html5 and css in hindi

HTML5 with CSS in Hindi

http://www.bccfalna.com/

HHTTMMLL55 wwiitthh

CCSSSS

iinn HHiinnddii Kuldeep Chand

Betalab Computer Center Falna




Copyright 2012 by Kuldeep Chand

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information

storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the

publisher.

Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every

occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the

benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti

School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116

e-mail [email protected], or visit http://www.bccfalna.com.

For information on translations, please contact Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti

School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116

Phone 91-97994-55505

The information in this book is distributed on an as is basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to

any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or

indirectly by the information contained in this book.



This book is dedicated to those who really

wants to learn the subject rather than those

who only wants to earn the marks in exam.



ContentsContents ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Web Development Fundamentals ..................................................................................................... 8

Web Browsers ................................................................................................................................... 9

High Level Structure of Web Browser ........................................................................................ 10

The Rendering Engine ................................................................................................................. 11

HTML DTD ................................................................................................................................ 13

DOM (Document Object Model) ................................................................................................ 13

Script and Stylesheet Parsing Order ............................................................................................ 14

Render Tree relation with DOM Tree ......................................................................................... 15

Internet Related General Terms ...................................................................................................... 18

Network ....................................................................................................................................... 18

WWW World Wide Web ......................................................................................................... 18 Protocol ....................................................................................................................................... 18

IP Address ................................................................................................................................... 19

Host or Server ............................................................................................................................. 19

Resources .................................................................................................................................... 20

URL Uniform Resource Locator .............................................................................................. 21 HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ......................................................................................... 23

Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 23

Attributes ..................................................................................................................................... 24

Content Categories .......................................................................................................................... 26

Main Content Category ............................................................................................................... 26

Form-Associated Content ............................................................................................................ 28

Architecture of HTML Document ................................................................................................... 30

........................................................................................................................... 30

Element ........................................................................................................................... 30

...................................................................................................................... 31

Elements Nesting ........................................................................................................................ 32

Element - Document Header .......................................................................................... 32

Document Body .......................................................................................................................... 44

Internet is for All ............................................................................................................................. 45

Hyperlinks ....................................................................................................................................... 47

- Anchor Element ................................................................................................................. 47

Grouping Contents .......................................................................................................................... 57

- Paragraph Element ........................................................................................................... 57

- Horizontal Rule Element .................................................................................................. 59

- Preformatted Text Element ............................................................................................ 59

- Large Quote Element ........................................................................................ 59

List Elements ............................................................................................................................... 60

- Definition List .................................................................................................................. 63

- Definition Element ........................................................................................................ 65

and - Element ..................................................................................... 66

- Divition Element ........................................................................................................... 67

Texts ................................................................................................................................................ 69

Emphasizing the Content ............................................................................................................ 69

- Emphasis Element .......................................................................................................... 69

- Strong Element .......................................................................................................... 70

- Strike Element.................................................................................................................... 70

- Cite Element .................................................................................................................. 70

- Small Element ............................................................................................................ 71

- Small Quote Element ........................................................................................................ 71

- Abbreviation Element................................................................................................... 71



Element .......................................................................................................................... 72

Element ............................................................................................................................. 72

Element ......................................................................................................................... 72

- Sub-Script Element ........................................................................................................ 73

- Super-Script Element ..................................................................................................... 73

- Italic Element ..................................................................................................................... 74

- Bold Element ..................................................................................................................... 74

- Mark Element .............................................................................................................. 74

- Bi-Directional Override Element................................................................................... 75

Element ........................................................................................................................... 75

and - Line Break Elements...................................................................................... 76

Content Edit Elements ..................................................................................................................... 78

- Insert Element ................................................................................................................. 78

- Delete Element ............................................................................................................... 79

Tabular Data ................................................................................................................................... 81

Element .......................................................................................................................... 81

Element ...................................................................................................................... 81

- Table Row Element .......................................................................................................... 81

- Table Header Element ................................................................................................ 82

- Table Header Element ...................................................................................................... 82

- Table Body Element ................................................................................................... 82

- Table Data Element .......................................................................................................... 83

- Table Footer Element ................................................................................................... 84

Left or Right Column Heading.................................................................................................... 86

- Column Group Element ........................................................................................ 87

- Column Element ............................................................................................................. 89

Interactive Elements ........................................................................................................................ 93

Element ....................................................................................................................... 93

Element ................................................................................................................... 93

Embedded Contents ........................................................................................................................ 95

- Image Element .............................................................................................................. 95

iframe Inline Frame Element .................................................................................................... 96 Object Element ............................................................................................................................ 97

- Parameter Element .................................................................................................... 98

Element ......................................................................................................................... 99

Element ....................................................................................................................... 101

Element ..................................................................................................................... 101

Element ..................................................................................................................... 102

- Image Map Element.................................................................................................... 102

Element ......................................................................................................................... 102

Semantics Page Organizational Elements .................................................................................. 105 Outline ...................................................................................................................................... 105

Element ........................................................................................................................ 108

Element ..................................................................................................................... 108

Element ..................................................................................................................... 111

. . . Elements ........................................................................................................... 113

Element ..................................................................................................................... 118

Element .......................................................................................................................... 121

Element ...................................................................................................................... 122

Element ...................................................................................................................... 124

Element .................................................................................................................... 124

Article V/s Section ................................................................................................................... 125

Element ........................................................................................................................ 127

Forms User Interaction Interface ............................................................................................... 129



Element ........................................................................................................................ 129

Element .................................................................................................................... 133

Element ..................................................................................................................... 134

Element ........................................................................................................................ 134

Element ........................................................................................................................ 135

Element ...................................................................................................................... 164

Element ...................................................................................................................... 165

Element ....................................................................................................................... 166

- Option Group Element ....................................................................................... 169

Element .................................................................................................................... 171

Element ................................................................................................................... 173

Element .................................................................................................................. 175

Element ....................................................................................................................... 176

Global Attributes ........................................................................................................................... 178

accesskey Attribute ................................................................................................................... 178

class Attribute............................................................................................................................ 178

contenteditable Attribute ........................................................................................................... 179

dir Attribute ............................................................................................................................... 180

draggable Attribute .................................................................................................................... 181

hidden Attribute ........................................................................................................................ 181

id Attribute ................................................................................................................................ 182

lang Attribute ............................................................................................................................ 182

spellcheck Attribute .................................................................................................................. 182

style Attribute ............................................................................................................................ 183

tabindex Attribute ...................................................................................................................... 183

title Attribute ............................................................................................................................. 184

Last Thing about HTML5 : From the author ................................................................................ 186

CSS Cascading Style Sheet ....................................................................................................... 187 Structure ( HTML) .................................................................................................................... 187

Style (CSS) ................................................................................................................................ 187

Behavior (JavaScript) ................................................................................................................ 187

HTML DOM ................................................................................................................................. 189

Ancestors .................................................................................................................................. 190

Descendents............................................................................................................................... 190

Parent ........................................................................................................................................ 191

Children ..................................................................................................................................... 191

Siblings ...................................................................................................................................... 191

Inheritance ................................................................................................................................. 191

CSS Basics ................................................................................................................................. 193 Selector ..................................................................................................................................... 193

Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 193

CSS File Creation .......................................................................................................................... 196

CSS Fundamentals ........................................................................................................................ 199

Keywords .................................................................................................................................. 199

Strings ....................................................................................................................................... 200

Length and Measurement Options ............................................................................................ 201

Colors color Property ............................................................................................................. 207 CSS Selectors ................................................................................................................................ 215

Universal Selector ..................................................................................................................... 215

Type Selector ............................................................................................................................ 215

Group Selector ......................................................................................................................... 216

Child Selector ............................................................................................................................ 217

Descendent Selector .................................................................................................................. 218

Direct Adjacent Sibling Selector ............................................................................................... 220



Class Selector ............................................................................................................................ 221

id Selector ................................................................................................................................. 222

CSS Attribute Selectors ................................................................................................................. 224

Selection on the Presence of Attribute Selector ........................................................................ 224

Selection on the Presence of Attribute Value ........................................................................... 224

Selection based on Attribute Values Begins with a String (^=) ................................................ 226

Selection based on Attribute Values Ends with a String ($=) ................................................... 226

Selection based on Attribute Values Contains a String (*=) ..................................................... 226

CSS Box Model............................................................................................................................. 228

Box Model Fundamental ........................................................................................................... 230

Padding ...................................................................................................................................... 231

Border ........................................................................................................................................ 231

Margin ....................................................................................................................................... 231

Border Property ......................................................................................................................... 234

Handling Box Border ................................................................................................................ 236

Outline Property ........................................................................................................................ 241

Border Radius Property ............................................................................................................. 243

CSS Box Height and Width ................................................................................................... 245 min-width, max-width, min-height, max-height ....................................................................... 249

Overflow Property ..................................................................................................................... 251

overflow-x and overflow-y Properties ...................................................................................... 254

line-height Property ................................................................................................................... 255

Margin Something Special ..................................................................................................... 257 Block and Inline - Types of Elements ....................................................................................... 259

CSS Positioning ............................................................................................................................ 261

Box Positioning - position Property .......................................................................................... 261

Float Positioning float Property ............................................................................................ 293 Table Positioning display Property ........................................................................................ 315

CSS Table ..................................................................................................................................... 334

Table Background Basics .......................................................................................................... 335

border Property.......................................................................................................................... 337

border-collapse Property ........................................................................................................... 337

border-spacing Property ............................................................................................................ 338

caption-side Property ................................................................................................................ 339

empty-cells Property ................................................................................................................. 341

Row Width Calculation ............................................................................................................. 342

table-layout Property ................................................................................................................. 344

Table Height Algoritms ............................................................................................................. 345

vertical-align property ............................................................................................................... 345

CSS Background ........................................................................................................................... 352

background-color Property ........................................................................................................ 352

background-image Property ...................................................................................................... 352

background-repeat Property ...................................................................................................... 352

background-attachment Property .............................................................................................. 355

background-positioin Property .................................................................................................. 355

CSS Visibility................................................................................................................................ 358

visible Value.............................................................................................................................. 358

hidden Value ............................................................................................................................. 358

collapse Value ........................................................................................................................... 358

visibility:hidden vs display:none ............................................................................................... 358

CSS Fonts ...................................................................................................................................... 360

Font Controling Properties ........................................................................................................ 360

Text Formatting Properties........................................................................................................ 368

CSS Lists ....................................................................................................................................... 378



list-style-type Property .............................................................................................................. 378

list-style-image Property ........................................................................................................... 379

list-style-position Property ........................................................................................................ 380

marker-offset Property .............................................................................................................. 380

list-style Property ...................................................................................................................... 380

CSS Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................................ 381

cursor Property .......................................................................................................................... 381

Inheritance ................................................................................................................................. 382

CSS Cascading System ............................................................................................................. 383

!important Rule ......................................................................................................................... 386

CSS Pseudo Elements and Pseudo Class Selectors ....................................................................... 388

::first-letter and ::first-line Pseudo Element .............................................................................. 388

::selection Element .................................................................................................................... 389

::before and ::after Pseudo Elements ........................................................................................ 390

Psuedo Classes .......................................................................................................................... 397

Last Thing about CSS : From the author ....................................................................................... 412

Web Development Fundamentals Web Development = 50% Science +50% Art

ge Web dks nks fgLlksa esa Divide dj ldrs gSaA

1 Web Site

2 Web Application

Website lkekU;r;k Advertisement ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrh gS tcfd Web Application, Data dks

Manage djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA

;fn ge Web dks vU; rjhds ls Categories djsa] rks ge fQj ls Web dks nks fgLlksa esa ckaV ldrs

gSa%

1 Front End

2 Back End

ge ,d Website dks Hkh nks fgLlksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa %

1 Static Web Site

2 Dynamic Web Site

Dynamic Website dks Hkh nks fgLlksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa %

1 Client Side Dynamic

2 Server Side Dynamic

Client Side Dynamic Websites dks Interactive Website Hkh dgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k bl izdkj dh

Websites esa Client Side esa JavaScript ;k blds fdlh Framework dk iz;ksx djds Front End

dks Interactive cuk;k tkrk gSA tcfd Server Side Dynamic Website esa Webpage ij fn[kkbZ nsus

okys Contents User dh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij Server ls cudj Client Web Browser esa Display

gksrs gSaA

Client Side ds Web Browser esa User ds lkeus fn[kkbZ nsus okyk Web Page, Front End dgykrk

gS] tcfd ml Front End dks Generate djus okyk vFkok mlesa Modification djus okyk Owner

Website ds ftl fgLls dks Access djrk gS] mls Back End dgk tk ldrk gSA

Website dk fn[kkbZ nsus okyk fgLlk Hkh rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS %



1 Structure of Web Page 2 Style of Web Page

3 Behavior of Web Page

Webpage ds Structure dks r; djus dk dke HTML dk gksrk gSA

Webpage ds Appearance dks Define djus dk dke CSS dk gksrk gSA

Webpage dks Interactivite o Dynamic cukus dk dke JavaScript dk gksrk gSA

Website ds Back End dks nks fgLlksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS%

1 Server Side Scripting Language

2 Server Side Database

Server Side dh Scripting Language ds :i esa lkekU;r;k ASP, PHP, JSP vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS] tcfd Website ls lacaf/kr Data dks ftl Software esa Store fd;k tkrk gS] mls

Database Software dgk tkrk gS] tks fd lkekU;r;k SQL ;k MySql gksrk gSA

Client Side ls vkus okys Data dks fdl izdkj ls Process djuk gS] bl ckr dk fu.kZ; Server

Side Scripting Language ysrk gS vkSj Data dks Process djus ds ckn mls tgka Store fd;k tkrk

gS] og DBMS Software gksrk gSA

buds vykok Web Browser lkekU;r;k Client Software gksrk gS tcfd Web Server, Server

Software gksrk gSA Client fdlh Resource dh Request djrk gS vkSj Web Server ml Request

dks iwjk djds Client dks mldk okafNr Resource miyC/k djokrk gSA

Web Browsers Web Browsers dh Functionality dks le>s fcuk ge Web Development dks Bhd ls ugha le>

ldrsA blfy, ge lcls igys Web Browsers o mudh Fundamental Functionality dks Bhd ls

le>saxsA orZeku le; esa ikap Web Browsers eq[; gSa tks lcls T;knk mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSa%

1 Internet Explorer 2 Mozilla FireFox 3 Apple Safari 4 Google Chrome

5 Opera

Web Browser dk eq[; dke HTML Files dks HTML o CSS Specifications ds vk/kkj ij

Display djuk gksrk gSA HTML Files dks lkekU;r;k Web Pages dgk tkrk gS rFkk Web Pages

dks Web Browser esa Display gksus dh izf;k dks Web Page dk Render gksuk dgrs gSaA

dksbZ Web Page fdlh Web Browser esa fdl rjg ls Render gksuk pkfg,] rkfd og Web Page

fofHkUu Devices tSls fd Mobile Phones, Desktop Computers, Laptops Notebooks, iPad, Tablet

vkfn esa ,d leku fn[kkbZ ns] bl ckr dks r; djus ds fy, W3C (World Wide Web

Consortium) uke dh ,d Organization Web ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds Specifications rS;kj

djrh gS vkSj fofHkUu Web Browsers cukus okyh Companies, W3C }kjk r; fd, x, bu

Standards ds vk/kkj ij vius Web Browsers cukrh gSA

W3C Organization okLro esa cgqr lkjh cMh dEifu;ksa tSls fd MicroSoft, Google, Apple, Dell,

AT&T vkfn dk ,d lewg gS] tks vkil esa feydj ;s r; djrs gSa fd Web fdl rjg ls

Develop gks] rkfd bu lHkh Companies ds Software o Hardware vkil esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk



T;knk ls T;knk Compatible jgsa vkSj Web Developers dks fofHkUu izdkj dh Devices o

Softwares ds fy, vyx&vyx rjg ds Codes u fy[kus iMsaA

lHkh Web Browsers dk User Interface yxHkx ,d leku gh gksrk gS ftlesa %

1 URL Insert djus ds fy, ,d Address Bar gksrk gSA 2 vxys o fiNys ist ij tkus ds fy, ,d Back o Forward Button gksrk gSA 3 fdlh ist dks Bookmark djus ds fy, Bookmark Option gksrk gSA 4 ,d Refresh o Stop Button gksrk gS] tks Web Page dks Web Browser esa fQj ls Load

gksus ds fy, Refresh o Web Page dks Web Browser esa Load gksus ls jksdus ds fy,

Stop djrk gSA

5 Home Button] tks fd Web Site ds Home Page ij igqapus ds fy, gksrk gSA

High Level Structure of Web Browser fdlh Hkh Web Browser ds fuEu Components gksrs gSa %

1 User Interface

Web Browser dk og fgLlk tgka ij Page fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ds vykok Home Button,

Back Button, Forward Button, Address Bar, Bookmarking Option vkfn User Interface

ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA

2 Browser Engine ;s fgLlk Rendering Engine o User Interface Layer ds chp gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa ds chp

vkil esa Communication LFkkfir djokrk gSA

3 Rendering Engine

User }kjk Request fd, x, Web Page dks Web Browser esa Render djus ds fy, ;s

fgLlk ftEesnkj gksrk gSA blh fgLls dks irk gksrk gS fd fofHkUu HTML Markup

Elements o CSS Rules dk D;k eryc gSA fdlh Heading ;k Paragraph dks

fdl rjg ls Web Browser ds Document Area esa Render djuk gS vkSj fofHkUu

Elements ij fdlh CSS Style dks fdl rjg ls Apply djuk gSA

4 Networking ;s fgLlk Network Calls tSls fd HTTP Request ls lacaf/kr gksrk gSA ;s Platform

Independent Interface gksrk gSA

5 User Interface Backend

HTML Page ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys fofHkUu User Interface Elements tSls fd Text Box,

List Box, Window vkfn dks Web Browser dk ;s fgLlk Handle djrk gSA fofHkUu Form

Level Elements dks Handle djus ds fy, ;s fgLlk Operating System ds User Interface

Methods dks mi;ksx esa ysrk gSA

6 JavaScript Interpreter

Web Browser dk ;s fgLlk JavaScript Codes dks Parse o Execute djus dk dke djrk

gSA

7 Data Storage ;s fgLlk Web Page ds fofHkUu t:jh Data tSls fd Cookies, Browser History vkfn dks

Device dh Storage tSls fd Hard Disk ;k Memory Card esa Store djrk gSA HTML5



Specification esa Local Database ds Concept dks Specify fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa Web

Browser ds lkFk Local Device (Computer/Mobile vkfn) ij Database Storage gksuk

pkfg,] rkfd HTML5 dk iz;ksx Local Applications Create djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk

ldsA

Google Chrome ,d ,slk Web Browser gS] ftlesa gj Tab ds fy, ,d vyx Rendering Engine

gksrk gS tcfd vU; Web Browsers esa lHkh Tabs ds fy, dsoy ,d gh Rendering Engine gksrk

gSA

The Rendering Engine Rendering Engine dk eq[; dke gS Web Page dks Render djuk ;kuh Web Page dks Browser

Screen (Document Windows) esa Display djukA ewy :i ls Rendering Engine HTML, XML o

Images dks Render dj ldrk gSA tcfd vU; izdkj ds Content dks Display djus ds fy,

Browser Extension ;k Plugins dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, PDF Document dks

Display djus ds fy, gesa lkekU;r;k PDF Viewer Plug-in (Adobe Reader) dk iz;ksx djuk

iMrk gSA

FireFox vius Web Browser esa Gecko Rendering Engine dk iz;ksx djrk gS tks fd FireFox dk

Home Made Rendering Engine gS tcfd Chrome o Safari nksuksa Webkit Rendering Engine dk

iz;ksx djrs gSaA Webkit ,d Open Source Rendering Engine gS tks Linux Platform ds fy,

Develop fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa Apple us Mac OS o Windows dks Support djus ds fy, bls

Modify fd;kA QyLo:i Chrome o Safari Windows o Mac OS ds fy, cu ldsA

Rendering Engine Flow

Rendering Engine Requested Document dk Content Networking Layer ls izkIr djrk gSA

lkekU;r;k ;s 8KB Memory Chunk ds :i esa Rendering Engine dks izkIr gksrk gSA Network

Layer ls Document Content izkIr djus ds ckn Rendering Engine fuEu Flow esa dke djrk gS %



1 Rendering Engine HTML Document dh Parsing djuk kq: djrk gS vkSj fofHkUu HTML Elements dks DOM Nodes ds :i esa Convert djrk gS] ftls Content Tree

dgrs gSaA lkFk gh ;s Style Data (Inline Style, External Stylesheet) dks Parse djrk gS

vkSj Structural Information (HTML Elements) rFkk Styling Information (Stylesheet)

nksuksa dks vkil esa Combine djds ,d ubZ Tree Create djrk gS] ftls Render Tree

dgrs gSaA

2 lHkh Style Attributes ds lkFk Render Tree esa gj Node dk ,d Rectangle curk gS]

ftlesa Color, Dimensions vkfn dh Information gksrh gSA lHkh Rectangles mlh e esa

gksrs gaS] ftl e esa mUgsa HTML Document esa Specify fd;k x;k gSA

3 Render Tree cuus ds ckn ;s Layout Process ij tkrk gS ;kuh Rendering Engine Tree

ds gj Node ds Exact Coordinates Specify djds ;s r; djrk gS fd gj Node, Web

Browser dh Screen (Document Window) esa Exactly dgka ij fn[kkbZ nsxkA

4 vUr esa User Interface Backend Layer }kjk Render Tree ds gj Node dh Traversing

gksrh gS vkSj gj Node mldh Exact Location ij Web Browser dh Screen esa Paint

gksrk gSA

Rendering Engine iwjs Document ds Web Browser esa Download gksus dk bUrtkj ugha djrk

cfYd tSls&tSls Document dk Content Rendering Engine esa Download gksrk tkrk gS]

Rendering Engine mls Web Browser esa Render djrk jgrk gSA

lkekU;r;k lHkh Web Browsers blh e dks Follow djrs gSaA ysfdu Webkit dh Working

Strategy FkksMh vyx gSA Gecko Frame Tree uke ds ,d Visually Formatted Elements dh

Tree dks Call djrk gS] ftlesa gj Element ,d Frame gksrk gSA tcfd Webkit Frame Tree

ds LFkku ij Render Tree kCn dk iz;ksx djrk gS ftlds lHkh Elements dks Render Objects dgk tkrk gSA

Elements dks Place djus dh izf;k dks Webkit esa Layout dgk tkrk gS tcfd Gecko esa bls

Reflow dgrs gSaA DOM Nodes o Visual Information dks Connect djus dh izf;k dks

Webkit esa Attachment kCn }kjk Denote fd;k tkrk gSA



Webkit o Gecko nksuksa esa ,d eq[; vUrj ;gh gS fd Gecko esa HTML o DOM Tree ds chp

,d Extra Layer gksrh gS] ftls Content Sink dgk tkrk gS] tks fd DOM Elements Create

djus dk dke djrk gSA

Parsing

Document dh Parsing ,d ,slh izf;k gS] ftldk eryc Document dks ,d ,sls Structure esa

Organize djuk gS] ftldk dksbZ Meaning gks vkSj ftls Code }kjk le>k o Access fd;k tk

ldsA Parsing ds Result ds :i esa lkekU;r;k Nodes dh ,d Tree izkIr gksrh gS] tks Document

ds Structure dks Represent djrh gSA bls Parse Tree ;k Syntax Tree dgrs gSaA

HTML DTD

HTML DTD ,d izdkj dk Format gksrk gS] tks HTML ds lHkh Allowed Elements dh

Definitions, Attributes o Hierarchy dks Hold djrk gS vkSj bl ckr dks Specify djrk gS fd

dkSuls HTML Elements fdl izdkj ls Organize gksus pkfg,A

DOM (Document Object Model) Parse Tree ;k Render Tree, DOM Elements o Attribute Nodes dh ,d Tree gksrh gSA Tree ds

gj Node dks Object dgk tkrk gSA DOM dk gj Mode fdlh HTML Document ds fofHkUu

HTML o Attribute Node rFkk muds Interfaces ds lewg dks Represent djrk gSA

gj Object okLro esa Properties o Methods dk ,d Collection gksrk gSA Properties fdlh Object

dh Appearance o States ls lacaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks Hold djrk gS tcfd Methods mu

tkudkfj;ksa dks Access djus dk dke djrs gSaA

Render Tree esa gj HTML Element o Attribute ,d Object dh rjg gksrk gS] ftlds fofHkUu

Attributes tSls fd Styles vkfn mu HTML Elements dh Properties ds :i esa gksrs gSa vkSj bu

Properties dks JavaScript tSlh fdlh Programming Language }kjk fofHkUu Interface Methods ds

Through Access fd;k tkrk gSA

DOM esa Render Tree ds gj Element ds chp One to One dh Relationship gksrh gSA tSls%

Hello World

tc ;s HTML Document Parse gksxk] rc cuus okyk Render Tree fuEukuqlkj ,d DOM Tree ds

:i esa Represent gksxk %



HTML dh rjg gh DOM Hkh W3C Organization }kjk Specified gSA ;s Document dks

Manipulate djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k ,d Generic Specification gS] tks r; djrk gS fd fdlh

HTML Document ds fofHkUu Elements o Attributes rd fdl rjg ls igqapk tk, vkSj fdl

rjg ls mUgsa Access fd;k tk,A

DOM Tree fdlh Document dk In-Memory Representation gksrk gSA

Script and Stylesheet Parsing Order

Scripts

tc HTML Document dh Parsing gksrh gS vkSj Parser Element ij igqaprk gS] rks

Document dh Parsing rc rd ds fy, :d tkrh gS] tc rd fd Script iwjh rjg ls Web

Browser esa u vk tk,A ;fn Script External gks] rks Parsing rc gksuk kq: gksrk gS] tc og Script iwjh rjg ls Web Browser esa Download gks tkrh gSA

HTML5 esa ge fdlh Script dks Asynchronous Mark djds Web Browser dks ;s crk ldrs gSa

fd Document Normal rjhds ls fcuk :ds gq, Download gks rFkk Script ,d vyx Thread esa

Download gks] rkfd Script ds Load gksus rd] Document dh Parsing u :ds ;kuh Render

Engine Script ds Load gksus dk Wait u djsA

Webkit o Gecko, nksuksa gh Engines dks bl lqfo/kk ds fy, Optimize fd;k x;k gSA tc ,d

Thread Script dks Execute dj jgk gksrk gS] mlh le; nwljk Thread Document dh Parsing dj

jgk gksrk gS vkSj Document ds fy, t:jh lHkh Resources dks Network ls izkIr dj jgk gksrk

gSA bl rjg ls HTML5 Supported Web Browsers esa Parallel Form esa Document dh Rendering

gksrh gSA

/;ku j[kus okyh ckr ;s gS fd ;s izf;k dsoy External Scripts, Style Sheets o Images ij

Apply gksrh gSA Internal Styles, Scripts o Images Normal rjhds ls gh Parse gksrs gSa rFkk

Document ds vk/kkj ij cuus okyh DOM Tree esa Hkh fdlh rjg dk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA

Stylesheets

Stylesheets lkekU;r;k DOM Tree dks fdlh izdkj ls Modify ugha djrs blfy, Stylesheet dk

Script ls igys Load gksuk t:jh ugha gksrk] ysfdu ;fn dksbZ Script DOM Tree ds fdlh Style

dks Access djrk gS] rks ml fLFkfr esa Stylesheet dk Script ls igys Load gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA

bl Issue dks Webkit o Gecko Engines nksuksa vius rjhds ls Handle djrs gSaA



;fn fdlh Script dks fdlh Style Sheet ds Content dh t:jr gks] rks FireFox Script dks rc

rd ds fy, Block dj nsrk gS] tc rd fd Stylesheet iwjh rjg ls Load o Parse ugha gks tkrk

tcfd Webkit dsoy mlh fLFkfr esa fdlh Script dks Block djrk gS] ;fn Script fdlh

Unloaded Style Sheet dh Properties dks Modify djus dh dksfkk djrk gSA

tc DOM Tree Construct gks jgk gksrk gS] rc Browser ,d nwljh Tree Create djrk gS] ftls

Render Tree dgrs gSaA ;s Tree Visual Elements ds ml e esa gksrh gS] ftl e esa Visual

Elements Web Browser esa Display gksus okys gksrs gSaA ;s Document dk Visual Representation

gksrk gSA bl Tree dk ewy mn~ns; Web Browser esa Contents dks lgh e esa Paint djuk gksrk gSA

FireFox Render Tree ds Elements dks Frames dgrk gS tcfd Webkit esa bls Renderer ;k

Render Object dgk tkrk gSA Renderer ;k Render Object ;s tkurk gS fd mls o mlds

Childers dks Web Browser esa fdl izdkj ls Layout o Paint gksuk gSA

Render Tree relation with DOM Tree gj Render Object, DOM Element ls lacaf/kr gksrk gS] ysfdu budk Relation One to One dk ugha

gksrkA Non-Visual DOM Elements tSls Head Element ;k ftu Elements dh Display Property

dks None fd;k x;k gSA Render Tree esa Insert ugha gksrs] gkykafd Hidden Visibility okys

Elements Render Tree esa Appear gksrs gSaA

dqN ,sls DOM Elements Hkh gksrs gSa tks dbZ Visual Objects ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA tSls select

Element ds rhu Render Object gksrs gSaA ,d Display Area ds fy,] nwljk Drop Down List Box

ds fy, o rhljk Click fd, tkus okys Dropdown Button ds fy,A

blh rjg ls fdlh Multi Line Text Box esa tc Text ,d gh Line esa iwjh rjg ls ugha lek

ldrk vkSj nwljh Link esa tkrk gS] rc gj Line ds fy, ,d u;k Render Object Create gksrk gSA

dqN Render Objects ,d DOM Mode ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa ysfdu Tree esa leku Location ij

ughaA tSls Floats o Absolutely Positioned Elements Document ds Normal Flow ls ckgj pys

tkrs gSa blfy, ;s ,d Render Objects dh Tree esa leku Place ij ugha cfYd fdlh Different

Place ij Place gksrs gSaA

;kuh ;fn ljy kCnksa esa dgsa] rks fdlh HTML Document dk gj Element o Attribute, Web Browser dh Memory esa ,d Object ds :i esa Modal gks tkrk gS] rkfd Web Browser, W3C

Organization }kjk Specified Specification ds vuqlkj ml Modal dks Display dj ldsA

Document ds bl Memory Representation dks ljy kCnksa esa ge DOM Tree dg ldrs gSa] tks fd fdlh Hkh Web Page ds lkjs Structure dks Represent djrk gSA

tks Web Page gesa Web Browser esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] og Web Page, DOM Tree ds :i esa Device

dh Memory esa Stored jgrk gS vkSj rc rd Stored jgrk gS] tc rd fd og Web Page, Web

Browser esa Loaded jgrk gSA

pwafd DOM Tree, Client Side Web Browser dh Memory esa Stored jgrk gS vkSj mlh DOM

Tree ds vuqlkj Web Page, Web Browser esa Render gksrk gS] blfy, ;fn ge DOM Tree esa

fdlh rjg dk dksbZ ifjorZu djrs gSa] rks og ifjorZu Instantly Web Browser esa Reflect gksrk gSA



JavaScript ,d Client Side Programming Language gS vkSj bl Language dk iz;ksx djds ge

DOM Tree dks Access o Modify dj ldrs gSa vkSj ge tSls gh DOM Tree esa dksbZ

Modification djrs gSa] mldk Effect rqjUr Web Browser esa Reflect gks tkrk gSA

lkjkak ds :i esa ,d Web Page esa fuEu e esa fofHkUu Processes Perform gksrh gSa vkSj Web Page fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%

1 tc fdlh HTML Document dks Web Browser esa Load fd;k tkrk gS] rc ,d HTTP Call }kjk og HTML Page Browser dh Memory esa Load gksuk kq: gksrk gSA

2 tSls&tSls HTML Document Browser esa Load gksuk kq: gksrk gS] Web Browser dk ,d HTML Parser Content Tree ;k DOM Create djuk kq: djrk gS] ftldk gj Node, HTML Page ds ,d Element dks Represent djrk gSA

3 tc dksbZ Script, Style, Image ;k Font vkfn vU; izdkj ds Resources Web Browser esa Load gksrs gSa] rc fofHkUu Web Browsers fofHkUu izdkj ds Rules dks Follow djrs gq,]

fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Resource dh Loading dks dqN le; ds fy, Block

djrs gSa vFkok HTML Parser dks fdlh Resource ds vkus rd Wait djus ds fy,

Instruct djrs gSaA

4 ,d ckj iwjk HTML Document Web Browser esa Load gks tkus ds ckn Content Tree ij Web Browser ds Default Style Sheet dh Styles Apply gksrh gSaA dbZ ckj HTLM

Document ds vUnj Hkh dqN Styles dks Apply fd;k x;k gksrk gS vFkok HTML

Document esa External Style Sheets Specified gksrh gSaA bu Styles dks Handle djus ds

fy, ,d ubZ Tree curh gS] ftls Rendering Tree dgrs gSaA

bl Rendering Tree esa dsoy os gh Elements gksrs gSa] ftUgsa Web Browser esa Display

djuk gksrk gSA tks Elements, Web Browser dh Screen esa Display ugha gksus gSa] tSls fd

Head, Script, Styles, vkfn Elements vFkok ftu Elements dh Display Property dks

None fd;k x;k gS] os Elements bl Render Tree esa kkfey ugha gksrsA Render Tree ds lHkh Nodes, Style Information dks Represent djrs gSaA

5 T;knkrj Render gks ldus okys Elements CSS Box Model ds Rules dks Follow djrs gSa vkSj mudh dqN Width, Height, Border, Padding, Spacing, Margin o Position Values

gksrh gSaA bu Objects ds fy, ,d Rectangular Box Create gksrk gS] ftUgsa Frame dgrs

gSaA gj Object ds fy, Frame gks] ,slk t:jh ugha gSaA tSls SVG Image dh dksbZ Frame

ugha gksrh] cfYd bls ,d iframe ds vUnj Place fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl iframe dk ,d

Rectangular Box ;kuh Frame gksrk gSA ,d Frame esa bl ckr dh lkjh Information

gksrh gS fd fdlh Element Object dks Web Browser esa fdl izdkj ls Render gksuk gSA

6 pwafd ,d gh HTML Document fofHkUu izdkj dh Devices tSls fd Laptop, PC, iPhone vkfn ij Display gks ldrk gS] ftudh Screen Side, Color Depth o Resolution

vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSa] blfy, ;s t:jh gksrk gS fd Web Browser, HTML Page dks

Render djus ls igys Device ds vk/kkj ij bl ckr dk fu.kZ; ys fd Screen ij dkSulk

Object dgka fn[kkbZ nsxkA blfy, lHkh Objects dh Rendering Information izkIr djus ds

ckn Web Browser fofHkUu Elements dh Screen ij Positioning dh Calculation djrk

gS fd dkSulk Element fdl txg ij fn[kkbZ nsxkA



7 vUr esa tc Web Browser dks ;s irk py tkrk gS fd dkSulk Object Exactly fdl Location ij Draw djuk gS] og Rendering Tree ds lHkh Objects dks Screen ij Draw

dj nsrk gS] ftls Painting djuk dgk tkrk gSA

lkekU;r;k ;s izf;k yxHkx lHkh Web Browsers esa FkksMs cgqr Changes ds lkFk ,d leku gh

gksrh gS] tks fd ,d Static HTML Document dks Render djus dh izf;k gSA ysfdu HTML

Documents Dynamic Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj os Dynamic rc gks tkrs gSa] tc DOM Tree ds lkFk

fdlh izdkj dh izf;k dh tkrh gS vkSj DOM Tree ds lkFk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh izf;k djus ds

fy, JavaScript ,d vPNh Programming Language gS] ftls orZeku le; esa lHkh Web Browsers

Support djrs gSa D;ksafd lHkh Web Browsers esa JavaScript Interpreter gksrk gSA HTML

Document Pages fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa Dynamic gks ldrs gSa %

1 ;fn DOM Tree esa dksbZ Element Add ;k Delete fd;k tk,A 2 ;fn fdlh Element Object ds Style Attribute dks Modify fd;k tk,A

bu nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa HTML Document dh Rendering dh mijksDr lkjh izf;k fQj ls nksgjkbZ

tkrh gSA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa iwjs DOM Tree dh Rendering djus dh t:jr ugha iMrh gS] tSls

fdlh Object dk dsoy Color Change djus ij dsoy Repainting dh t:jr iMrh gSA ysfdu

fdlh Object dh Location Change djus ij iwjh Rendering Process fQj ls Repeat gksrh gSA

fdlh Hkh Web Browser esa Images dh rqyuk esa Style Sheet o Scripts igys Load gksrh gSaA

Stylesheet dk iz;ksx Rendering Tree Create djus ds fy, gksrk gS] ysfdu bldk dksbZ Hkh izHkko

Content Tree ij ugha iMrkA blfy, HTML Parsing o JavaScript Execution ml le;

Continue gks jgk gks ldrk gS] ftl le; CSS Download gks jgk gksrk gSA

fdlh Script dks tc ml le; Style Information dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftl le; og Stylesheet

Download gks jgh gksrh gS o Rendering Tree cu jgh gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa Web

Browser gesa Error ns ldrk gSA blfy, bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa Stylesheet dks Script dh rqyuk

esa igys Load djuk pkfg,A



Internet Related General Terms

Network tc fofHkUu izdkj ds cgqr lkjs Electronic Devices (tSls fd Computers, NetBooks, Laptops,

Mobile Phones, iPads, Tablet PCs vkfn) vkil esa fdlh ek/;e (tSls fd Telephone Lines,

Wireless Techniques, Satellites vkfn) ds }kjk ,d nwljs ls Connected gksrs gSa vkSj ,d nwljs ds

Data o Information dks vkil esa Share djrs gq, ,d nwljs ds lkFk Communication djrs gSa] rks

bl izdkj ls vkil esa tqMs gq, Devices ds Group dks Network dgk tkrk gSA Networks ewy

:i ls rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

LAN Local Area Network or Intranet

tc dqN Electronic Devices vkil esa ,d NksVs ls dejs ;k Building ds vUnj Information

Sharing o Communication djus ds fy, ,d nwljs ls Connected gksrs gSa] rks bl izdkj ds NksVs

ls Network dks LAN ;k Intranet dgk tkrk gSA

MAN Metropolitan Area Network

tc dqN LANs nks ;k nks ls T;knk kgjksa esa fLFkr gksrs gSa vkSj vkil esa Information Sharing o Communication djus ds fy, ,d nwljs ls Connected gksrs gSa] rks bl izdkj ds e/;e vkdkj ds

Network dks MAN dgk tkrk gSA

WAN Wide Area Network or Internet

tc cgqr lkjs LANs o MANs fofHkUu nskksa esa fLFkr gksrs gSa vkSj vkil esa Information Sharing o Communication djus ds fy, ,d nwljs ds lkFk Connected gksrs gSa] rks bl izdkj ds cMs

Network dks WAN ;k Internet dgk tkrk gSA

WWW World Wide Web World Side Web ,d ,slk rjhdk gS] ftlesa nqfu;ka Hkj ds yk[kksa Computers o vU; izdkj dh

Electronic Devices tSls fd Mobile Phones vkfn vkil esa Connected gksrs gSa vkSj vkil esa

fofHkUu izdkj dh Information dks Share djrs gSa] tks fd Web Pages ;k HTML Pages ds :i esa

Web ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA

Protocol nks ;k nks ls T;knk Electronic Devices ds chp vkil esa Communication djokus ds fy, dqN

NksVs&NksVs Standard Software cuk, x, gSaA bu Software dks Protocol dgk tkrk gSA fofHkUu

izdkj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds Protocols Develop fd, x, gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn Internet ls fdlh File dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer ij Transfer

djuk gks] rks ;s dke FTP (File Transfer Protocol) djrk gS] ;fn E-Main Send djuk gks rks

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) o E-Mail dks izkIr djuk gks] rks POP (Post Office

Protocol) Use fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd ;fn gesa World Wide Web ij miyC/k fdlh Resource dks

Access djuk gks] rks t:jr dks HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) iwjk djrk gSA



blh rjg ls fofHkUu izdkj ds vU; Internet ;k Network Related dkeksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,

fofHkUu izdkj ds Protocols dks Develop fd;k x;k gSA bu Protocols ds lewg dks ,d foksk uke ls Identify fd;k tkrk gS] ftls TCP/IP ;kuh Internet Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

dgk tkrk gSA

IP Address tc Hkh dksbZ Device Internet ls Connect gksrk gS] Internet }kjk ,d foksk rjhds dk iz;ksx djds Connect gksus okys gj Device dks ,d Unique Number iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSA Internet }kjk

gj Device dks fn, tkus okys bl Unique Number dks ml Device dk IP Address dgk tkrk

gSA

;s ,d 32-Bit Number gksrk gS] ftlesa pkj 8-Bit Numbers gksrs gSa vkSj pkjksa Numbers 0 ls 255

dh Range ds chp gks ldrs gSaA bu pkjksa Numbers dks ,d Dot dk iz;ksx djds ,d nwljs ls

vyx fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, 170.17.8.192 fdlh le; fdlh Computer dk ,d IP Address gks ldrk gSA

bl IP Number ds nks fgLls gksrs gSa% igyk fgLlk ml Network dks Identify djrk gS ftl esa

Host Exist gS vkSj nwljk fgLlk fdlh Particular Host dks Identify djrk gSA IP Address nks

izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

Dynamic IP Address

gekjs Network }kjk gekjs fdlh Device dks Provide fd;k x;k ;s IP Address Number rHkh rd

gekjs Device dks Refer djrk gS] tc rd ge Net ls Connected jgrs gSaA tSls gh ge Net ls

Disconnect gksrs gSa] gesa Allot fd;k x;k IP Number fdlh vU; Device dks Provide fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

;fn ge fQj ls Net ls Connect gksrs gSa] rks fQj ls gesa ogh IP Number izkIr ugha gksxk] cfYd

Internet }kjk gesa ,d u;k Number ns fn;k tk,xkA bl fLFkfr esa gekjk Device rks ,d gh gksrk

gS] ysfdu vyx&vyx le; ij Net ls Connect gksus ds dkj.k dbZ IP Numbers }kjk Identify

gks ldrk gSA bl izdkj ds IP Address dks Dynamic IP Address dgk tkrk gSA

Static IP Address

;fn ge pkgsa rks ge gekjs Host ;kuh Server ds fy, ,d Static IP Address izkIr dj ldrs gSa]

ysfdu Static IP Address dkQh egaxk gksrk gSA ;s ,d ,slk IP Address gksrk gS] tks Unique gksrk

gS vkSj dHkh Hkh cnyrk ugha gS pkgs gSa Net ls Connected jgsa vFkok Disconnected jgsaA

Host or Server Network ij fLFkr ,d fofkV izdkj dk Computer Host ;k Server dgykrk gSA pwafd Host lkekU;r;k Server dk dke djrk gS] blfy, Host gesakk ckdh ds vU; Computers dh rqyuk esa vf/kd Powerful gksrk gSA TCP/IP Network ds gj Host dk ,d Unique IP Address gksrk gS]

ftlls ml Host dh Network ij ,d Unique igpku gksrh gSA



dksbZ Hkh Powerful Configuration okyk Computer Host ;k Server gks] ,slk ugha gksrk cfYd ftl

Computer ij ,d Special Type dk Software ftls Web Server, Mail Server vFkok File

Server dgrs gSa] Installed gksrk gS] mlh Computer dks Host vFkok Server dgk tk ldrk gSA

orZeku le; esa ewy :i ls IIS o Apache uke ds nks Web Servers lcls T;knk mi;ksx esa fy,

tkrs gSaA IIS Web Server Windows Operating System ds fy, Microsoft Company }kjk cuk;k

x;k Web Server gS] blfy, bl ij Microsoft Technology dh Programming Languages tSls

fd ASP ;k ASP.NET esa cuk, x, Web Applications T;knk vklkuh o lqfo/kkiq.kZ rjhds ls Run

gksrs gSa] tcfd Apache Linux ds fy, Develop fd;k x;k Web Server gS] tks Server Side

Scripting Language ds :i esa PHP dks T;knk csgrj rjhds ls Access djrk gSA

Hostname or Domain

fdlh Hkh TCP/IP Network ds fdlh Powerful Computer dks Host cuk;k tkrk gS] tks mlds

Clients dks Services Provide djrk gSA gj Host dk ,d Unique IP Address gksrk gS] ftlls ml

Host dks vU; Clients Identify djrs gSaA ysfdu tc ge Internet ls tqMrs gSa] rc yk[kksa TCP/IP

Networks vkil esa Connected gksrs gSa] blfy, fofHkUu izdkj ds Hosts dks Identify djus ds fy,

IP Address dks ;kn j[kuk t:jh gksrk gS] rkfd ,d Client Required Host ls fdlh Service ds

fy, Request dj ldsA

pwafd IP Address okLro esa ,d 32-Bit Number gksrk gS vkSj fofHkUu Hosts ds IP Numbers dks

;kn j[kuk ,d dfBu dke gS] blfy, fofHkUu Hosts dks Internet dh ,d foksk Service }kjk ,d Logical Symbolic uke ns fn;k tkrk gS vkSj gesa fdlh Host dks mlds IP Number ds LFkku

ij mlds uke ls ;kn j[kuk gksrk gS] tks fd rqyukRed :i ls ljy gksrk gSA fdlh Host ds IP

Address ds lkFk ,d uke Associate djus dk dke DNS (Domain Name Service) o Sun

Microsystems Company dk NIS (Network Information Services) djrk gSA

tc ge Net ls fdlh Web Site ds fdlh Web Page dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] rc gesa ml Web

Site dk Web Address fy[kuk gksrk gSA blh Web Address esa gekjs ml Host dk uke gksrk gS]

ftlls ge Connect gksuk pkgrs gSaA Internet dh ftl DNS o NIS Service dk iz;ksx djds

fdlh Host dks ,d uke Provide fd;k tkrk gS] ogh Service gekjs Web Address esa ls Host ds

uke dks Hkh izkIr djus ds ckn Host ds uke ds vk/kkj ij ml uke ls lEcaf/kr IP Address ;k IP

Number dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj gesa ml Host ij igqapk nsrk gS] ftl ij gekjh Required Site

miyC/k gksrh gSA bl uke dks gh Hostname ;k Domain Name dgk tkrk gSA

tSls www.bccfalna.com ,d Domain Name gS] ftldk dksbZ u dksbZ Unique IP Address Hkh

gksxkA ysfdu ;fn ge bl Web Site ij igqapuk pkgrs gSa] rks gesa dsoy bl uke dks ;kn j[kuk

gksrk gSA ksk dke DNS Automatically djrk gSA

Resources

Internet ij fofHkUu izdkj dh ,slh Files gksrh gSa ftUgsa Web Browser Support djrk gSA ;s Files

dksbZ HTML, XML ;k vU; izdkj dk Document gks ldrk gS] dksbZ Text File gks ldrh gS] dksbZ

Document File gks ldrh gS vFkok dksbZ Media File tSls fd Image, Sound vFkok Video dh File

gks ldrh gSA bu fofHkUu izdkj dh Files dks lkekU;r;k ,d kCn esa Resources dgk tkrk gSA



URL Uniform Resource Locator pwafd Internet ij dbZ izdkj dh Files Available gSa ftUgsa Web Browser }kjk Access o Use fd;k

tk ldrk gSA bu fofHkUu izdkj ds Resources dk ,d Unique Address gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx

djds bu Resources dks Web Browser esa izkIr o Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA Resources ds bu

Unique Address dks gh URL ;k Uniform Resource Locator dgk tkrk gSA

;kuh http://www.bccfalna.com/home.html home.html uke ds Resource ;k Document File dk

,d Unique Address gSA bl Address dks Web Browser ds Address Bar esa Specify djds ge

Directly bl Web Page ij igqap ldrs gSaA ;s Web Address gh URL ;k Uniform Resource

Locator gS D;ksafd ge tc Hkh dHkh bl Address dk mi;ksx esa ysaxs] ge gesakk home.html Document ij gh igqapsaxsA fdlh Hkh URL ds gesakk rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa %

Protocol

Server Name

Resource with Path

gekjs mijksDr mnkgj.k URL esa http:// Protocol gS] www.bccfalna.com Web Server gS vkSj

home.html Resource gSA ;kuh

Protocol http://

Server Name www.bccfalna.com

Resource with Path /home.html

tc ge bl iwjs URL dks Web Browser ds Address Bar esa fy[krs gSa] rc Web Browser bl

Address ls rhu ckrsa le>rk gSA

igyk ;s fd ge ftl Resource dks Web Server ls izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] og ,d HTML

Document gS D;ksafd HTML Document dks gh Hypertext Document Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj

Hypertext Document dks izkIr djus ds fy, Web Browser dks HTTP Protocol Use djuk iMrk

gSA

nwljh Information Web Browser dks ;s feyrh gS fd ge gekjk Resource ftl Web Server ls

izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] ml Web Server dk uke www.bccfalna.com gSA vc bl ,d uke ds Hkh

rhu fgLls gSa%

tgka igyk fgLlk www Web Browser dks ;s crk jgk gS fd gekjk Document ftl Host

Computer ij j[kk gS] og ,d ,slk Computer gS] tks Internet ;kuh World Wide Web dk

,d fgLlk gS D;ksafd og World Wide Web ;kuh Internet ls Connected gS tcfd

nwljk fgLlk ml Computer dk uke gS] ftl ij gekjk Document Placed gS tks fd

bccfalna gS vkSj

rhljk fgLlk ;s crk jgk gS fd ;s ,d Commercial Web Document gS vkSj bl Web Site esa

Directly ;k Indirectly dqN u dqN cspus dh dksfkk dh tk jgh gSA

URL ls rhljh Information Web Browser dks ;s feyrh gS fd ge bl Web Site ls ftl

Document dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] ml Resource dk uke home.html gS vkSj ;s Document



Web Server ds Root Folder esa gS D;ksafd / Character fdlh Hkh Computer System ds Root ;k

Home dks Represent djrk gSA

ekuyks fd gekjk okafNr Document ,d sunlight.jpg uke dh Image File gS vkSj ;s Image File

gekjs Web Server www.bccfalna.com ij fdlh images uke ds ,d Folder esa gS Stored gSA vc

bl Image File dks izkIr djus ds fy, gesa tks URL Use djuk iMsxk og fuEukuqlkj gksxk%

http://www.bccfalna.com/images/sunlight.jpg

pwafd gekjk Document ,d Image File gS vkSj Image File ,d Linkable Document gS] blfy,

bls http:// Protocol }kjk Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh gekjh Image File

www.bccfalna.com uke ds Web Server ij gS vkSj bl Web Server ds Root ij images uke

dk ,d Folder gS] blfy, geus bl Domain Name ds ckn ml Folder ds uke dks Specify

fd;k gS vkSj vUr esa viuh sunlight.jpg uke dh Resource File dks Refer fd;k gSA



HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) 1990 ls igys rd fdlh Hkh rjg dh Information dks Internet ls Access djuk dkQh Technical

dke gksrk FkkA Internet ls Information dks Access djus dk ;s rjhdk dkQh Tricky gksrk Fkk tks

fd ,d vke vkneh ds cl dh ckr ugha gksrh FkhA blfy, ,d ,sls rjhds dh t:jr gqbZ] ftlls

Internet ds ek/;e ls Information dks Access djuk ljy gks ldsA ;s dke Tim Berners-Lee

uke ds ,d Physicist us fd;kA

Tim us ,d ,lk rjhdk fodflr fd;k ftlls Hypertext Links ds :i esa Internet ls Text

Information dks vklkuh ls Cross-Reference fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;s fopkj okLro esa Tim dk

ugha Fkk] ysfdu mUgksaus ,d ,slh Markup Language dk fodkl fd;k] ftlls bl fopkj dks

Implement fd;k tkuk lEHko gks ldkA

Hypertext dk eryc ,sls Text ls gksrk gS] ftls Electronic Form esa Store fd;k x;k gks vkSj

ftls Links ds ek/;e ls Cross-Reference fd;k tk ldrk gksA ;kuh ftl Information dks

Electronic Form esa Convert djds Links }kjk Cross-Reference fd;k tk ldrk gS] ,sls Text dks

Hypertext dgk tkrk gSA

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Web Pages dh ewy Hkkkk gSA Internet ij vkt ftruh Hkh Web Sites gSa] os lHkh Web Sites HTML Pages dk Collection ek= gS] ftuesa HTML Elements

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA HTML ds bu Elements dks gh Markup Hkh dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s

Elements Web Page ds fofHkUu izdkj ds Contents dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls Web Browser esa Render

gksus ds fy, Mark djrs gSa vkSj Web Browser dks bl ckr dk Indication djrs gSa] fd Web

Browser esa fdl Content dks fdl txg ij vkSj fdl rjg ls Render djuk gSA

;s ,d Markup Language gS tks fd iwjh rjg ls Content ;k Text ds Organization ls lacaf/kr

gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Newspaper esa ge tks Content ns[krs gSa] mlesa dqN Text cMs gksrs gSa

tks Heading dh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tcfd dqN NksVs gksrs gSa tks Sub-Heading ;k Paragraph dh

rjg fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa rks dqN Texts List ds :i esa gksrs gSaA

Elements HTML, fdlh Document ds Texts dh fofHkUu izdkj dh Marking djrk gS vkSj ;s r; djrk gS

fd dkSulk Text Heading ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsxk] dkSulk Text Sub-Heading ds :i esa fn[kkbZ

nsxkA dkSulk Text List ds :i esa gksuk pkfg, vkSj dkSulk Text Paragraph ds :i esa gksuk

pkfg,A

Document ds Contents dh Marking djus ds fy, HTML Specification esa ftl rjhds dks

mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gS] mls Element dgrs gSaA bls ge fuEu fp=kuqlkj le> ldrs gSa%

fofHkUu izdkj ds HTML Elements dks ,d Angle Brackets ds Pair ds :i esa Specify fd;k

tkrk gSA gj HTML Element ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa] ftUgsa Tag dgk tkrk gSA igyk Tag Opening



Tag gksrk gS vkSj ;s Opening Tag fdlh Feature dks On djrk gS] tcfd nwljk Tag Closing Tag

gksrk gS vkSj ;s Tag ml On fd, x, Feature dks Off djrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa gekjs Web Page esa Hello WWW kCn dks eq[; Heading ds :i es fn[kkuk gks] rks gesa bl Text dks Web Browser esa Render djus ds fy, HTML Source Page esa

Element dks fuEukuqlkj Use djuk gksxk%

Hello WWW

tc Web Browser bl Line dks Interpret djrk gS] rc mls Tag dk Pair dk igyk

Opening Tag izkIr gksrk gSA ;g Tag Web Browser dks bl ckr dk Signal nsrk gS] fd bl Tag

ls vkxs] tks Hkh Text gS] mls Web Browser esa Heading ds :i esa Render djuk gSA

Web Browser bl igys Tag ls vkxs fy[ks x, Texts dks rc rd Heading ds :i esa Render

djrk jgrk gS] tc rd fd mls Tag Pair dk Closing Tag izkIr ugha gks tkrkA HTML

Element ds Pair o ml Pair ds chp fy[ks x, Contents ds iwjs lewg dks HTML dk

Element dgk tkrk gSA

;kuh ;fn ge fiNys Syntax dks ns[ksa] rks ;s ,d HTML Element dk mnkgj.k gSA ,d HTML

Element esa lkekU;r;k ,d Opening Tag ,d Closing Tag o nksuksa Elements ds chp esa fy[kk

x;k dqN Content gksrk gS ysfdu dbZ HTML Elements ,sls Hkh gksrs gSaA

HTML Specification esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Elements Define fd, x, gSa vkSj bu Elements dks

le> dj mu Elements ds vuqlkj Document dks Display ;k Render djus dk dke Web

Browser djrk gSA ;kuh Web Browser fdlh Document ds HTML Codes dks Web Server ls

izkIr djrk gS vkSj mudh Parsing djds Contents dks Web Browser esa Render dj nsrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh HTML Document esa ;fn dksbZ Content Heading ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsuk

pkfg,] rks ge ml Content dks Heading Element ds chp Specify djrs gSaA tc Web Browser

ml Document dks Read djrk gS] rks tgka ij Hkh mls HTML Elements izkIr gksrs gSa] ogka ds

Content dks og Element dh Specification ds vuqlkj Modify dj nsrk gSA blh izf;k dks ljy

kCnksa esa Document dh Parsing gksuk dgrs gSaA

HTML okLro esa dksbZ Programming Language ugha gS] cfYd ;s ,d Markup Language gS] tks

ewy :i ls Web Browser esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys Web Page ds Contents dh Organization djus dk

dke djrk gSA Web Browser esa ge ftl Page dks ns[krs gSa] og Page okLro esa HTML

Elements ds vk/kkj ij gh Render ;k Display gksrk gSA ;fn ge HTML Elements dh File dks

Source Program ekusa] rks Web Browser ml Source Program dks Interpret djus okys Interpreter

dh rjg dke djrk gSA

Attributes fofHkUu Elements lkekU; dke djus ds vykok dqN Special izdkj ds dke Hkh dj ldrs gSaA bu

Special izdkj ds dkeksa dks djus ds fy, bu Elements ds Opening Tag esa dqN Properties dks

Specify fd;k tkrk gSA bu Properties dks Attributes dgrs gSaA ;s Attributes, Element ds fofHkUu

Optional ;k Compulsory Features dks Represent djrs gSa] ftls ge fuEu fp=kuqlkj le> ldrs

gSa %



Element ds gj Attribute ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igys Hkkx dks Name ls o nwljs Hkkx dks Value ls

Represent fd;k tkrk gSA

Element ds fdlh Attribute dh Name Property og Property gksrh gS] ftls ge Set djuk pkgrs

gSa vkSj Value og eku gksrk gS] ftlls ge fdlh Name Property dks Set djrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d Element gS] ftls iwjs Document Page ij Uniquely Identify djus ds

fy, ge mls ,d ID ns ldrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa id ,d Name Property gS tcfd mlesa

Specified uke ,d Value gSA

Elements and Attributes ds Name dks gesakk Small Case Letters esa Specify djuk pkfg, rFkk Attributes esa Set fd, tkus okys eku dks gesakk Double Quotes ds chp fy[kuk pkfg,] D;ksafd Double Quotes ds chp ge fuEukuqlkj Single Quotes dks Use dj ldrs gSa%

ysfdu Single Quotes ds chp ge Double Quotes dks Use ugha dj ldrsA

gkykafd ge Single Quotes ds chp Double Quotes dks Use dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu HTML

Document esa Strings, Text ;k Name Values dks Double Quotes esa gh Specify djuk pkfg,]

rkfd Server Side Scripting Language esa Single Quotes dks String ds fy, vklkuh ls mi;ksx

esa fy;k tk ldsA (Optional)



Content Categories HTML5 esa Document dk Contents fdl izdkj dk gS] bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Content

dks vPNh rjg ls Manage djus ds fy, dbZ Rules cuk, x, gSaA ;s Rules dbZ Groups ds :i

esa Define fd, x, gSa] ftUgsa Content Models dgk tkrk gS vkSj gj Group esa fdlh ,d izdkj ds

Content dks Handle djus ls lacaf/kr dbZ Elements Define fd, x, gSaA bl Content Model esa

gj HTML Element Zero, One ;k Many Content Model ls lacaf/kr gks ldrk gSA ewy :i ls

HTML5 esa Content dks rhu eq[; Content Categories esa Divide fd;k x;k gS%

Main Content Category bl Category esa cgqr lkjs Elements }kjk Share fd, tkus okys Common Rules dks Describe

fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Metadata Content

bl Category ls lacaf/kr Elements Document ds Presentation o Behavior dks Modify djus o

vU; Documents ls Links Setup djus dk dke djrs gSaA bl Category ds eq[; Elements

fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , , and

Flow Content

bl Category esa mu Elements dks j[kk x;k gS tks ewy :i ls Text vFkok Embedded Content

dks Hold djus dk dke djrs gSaA ;s Elements fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Text

dqN vU; Elements Hkh bl Category ls lacaf/kr gSa] ysfdu os dqN foksk fLFkfr;ksa esa gh mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSa] tks fuEukuqlkj gSa%

;s Element dk Descendent Element gksrk gSA



;s rHkh Use djrs gSa tc itemprop Attribute Present gksA

;s Hkh rHkh Use djrs gSa tc itemprop Attribute Present gksA

bls rc Use djrs gSa] tc scoped Attribute Present gksA

Sectioning Content

bl Group ls Associated Elements, Current Document dh Outline Create djus ds fy, mi;ksxh

gksrs gSa] tks fd , o vU; Heading Elements (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h5, hgroup)

dk Scope Define djrs gSaA bl Category ls lacaf/kr Elements fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , ,

Heading Content

bl Group ds Elements fdlh Section esa fy[ks x, Content dk Title Define djrs gSaA Section

dks nks rjhdksa ls Mark fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyk rjhdk Manual gksrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu

Sectioning Elements dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA bu Elements dks Use djds fy[kk x;k Content,

Sectioning Content dgykrk gS] tcfd nwljs rjhds esa ml le; Automatically Invisible Section

cu tkrs gSa] tc ge fdlh Heading Element (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hgroup) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

bl Category ls lacaf/kr Elements fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , ,

gkykafd Sectioning Content dqN Headings dks Hold djrk gS] ysfdu Element dks bl

Group esa kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA

Phrasing Content

bl Group ds vUnj os Elements vkrs gSa] tks Text vFkok vU; Mark-ups dks Hold djus dk

dke djrs gSaA Phrasing Content lkekU;r;k Paragraphs Create djrs gSaA bl Category ls

lacaf/kr Elements fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Plain Text

dqN foksk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ge dqN vkSj Elements dks bl Category ds Elements ds :i esa Use dj ldrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , ,



Embedded Content

bl Category esa os Elements gksrs gSa] tks fdlh vU; Resource vFkok Content dks fdlh vU;

Mark-up Language vFkok Namespace ls Import djrs gSaA bl Category ls Related Elements

fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , , , ,

Interactive Content

bl Category esa os Elements gksrs gSa tks User Interaction ds fy, Design fd, x, gSaA ;s

Elements fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , , , ,

dqN vU; Elements dqN foksk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl Category esa Participate djrs gSa] fuEukuqlkj gSa %

;fn controls Attribute Present gksA

;fn usemap Attribute Present gksA

;fn type Attribute Hidden u gksA

;fn type Attribute Toolbar State esa gksA

;fn usemap Attribute Present gksA

;fn controls Attribute Present gksA

Form-Associated Content bl Category esa os Elements vkrs gSa tks fdlh Form Element ds vUnj Nested gksrs gSaA

lkekU;r;k bl Category ds Elements ds lkFk form Attribute esa id Specified gksrk gS vFkok ;s

Form ds vUnj gksrs gSaA ;s Elements fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , ,

, , , ,

bl Category ds Elements dh dqN Sub-Category Hkh gS] tks fuEukuqlkj gS%

listed

bl Category ds Element fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , , ,

labelable

tks Elements Element ds lkFk Associated gks ldrs gSa] bl Category esa vkrs gSaA bl

Category ds Element fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , , , ,



submittable

tks Elements, Form Submitting ds le; Form Data Set Create djus ds fy, Use gksrs gSa] bl

Category esa vkrs gSaA bl Category ds Element fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , , ,

resettable

tks Elements, Form Resetting ds le; Affected gksrs gSa] bl Category esa vkrs gSaA bl Category

ds Element fuEukuqlkj gSa%

, , , ,

Transparent Content Model

o Elements Transparent Elements gSaA ;s os Elements gksrs gSa] ftUgsa HTML

Document ls Remove dj nsus ij Hkh Final Output Rendered Content ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iMrk

gSA



Architecture of HTML Document

fdlh Hkh HTML5 Document dk ;s lcls igyk HTML Element gksrk gSA ;s Element Web

Browser dks crkrk gS fd Current Document ,d HTML5 Supported Document gS vkSj blesa

HTML5 Specification ds Standards ;kuh Elements dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

;fn ge ;s Line u Hkh fy[ksa] rks Hkh Web Browser gekjs Document dks HTML5 Document dh

rjg gh Process djrk gS] D;ksafd Web Browser gekjs Document dks DOCTYPE ds vk/kkj ij

ugha cfYd Web Browser ds Internal Architecture ds vk/kkj ij Parse djrk gS vkSj Web

Browser esa ;fn HTML5 Element dks Handle djus ds fy, Functionality dks Specify fd;k

x;k gS] rks Web Browser ml Functionality dks Document ij t:j Apply djsxk] Hkys gh geus

DOCTYPE Specify fd;k gks ;k ughaA

ysfdu tc ge fcuk DOCTYPE okys Document dh Validating djrs gSa] rc gesa Errors izkIr

gksrh gSA blfy, gj HTML5 Document esa fuEu Line fy[kdj ;s t:j Specify djuk pkfg,]

fd gekjk Current HTML Web Page ,d HTML5 Elements Supported Document gS%

HTML5 DOCTYPE Case Sensitive ugha gS] blfy, ge bls fuEukuqlkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa%

Element gekjk iwjk Document ,d HTML Document gS] blfy, gekjs iwjs Document ds lkjs Elements

dks gesa Element ds Opening o Closing Tags ds chp gh fy[kuk gksrk gSA ;s Element

fdlh Hkh Web Page dk Root Element gksrk gSA lHkh vU; Elements bl Element ds

Descendants gksrs gSaA blfy, fdlh Hkh HTML Document dks Represent djus ds fy, gesa lcls

igys html Element dks Use djuk gksrk gSA bl Element ds eq[;r% nks Hkkx gksrs gSa vFkok nwljs

kCnksa esa dgsa rks bl Root html Element ds nks vkSj dsoy nks Child Elements gksrs gSa%

The Element ;s Element gesakk HTML Page ds Top ij gksrk gSA bl Element esa og Information gksrh gS] tks Argument ds :i esa Browser dks Pass gksrh gSA bl Element ds chp tks Hkh dqN gksrk gS] og

vU; HTML Elements dh rqyuk esa lcls igys Web Browser esa Load gksrk gSA

lkekU;r;k bl Element esa Web Page dk Title gksrk gS] tks Browser ds Title Bar ij fn[kkbZ

nsrk gSA blds vykok bl Element esa Page dk Description o Page ds Keywords dks Define

djus okys Elements dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA bu Elements dk iz;ksx Search Engines

gekjs Web Page dks [kkstus ds fy, djrs gSaA bl Element ds vUnj fuEu Elements dk iz;ksx

fd;k tk ldrk gS%

, , , , , , ,



The Element ;s Element lkekU;r;k HTML Page dh Body dks Define djrk gSA HTML Page dh Body gh

og LFkku gksrk gS] tgka ij Web Page esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys Contents dks fofHkUu izdkj ds

Elements dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[kk tkrk gSA tks Content Element ds chp ugha gksrk]

og Content gesa Web Browser ds Document Area esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA

,d lkekU; ls mnkgj.k }kjk ge HTML Page ds fofHkUu Basic Parts o Elements dks fuEukuqlkj

Represent dj ldrs gSa%

HTML5 First Web Page

This is the Body Section of the Web Page.

bl Example Code dks Notepad++ esa Type djsa vkSj File dks .htm ;k .html Extension ds lkFk

Save djsaA File ds Output dks ns[kus ds fy, Notepad ++ ds Run Menu esa tk,A Computer esa

Installed lHkh Web Browsers dh List bl Menu esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA fdlh Hkh Web Browser

Option dks Click djsaA Run gksus okyk Web Browser fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsxk %

Head Section esa Specify fd;k x;k Title Web Browser ds Title dh rjg fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS

tcfd Body Section esa fy[kk x;k Content Web Browser ds Content dh rjg fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA

tc HTML File dkQh cMh gksus yxrh gS] rc Comments dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s

Comments, HTML Codes fy[kus okys Coders viuh lqfo/kk ds fy, fy[krs gSa] rkfd os

HTML Document ds fofHkUu Sections dks vklkuh ls igpku ldsaA



dbZ ckj bu Comments dk iz;ksx Document ds dqN fgLls dks Parse gksus ls jksdus ds fy, Hkh

fd;k tkrk gSA ml fLFkfr esa HTML Codes Web Page ij jgrs rks gSa] ysfdu Web Browser mUgsa

Render ugha djrkA bldk iz;ksx fuEukuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS%

Elements Nesting ge gekjh t:jr ds vuqlkj tc ,d Element ds vUnj nwljs Element dks Use djrs gSa] rks bl

izf;k dks Elements dh Nesting djuk dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, head o body Elements, html

Element ds vUnj Nested gksrs gSaA blh rjg ls title Element gesakk head Element ds vUnj Nested gksrk gSA

tc ge Nesting djrs gSa] rc gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk t:jh gksrk gS] fd tks Element lcls

igys Start gksrk gS] og Element lcls ckn esa Close gksrk gS vkSj tks Element lcls ckn esa Start

gksrk gS] og Element lcls igys Close gksrk gSA tSls %

This is Title

;s ,d Valid Nesting gSA ysfdu fuEu Nesting Invalid gS%

This is Title

D;ksafd bl Nesting esa html Element, head Element ls igys Open gqvk gS] vkSj head Element,

html Element ls igys Close gks jgk gSA tcfd head Element, html Element ls ckn esa Close

gksuk pkfg,A

Element - Document Header Document Header fdlh Hkh HTML Web Page dk igyk eq[; fgLlk gksrk gSA bl fgLls esa ge

vius Web Page Document dh Basic Information dks Specify djrs gSaA bl fgLls esa fy[ks tkus

okys Elements dk Web Browser esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys Contents dh Formatting ls dksbZ lEca/k

ugha gksrk gSA cfYd bl fgLls esa ge vius Web Page ds ckjs esa ,slh tkudkfj;ksa dks Specify

djrs gSa] ftudk laca/k ;k rks ckdh ds Documnt ls gksrk gS ;k fQj Search Engines lsA

Element esa ge Directly fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Content ugha fy[krs cfYd iwjs Document

ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh t:jh ckrksa ls lacaf/kr Elements dks ge bl Element esa Specify

djrs gSaA bl Element esa ge ftu vU; Elements dks mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSa] mUgs Metadata

Content Category ds Elements dgrs gSaA



Metadata Content Category ls lacaf/kr Elements iwjs Document ds Presentation ;k Behavior dks

Modify djus dk dke djrs gSaA bl fgLls esa dke esa fy, tkus okys fofHkUu Elements fuEukuqlkj

gSa%

- Title of the HTML Document

HTML Element ds rqjUr ckn esa gesa Element dks Specify djuk gksrk gSA vius Page dks

Title nsus ds fy, gesa Element dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA ;s dke ge fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs

gSa%

Betalab Computer Center

lkekU;r;k T;knkrj Search Engines title Element ds Content dks gh igys Search djrs gSaA ;fn

ge pkgrs gSa] fd fofHkUu izdkj ds Search Engines gekjs Web Page dks Search djus esa l{ke jgsa]

rks gesa gekjs Web Page esa title Elemen dks t:j Include djuk pkfg,A

pwafd gekjs Page dk Title Client dh Browser History esa Hkh Bookmark dh rjg Store gksrk gS]

blfy, Hkh Title Tag dks t:jr Specify djuk pkfg,] rkfd User gekjs Page dks vklkuh ls

fQj ls ns[k lds vkSj fQj gekjh Site ij fcuk fdlh ijskkuh ds vk ldsA

Element

bl Element esa Value ds :i esa gesa gekjh Web Site dk Base URL Specify djuk gksrk gSA bl

Attribute esa ge tks URL Speciry djrs gSa] iwjs HTML Document ds lHkh Relative URLs blh

Base URL ds vk/kkj ij viuk Absolute Web Address Create djrs gSa ;k fofHkUu Web

Reseources dks Identify djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,

bl Web Page esa geus Element esa localhost/bccfalna/ URL Specify fd;k gSA

html5 and css in hindi

Documents

hindi http

hindi copyright

book trade

falna station

trademark owner

information storage

vidhya jyoti school

copyright owner