-2 are remaining fairly stable in areas

of West Africa where HIV-2 predominates(4). According to this evolutionary argu-

ment, the same should be true of HIV- 1strains that have evolved endemically inareas with relatively low rates of multiple-partner sexual contact. That is, we can

expect such strains of HIV- 1 in western

regions to have a lower, more stable prev-

alence than the HIV- 1 strains in mid-Central and East Africa.

This evolutionary argument can be test-ed by assessing the virulence of the rootWest African HIV-1 lineages in humans byquantifying, for example, the time betweenthe onset of infection and the onset ofAIDS. The evolutionary theory predictsthat the virulence and replication rates ofthese lineages should be lower than those ofthe lineages in mid-Central and East Afri-ca. Seropositivity should also increase more

gradually with age, more like the age struc-ture of HIV-2 infections than pandemicHIV-1 infections (2, 3).

Paul W. EwaldDepartment of Biology,

Amherst College,Amherst, MA 01002-2237

REFERENCES

1. P. W. Ewald, Hum. Nat. 2,1 (1991).2. P. J. Kanki, R. G. Marlink, T. Siby, M. Essex, S.

M'Boup, in Advances in Applied BiotechnologySeries, vol. 7, Gene Regulation and AIDS: Tran-scriptional Activation, Retroviruses, and Patho-genesis, T. S. Papas, Ed. (Gulf, Houston, TX,1990), pp. 255-272.

3. I. Romieu, R. Marlink, P. Kanki, S. M'Boup, M.Essex, J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndrome 3,220 (1990).

4. A. Del Mistro etal., ibid. 5, 19 (1991).

a

Bevalac Funding

More is at stake in the imminent closure ofBerkeley's Bevalac than David P. Hamiltonsuggests in his article "NASA researchers

SciENCE

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antidote for MH; (ii) MH patient-physicianorganizations that educated medical person-

nel to recognize and treat this rarely occur-

ring disease; and (iii) biomedical engineerswho created new monitoring devices topermit the early detection of the hypermet-abolic state that characterizes acute MH.

Much additional work remains to bedone before the understanding of the mo-

lecular biology ofMH is sufficient to permitdevelopment of improved diagnostic tests.No doubt, such tests will help reduce MHmorbidity and mortality rates even furtherin the future.

Marilyn Green LarachDirector,

North American Malignant HyperthermiaRegistry, and

Department of Anesthesia,College of Medicine,

Pennsylvania State University,Hershey, PA 17033

REFERENCES

1. M. E. Kolb, M. L. Horne, R. Martz, Anesthesiology56, 254 (1982).

Chemical Weapons Disposal

The article "Piecemeal rescue for Sovietscience" by David P. Hamilton (News &Comment, 27 Mar., p. 1632) mentions a

suggestion by scientists from a former So-viet weapons lab to use nuclear explosivesto destroy chemical weapon stockpiles.The article states that the suggestion metwith a "very mixed response" from theAmericans.

One could note that the U.S. govern-ment has also considered this method.The Defense Nuclear Agency completeda study in 1982 (1) which suggested thatthere were a number of advantages tobe gained by using a nuclear blast todestroy chemical weapons in an under-ground cavity. For example, the weapons

would require no preparation or disassem-bly, and there would be no residue requir-ing disposal. This idea, along with othernovel concepts for the disposal of thechemical stockpile, was rejected by theArmy in favor of reverse assembly-incin-eration.

David N. ClarkBattelle,

11650 Stark Road,Tooele, UT 84074

REFERENCES

1. R. E. Duff, "The feasibility of chemical munitiondisposal using nuclear explosions" (Report SSS-R-83-5780, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washing-ton, DC, 1982).

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1992AAAS AWARD

FOR PUBLIC UNDERSTANDINGOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Nominations Invited

* An annual Award for working scientists and engi-neers from all disciplines who make outstandingcontributions to public understanding of science andtechnology but are not members of the media.

* Contributions should have a significant impact on thepublic; be accurate, timely, and innovative; and con-

vey the meaning, excitement, and significance ofscientific activity.

* The Award will be presented during the AAAS AnnualMeeting in Boston, Massachusetts, February 11-16,1993.

* The Award carries a $5,000 prize.

1991 Award Winner: Stephen H. SchneiderNational Center forAtmospheric Research

For additional information, contact: Patricia S. Curlin,AAAS Committee on Public Understanding of Scienceand Technology, 1333 H Street, NW, Washington, DC20005, telephone 202/326-6605 or fax 202/371-9849.

Deadline for nominations is 1 August 1992.

Pharmaceutical/ Biotechnology:Careers In Industry

This special section, reprinted from the May 8 issue of SCiENCE takes an in-depth lookat careers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

*Chllnge ad icethives ofrdbpharmacuticalor-biteholgfr

i; *A..f.fsaping o1-f}salaiesfo scetists* inindsr

oflwidusry alaiescmaewt

Also included are "career stories" from five scientists who made the decision to moveto a position in industry. SCiENCE

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How far will Science's editorial team go to get to the bottom of a news story?To the ends of the Earth ... as Senior Writer Joseph Palca did when he accom-

panied a National Science Foundation team to the South Pole last Novem-ber. Palca was after hot science, and the weather played its part when temperatures

hit a balmy 40° below. This allowed the NSF team to brief Palca-and, by extension,Science's readers-on astronomers' latest plans for astrophysical observations, cli-matologists' most recent probings of the polar cap to get at the Earth's historical talentfor blowing hot and cold, and ozone hole aficionados' newest numbers.

Just what you expect from Science; the journal that finds news that's hot even whenit's 40° below.

SCIENCEThe Global Weekly of Research ii

"Siona and Secoya hunters [in northeastern Ecuador] sharpening spears. Bamboo-tipped spearsare a traditional weapon for hunting terrestrial game such as peccaries and tapirs. Since the 1 950s,the shotgun has replaced both the spear and blowgun in most hunting. Most of these shotguns aresingle shot 16 gauge. Factory manufactured shells are expensive, so all hunters reload the plasticshell casings with primers, shot, and gunpowder purchased from river traders." [From W. T.Vickers's paper in Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation]

Neotropical wildlife be preserved and usedsustainably? Yes, but only if governmentsand scientists work together to producesolid data and new theories ofmanagement.We know that by protecting economicallyimportant game and non-game species, weensure concomitant management of manyassociated species of vertebrates, inverte-brates, and plants. Major attention must begiven to habitat protection. Law enforce-ment efforts based on reasonable (ratherthan draconian) wildlife laws need to beinstituted throughout Latin America. Edu-cational materials are needed for schoolchildren and the general public that illus-trate the total value of wildlife and the needfor wildlife protection.

There may be more species of wildlife topreserve in the Neotropics than in NorthAmerica and they may be harder to study,but there is no reason to think that the taskis beyond our abilities. This volume is avery positive first step in describing itsmagnitude and complexity.

Michael A. MaresOklahoma Museum of Natural History

and Department of Zoology,University of Oklahoma,

Nomian, OK 73019-0606

m

Books Received

outlook for wildlife in the United Stateswas not much better than what is currentlybeing predicted for Latin America. Forexample, in 1913, the imminent extinctionof the pronghorn "antelope," the bighornsheep, and the elk was predicted, yet todaythese species are harvested through sporthunting. Can the wildlife managementstrategy that has made this possible beadapted to Latin America? Shaw reviewsthe enormous cultural, political, economic,demographic, and ecological differences be-tween the Americas that make wildlifemanagement in Latin America especiallychallenging. Existing philosophies, tech-niques, and theories may not be readilytransplantable to Latin America withoutmodification for tropical systems, develop-ing economies, different sociopolitical pro-files, and different social views of nature.

Several papers discuss theoretical modelsfor determining potential harvest levels.Unfortunately, as with many models, as-

sumptions are unverified or will be found tobe species-specific and thus have limitedapplicability. The most detailed data are

those of Franklin and Fritz for guanacos.Franklin and Fritz conclude, on the basis oftwo decades of research, that sustainableharvest is feasible. The time it took to reach

112

this conclusion underscores the need forintensive research on other wildlife species.On a more hopeful note, several species ofeconomic importance (caiman, white-winged doves, whistling ducks, capybaras,pacas, iguanas) are amenable to ranching or

farming. Unfortunately, these are only a

small proportion of the wildlife species uti-lized, both legally and illegally, from Mex-ico to Argentina.

Wildlife biology in North America islooked down upon by many ecologists andother biologists, and this is largely thefault of the wildlife biologists themselves,who, with their strongly regional orienta-tion and the close linkage of their work tolocal game departments, have been longon politics and mundane census studiesand short on global theories of manage-ment strategy and policy. Undoubtedly,the bright future for wildlife in NorthAmerica is due to their efforts, but now itis time for them to turn their attention tothe question of wildlife management else-where in the Americas, where the greatest.wildlife diversity resides.

The future of Latin American game andnon-game wildlife lies in an internationalmelding of ecology, wildlife biology, con-

servation, economics, and politics. Can

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 3 JULY 1992

Asteroids to Quasars. A Symposium HonouringWilliam Liller (Cambridge, MA, June 1987). Phyllis M.Lugger, Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York,1992. xxvi, 307 pp., illus. $59.95.

Astronomical Masers. Moshe Elitzur. Kluwer,Norwell, MA, 1992. xiv, 351 pp., illus. Paper, $45.Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 170.

Asymptotics Beyond All Orders. Harvey Segur,Saleh Tenveer, and Herbert Levine, Eds. Plenum, NewYork, 1992. xiv, 389 pp., illus. $105. NATO AdvancedScience Institutes Series B, vol. 284. From a work-shop, La Jolla, CA, Aug. 1991.

The Aurora Watcher's Handbook. Neil Davis.University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 1992. x, 230pp., illus. $35; paper, $20.

The Autolmmune Diseases II. Noel R. Rose andIan R. Mackay, Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,1992. xx, 444 pp., illus. $95.

Autoimmune Endocrine Disease. Anthony P.Weetman. Cambridge University Press, New York,1992. xiv, 260 pp., illus. $59.95. Cambridge Reviewsin Clinical Immunology.

Automation In Biotechnology. Isae Karube, Ed.Elsevier, New York, 1991. xviii, 386 pp., illus. $154.50.From a conference, Aichi, Japan, Oct. 1990.

The Common Names of North American Butter-flies. Jacqueline Y. Miller, Ed. Smithsonian InstitutionPress, Washington, DC, 1992. x, 177 pp., illus. Paper,$14.95.

Comparative Spermatology 20 Years After. Bac-cio Baccetti, Ed. Raven, New York, 1992. xxxvi, 1 1 12pp., illus. $175. Serono Symposia Publications, vol.75. From a congress, Siena, Italy, Aug. 1990.

Conapack. Program for Canonical Analysis ofClassification Tables. LAszl6 Orloci. SPB Academic,The Hague, 1991. 126 pp., illus. Paper, $22. Ecolog-ical Computations Series, vol. 4.

A Concise Dictionary of Astronomy. JacquelineMitton. Oxford University Press, New York, 1992. viii,423 pp., illus. $24.95.

.11. 11~ ~. ~11 4WAM.1,1~010M1,91 mOffill 'W1,00110WRI,151110

Coniferous Forest Ecology, From an Interna-tional Perspective. N. Nakagoshi and F. B. Golley,Eds. SPB Academic, The Hague, 1991. viii, 182 pp.,illus. Paper, $36.

Conservation Biology. The Theory and Practiceof Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Manage-ment. Peggy L. Fiedler and Subodh K. Jain, Eds.Chapman and Hall (Routledge, Chapman and Hall),New York, 1992. xxx, 507 pp., illus. Paper, $35.

Contemporary Ergonomics 1992. Ergonomicsfor Industry. E. J. Lovesey, Ed. Taylor and Francis,Philadelphia, 1992. x, 565 pp., illus. Paper, $87. Froma conference, Birmingham, U.K., April 1992.

Convergence Properties of Recurrence Se-quences. R. J. Kooman. Centrum voor Wiskunde enInformatica, Amsterdam, 1992. 111 pp. Paper, Dfl. 39.CWI Tract 83.

Correspondence Analysis Handbook. J.-P. Ben-z6cri. Dekker, New York, 1992. xii, 665 pp., illus. $135.Statistics, Textbooks, and Monographs, vol. 125.

Costing the Earth. The Challenge for Govern-ments, the Opportunities for Business. Frances Cairn-cross. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1992.x, 341 pp. $24.95.

Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irriga-tion Systems. Elinor Ostrom. Institute for Contempo-rary Studies, San Francisco, 1992 (distributor, Nation-al Book Network, Lanham, MD). xiv, 111 pp. Paper,$9.95.

The Creative Moment. How Science Made ItselfAlien to Modern Culture. Joseph Schwartz. HarperCol-lins, New York, 1992. xx, 252 pp. $25.

The Crisis in Clinical Research. OvercomingInstitutional Obstacles. Edward H. Ahrens, Jr. OxfordUniversity Press, New York, 1992. x, 236 pp., illus.$29.95.

Critical Currents. J. E. Evetts, Ed. Hilger, Phila-delphia, 1992 (distributor, American Institute of Phys-ics, New York). xviii, 503 pp., illus. $130. From aworkshop, Cambridge, U.K., July 1991.

A Diflerent Sort of lime. The Life of Jerrold R.Zacharias, Scientist, Engineer, Educator. Jack S.Goldstein. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992. xx, 372pp., illus. $35.

Dimension-5. Everything You Didn't Know YouDidn't Know. Bob Horn as told to W. P. Chips. Fithian,Santa Barbara, CA, 1992. 141 pp. Paper, $9.95.

Dioxin Perspectives. A Pilot Study on Internation-al Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Com-pounds. Erich W. Bretthauer, Heinrich W. Kraus, andAlessandro di Domenico, Eds. Plenum, New York,1991. xviii, 772 pp., illus. $175. NATO Challenges ofModern Society, vol. 16.

Discrete Mathematics for New Technology.Rowan Gamier and John Taylor. Hilger, Philadelphia,1992 (distributor, American Institute of Physics, NewYork). xviii, 678 pp., illus. $160.

Energy Metabolism. Tissue Determinants andCellular Corollaries. John M. Kinney and Hugh N.Tucker, Eds. Raven, New York, 1992. xvi, 562 pp.,illus. $56. From a conference, Amsterdam, May 1991.

Entropy and Information. LAzI6 Or16ci. SPB Aca-demic, The Hague, 1991. x, 72 pp., illus. Paper, $22.Ecological Computations Series, vol. 3.

Environmental Hazards. Assessing Risk and Re-ducing Disaster. Keith Smith. Routledge, Chapmanand Hall, New York, 1992. xx, 324 pp., illus. $82.50.Routledge Physical Environment Series.

Environmental Jobs for Scientists and Engi-neers. Nicholas Basta. Wiley, New York, 1992. xii, 228pp., illus. $34.95; paper, $14.95.

Evaluer l'Intelligence de l'Enfant. Echelle deWechsler pour Enfants. Jacques Gregoire. Mardaga,Liege, France, 1992. 211 pp., illus. Paper, 154 Fr.Psychologie et Sciences Humaines.

Everyday Cognition In Adulthood and Late Ufe.Leonard W. Poon, David C. Rubin, and Barbara A.Wilson, Eds. Cambridge University Press, New York,1992. xii, 708 pp., illus. $99.95; paper, $29.95. Re-print, 1989 ed.

Exercises In Parallel Combinatorial Computing.G. A. P. Kindervater. Centrum voor Wiskunde enInformatica,Arnsterdam, 1992. vi, 110 pp., illus. Pa-per, Dfl. 39. CWI Tract 78.

Free Trade with Mexico. What's In It For Texas?Jan Gilbreath Rich and David Hurlbut. Lyndon B.

Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas atAustin, 1992. xvi, 64 pp., illus. Paper, $10. U.S.-Mexican Policy Report, 1.

Frontiers In Bioprocessing II. Paul Todd, SubhasK. Sikdar, and Milan Bier, Eds. American ChemicalSociety, Washington, DC, 1992. xx, 425 pp., illus.$99.95. Conference Proceedings Series. From a con-ference, Boulder, CO, June 1990.

Fundamentals of Biostatistical Inference. ChapT. Le. Dekker, New York, 1992. viii, 254 pp. $45.Statistics, vol. 124.

Growth Factors of the Vascular and NervousSystems. Functional Characterization and Biotechnol-ogy. C. Lenfant, R. Paoletti, and A. Albertini, Eds.Karger, New York, 1992. viii, 131 pp., illus. $99.25.From a symposium, Milan, May 1991.

A Guide to Human Helminths. Isabel Coombsand D. W. T. Crompton. Taylor and Francis, Philadel-phia, 1992. viii, 196 pp. $49.50.

The Holographic Universe. Michael Talbot. Harp-erPerennial (HarperCollins), New York, 1992. xiv, 338pp., illus. Paper, $10. Reprint, 1991 ed.

Homo Aestheticus. Where Art Comes From andWhy. Ellen Dissanayake. Free Press (Macmillan), NewYork, 1992. xxii, 297 pp., illus. $22.95.

Hot Carriers In Semiconductor Nanostructures.Physics and Applications. Jagdeep Shah, Ed. Pub-lished with AT&T by Academic Press, San Diego, CA,1992. xvi, 508 pp., illus. $99.

How To Think About Statistics. John L. Phillips,Jr. 2nd ed. Freeman, New York, 1992. xvi, 201 pp.,illus. $23.94; paper, $14.95. A Series of Books inPsychology.

The Human Genome. T. Strachan. Bios Scientific,Oxford, U.K., 1992 (U.S. distributor, Books Internation-al, McLean, VA). x, 160 pp., illus. Paper, $28. MedicalPerspectives Series.

Molecular Conformation and Biological Interac-tions. G. N. Ramachandran Festschrift. P. Balaramand S. Ramaseshan, Eds. Indian Academy of Scienc-es, Bangalore, 1991. xii, 722 pp., illus. $65.

Molecular Genetic Ecology. A. Rus Hoeizel andGabriel A. Dover. IRL (Oxford University Press), NewYork, 1992. x, 75 pp., illus. Paper, $14.95. In Focus.

Molecular Immunobiology of Self-Reactivity.Constantin A. Bona and Azad K. Kaushik, Eds. Dek-ker, New York, 1992. xii, 379 pp., illus. $150. Immu-nology, 55.

Molecular Neurovirology. Pathogenesis of ViralCNS Infections. Raymond P. Roos, Ed. Humana, To-towa, NJ, 1992. xx, 597 pp., illus. $99.50.

Neuropathogenic Viruses and Immunity. StevenSpecter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman,Eds. Plenum, New York, 1992. xx, 353 pp., illus.$82.50. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis.

Neurotoxins. P. Michael Conn, Ed. AcademicPress, San Diego, CA, 1992. xviii, 423 pp., illus. Spiralbound, $49.95. Methods in Neurosciences, vol. 8.

New Era of Bioenergetics. Yasuo Mukohata, Ed.Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992. xvi, 308 pp.,illus. $59.95.

New Flora of the British Isles. Clive Stace. Illus-trated by Hilli Thompson. Cambridge University Press,New York, 1992. xxx, 1226 pp. Paper, $75.

The Physics of Non-Crystailline Solids. L. DavidPye. W. C. La Course, and H. J. Stevens, Eds. Taylorand Francis, Philadelphia, 1992. xvi, 761 pp., illus.$125. From a conference, Cambridge, U.K., Aug.1991.

The Physics of Submicron Lithography. KamilA. Valiev. Plenum, New York, 1992. xii, 493 pp., illus.$89.50. Microdevices.

Physiological Adaptations in Vertebrates. Res-piration, Circulation, and Metabolism. Stephen C.Wood etal., Eds. Dekker, New York, 1992. xx, 419 pp.,illus., + plates. $150. Lung Biology in Health andDisease, 56. From a symposium, Copenhagen, June1989.

Physiology of the Insect Epidermis. Keith Bin-nington and Arthur Retnakaran. CSIRO, East Mel-bourne, Australia, 1992. xii, 344 pp., illus. $80.

Plant Biochemical Regulators. Harold W. Gaus-man, Ed. Dekker, New York, 1992. vii, 363 pp., illus.$125. Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment.

Plant Lectins. A. Pusztai. Cambridge UniversityPress, New York, 1992. viii, 263 pp., illus. $79.95.

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 3 JULY 1992

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Natural Products.Polarization of the Vacuum and a Quantum

Relativistic Gas in an External Field. A. Ye. Shabad.V. L. Ginzburg, Ed. Nova, Commack, NY, 1992. viii,236 pp., illus. Paper, $74. Proceedings of the LebedevPhysics Institute, vol. 191. Translated from the Russianby Christine A. Gallant.

Politics, Economics, and Welfare. Robert A. Dahland Charles E. Lindblom. Transaction Publishers, NewBrunswick, NJ, 1992. liv, 557 pp. Paper, $24.95.Reprint, 1991 ed.

Pollen and Spores. Patterns of Diversification. S.Blackmore and S. H. Barnes, Eds. Oxford UniversityPress, New York, 1992. xii, 391 pp., illus. $120. Sys-tematics Association Special Volume, 44. From asymposium, London, March 1990.

Population Ecology of Terrestrial Orchids. T. C.E. Wells and J. H. Willems, Eds. SPB Academic, TheHague, 1991. viii, 189 pp., illus. Paper, $41.

Practical Protein Chromatography. Andrew Ken-ney and Susan Fowell, Eds. Humana, Totowa, NJ,1992. x, 327 pp., illus. $59.50. Methods in MolecularBiology, vol. 11.

Practical Taxonomic Computing. Richard J.Pankhurst. Cambridge University Press, New York,1992. xii, 202 pp., illus. $49.95.

Precedent Inflation. Susan W. Brenner. Transac-tion Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1992. x, 371 pp.$39.95.

Probability with Martingales. David Williams.Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992. xvi, 251pp., illus. $59.95; paper, $27.95.

Prokaryotic Structure and Function. A New Per-spective. S. Mohan, C. Dow, and J. A. Coles, Eds.Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992. xii, 440pp., illus. $120. Symposia of the Society for GeneralMicrobiology, 47. From a symposium, Edinburgh, April1991.

Sourcebook for Science, Mathematics, andTechnology Education. 1992. Compiled and editedby Mary Beth Lennon and Barbara Walthall. AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science, Wash-ington, DC, 1992. vi, 218 pp. Paper, $12.95.

Spin and lsospin In Nuclear Interactions. ScottW. Wissink et al., Eds. Plenum, New York, 1991. x, 535pp., illus. 125. From a conference, Telluride, CO,March 1991.

Stable Isotope Geochemistry. A Tribute to Sam-uel Epstein. Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., James R. O'Neil, andIsaac R. Kaplan, Eds. Geochemical Society, SanAntonio, TX, 1992. xvi, 516 pp., illus. $65; to GSmembers, $45. Special Publication, 3. From a sympo-sium, Pasadena, CA, Dec. 1989.

The Stakrcase. John Templer. MIT Press, Cam-bridge, MA, 1992. 2 vols. Vol. 1, History and Theories,xiv, 185 pp., illus. $27.50. Vol. 2, Studies of Hazards,Falls, and Safer Design. xvi, 200 pp., illus. $32.50. Theset, $55.

Stars. James B. Kaler. Scientific American Library,New York, 1992. viii, 273 pp., illus. $32.95.

Static Encephalopathies of Infancy and Child-hood. Geoffrey Miller and Jeanette C. Ramer, Eds.Raven, New York, 1992. xii, 372 pp., illus. $115.

Statistics. Principles and Methods. Richard A.Johnson and Gouri K. Bhattacharyya. 2nd ed. Wiley,New York, 1992. xviii, 686 pp., illus. $49.95. Series inProbability and Mathematical Statistics.

The Stefan Problem. Anvarbek M. Meirmanov. DeGruyter, Hawthorne, NY, 1992. x, 244 pp., illus. $89.Expositions in Mathematics, 3. Translated from theRussian edition (Novosibirsk, 1986) by Marek Niez-g6dka and Anna Crowley.

Strategies to Control Tobacco Use In the UnitedStates. A Blueprint for Public Health Action in the1990's. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes ofHealth, Bethesda, MD, 1992. xxxii, 298 pp., illus.Paper. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs, 1.

Successful Lab Reports. A Manual for ScienceStudents. Christopher S. Lobban and Maria Schefter.Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992. vi, 106pp., illus. $32.95; paper, $11.95.

The Superfamily of ras-Related Genes. Dem-etrios A. Spandidos, Ed. Plenum, New York, 1992. x,338 pp., illus. $89.50. NATO Advanced Science Insti-tutes Series A, vol. 220. From a workshop, Crete,Greece, May 1991.-

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