Human Biotechnology

Human Biotechnology

•is about you and me, not about other creatures on Earth

•could a perfect person be in the near future

Human Biotechnology•we are not sure if we want one, or if we do, what traits we would want

The Human Organism•humans are similar to other animals, but major differences

•scientific name of human = Homo Sapiens

The Human Organism•first Homo Sapiens on earth- 300,000 to 400,000years ago

•each body cell of a human has 46 chromosomes

The Human Organism•human consists of cells, tissue, organs, organ systems

•humans are primates (180 species of animals are primates), but still quite different

The Human Organism•organ systems do a lot of work (e.g. the heart - at age of 70 it has pumped 46 million gallons)

The Human Organism•heart failure is leading cause of the human death

•skeleton protects the internal organs

The Human Organism•ligaments are tissues that hold the skeleton together

•skin covers the body and maintains the body temperature

The Human Organism•nerve endings in skin sense pain, cold, heat…

•brain provides response to these conditions

The Human Organism•muscles provide movement

•cells must have nutrients to correctly function

The Human Organism•digestive system breaks food into useful substances

•respiratory system provides oxygen to the body and rids it of carbon dioxide

The Human Organism•gas exchange with the blood occurs in the lungs

The Human Organism•circulatory system (heart, blood vessels) carries oxygen from the lungs for the cells and brings wastes to the lungs and kidneys

The Human Organism•urinary system removes certain wastes from blood and flushes them from the body

The Human Organism•wastes move to urinary bladder and is squeezed from the body through the urethra

•reproductive systems vary with gender

The Human Organism

•mammary system develops in females (milk for babies)

Life Process•includes growth and repair, obtaining food and nutrients, circulation, respiration, secretion, sensation movement, and elimination

Life Process•reproduction - human continues as new generations

Life Process•humans have high developed brain and gives us the abilities to speak, to reason, to create technology

Life Process•to stand up right, to walk on two legs distinguish us from the primates

•humans live longer and develop slower

Human Development•is the progressive maturation of an individual from birth until death

•culture consists of the ways individuals have developed to go about life

Human Development•characteristics are transmitted from one to another generation

Developmental Stages•combination of biological and cultural advancement has several developmental stages

Developmental Stages

•common stages are: -Infancy-Preschool-Child Years-Teenage Years-Adulthood

Biotech Supports Development

•used to promote health•ethical decisions are involved

•people vary about the view of biotech

Human Genomics•is all of the genes that comprise the genetic makeup of humans

•is the total genetic composition of humans

Human Genomics•efforts are now underway to identify all genomes

•will allow isolation, treatment, replacement of defective ones

Human Genome Project•(HGP) is an international effort of involving scientists, educators, students in locating and identifying every human gene

Human Genome Project•HGP•large task•will provide insight into evolution

4 Approaches•Genetic Mapping•Physical Mapping•Sequencing•Analyzing genomes of other species

4 Approaches to HGP•Genetic Mapping•Physical Mapping•Sequencing•Analyzing genomes of other species

Background•Human Genome Organization (HUGO) is an international group that coordinates HGP

•formed in 1988

Background•Canada, Italy, France, UK, USA are active

•efforts with mice, bacteria, plants

Background•3 bacterial genomes have been completed

•progress has been more rapid than expected

•widespread use of HGP information in 2010

Findings•human organism has about 100,000 genes

•has 23 pairs of chromosomes - 22 autosomal chromosome pairs and 1 sex chromosome pair ( YY or XX)

Findings•more than 3 billion base pairs in haploid genome

•an autosome is a chromosome that is not sex chromosome

Findings•physical maps show locations of and distances between genes and DNA fragments

Findings•genetic linkage map shows the relative arrangement and distance between genes

•then DNA gets sequenced

Helping Humans live better •scientist have been manipulating genes at the molecular level

•these efforts improve human well being

Helping Humans live better•down’s syndrome is a disease in which a baby is born with an extra chromosome

Helping Humans live better•1 in 600- 800 babies is born with it

•having a baby with down syndrome increase with the mother’s age

Helping Humans Live Better•small head, enlarged tongue, eyes that slant upward

•many die within year•no treatments available

Gene Therapy•is the transfer of genes to a human organism

•make up of a human is altered

Gene Therapy•procedure is controversial

•once therapy is done, the human is a GMO (genetically modified organism)

Vaccine•help the body to recognize and fight disease

•use weakened or killed germs for a virus to introduce antigen proteins attached to a virus

Vaccine•body builds resistance•vaccine for hepatitis is made by inserting the gene responsible for this antigen into yeast cells

Vaccine•each yeast cell makes a copy of itself and the antigen gene

•antigen is later purified

Vaccine•when injected into the body, antigen stimulates the production of antibodies that combat hepatitis

Prosthetics •is the use of artificial parts of the human body

•includes the study and use of mechanical devises to replace or supplement natural human parts

Prosthetics•that includes joint replacements, heart peacemakers, intraocular lenses

Prosthetics•a dialysis machine is a kind of prosthesis that performs functions normal kidneys would do in removing wastes from blood

Prosthetics•biocompatibility - implanted devices must be mechanically fit for the purpose and not rejected by the body

Prosthetics•externally used devices must provide the appropriate mechanical action and support

Prosthetics•carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that develops when people do the same activities over and over

•mechanical devices are used to promote healing

Diagnostics•is the identification of a human health problem or other conditions

•knowing the approach to use in treating disease requires accurate diagnosis of condition

Genomics and Computers

•diagnosis relies on human genetic information

•computer databases are being used in diagnostics

•help matching genes with health conditions

Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

•Microdissection is a method of obtaining pure cells from diseased sections of tissue

Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

•is often used to test for precancerous cells or invading cancer cells

Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

•molecular analysis can be used to study the cells for evidence of disease

Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

•allows comparison with diseased DNA stored in microdissected libraries or bulk tissue libraries