hse bulletin edisi 47 - october 2013 ( pt national utility helicopters )

8/12/2019 HSE Bulletin Edisi 47 - October 2013 ( PT National Utility Helicopters )

1/5

Fitri Yuliyanti

HSE Admin

PT.National Utility Helicopters

47thEdition, OCTOBER 23rd2013

Gastritisis an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes

are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known asNSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Gastritis may

also occur in those who have had weight loss surgery resulting in the banding or reconstruction of the digestive

tract. Chronic causes are infection with bacteria, primarily Helicobacter pylori, chronic bile reflux, and stress;

certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.

The most common symptom is abdominal upset or pain. Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines,

such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods. For those with pernicious

anemia, B12injections are given, but more often oral B12 supplements are recommended.

Signs and Symptoms

Nausea

Vomiting (if present, may be clear, green or yellow, blood-streaked, or completely bloody, depending

on the severity of the stomach inflammation)

Belching (if present, usually does not relieve the pain much)

Bloating

Early satiety

Loss of appetite Unexplained weight loss

Causes

Acute: Erosive gastritis is a gastric mucosal erosion caused by damage to mucosal defenses. Alcoholconsumption does not cause chronic gastritis. It does, however, erode the mucosal lining of the stomach;

low doses of alcohol stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion.

Chronic: Chronic gastritis refers to a wide range of problems of the gastric tissues. The immunesystem makes proteins and antibodies that fight infections in the body to maintain a homeostatic

condition. In some disorders the body targets the stomach as if it were a foreign protein or pathogen; itmakes antibodies against, severely damages, and may even destroy the stomach or its lining.

GASTRITIS


2/5

Fitri Yuliyanti

HSE Admin


47thEdition, OCTOBER 23rd2013

Metaplasia: Mucous gland metaplasia, the reversible replacement of differentiated cells, occurs in the

setting of severe damage of the gastric glands, which then waste away (atrophic gastritis) and are

progressively replaced by mucous glands.

Coffee: Coffee can damage the lining of the gastrointestinal organs, causing gastritisand ulcers. The

consumption of coffee is therefore not recommended for people with gastritis, colitis, and ulcers.

Helicobacter pylori: Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of more than half of the world's

population, and the infection continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of

gastroduodenal diseases.

Diagnosis

Often, a diagnosis can be made based on the patient's description of his or her symptoms, but other methods

which may be used to verify gastritis include:

Blood tests:

o Blood cell count

o Presence ofHelicobacter pylori

o Liver, kidney, gallbladder, or pancreas functions

Urinalysis

Stool sample, to look for blood in the stool

X-rays

ECGs

Endoscopy, to check for stomach lining inflammation and mucous erosion

Stomach biopsy, to test for gastritis and other conditions

Treatment

Over-the-counter antacids in liquid or tablet form are a common treatment for mild gastritis. Antacids neutralize

stomach acid and can provide fast pain relief. When antacids do not provide enough relief, medications such as

cimetidine, ranitidine, nizatidine or famotidine that help reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces are

often prescribed. An even more effective way to limit stomach acid production is to shut down the acid

"pumps" within acid-secreting stomach cells.

Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking the action of these small pumps. This class of medications

includes omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole. Proton pump inhibitors also appear toinhibit H. pylori activity. Cytoprotective agents are designed to help protect the tissues that line the stomach

and small intestine. They include the medications sucralfate and misoprostol.

Another cytoprotective agent is bismuth subsalicylate. Many people also drink milk to relieve symptoms,

however the high calcium levels actually stimulate release of gastric acid from parietal cells, ultimately

worsening symptoms. In addition to protecting the lining of stomach and intestines, bismuth preparations

appear to inhibit H. pyloriactivity as well. Several regimens are used to treat H. pylori infection. Most use a

combination of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor. Sometimes bismuth is also added to the regimen.

The antibiotic aids in destroying the bacteria, and the acid blocker or proton pump inhibitor relieves pain and

nausea, heals inflammation, and may increase the antibiotic's effectiveness.

Source: www.wikipedia.com


3/5

Fitri Yuliyanti

HSE Admin


47th

Edition, OCTOBER 23rd

2013

SAFETY ALERT

RAPID DEPRESSURIZATION OF GAS CYLINDER


4/5

Fitri Yuliyanti

HSE Admin


47th

Edition, OCTOBER 23rd

2013

Source : EMOI


5/5

Fitri Yuliyanti

HSE Admin


47th

Edition, OCTOBER 18th

2013

Noise has historically been the principal environmental issue for aviation. It remains high on theagenda of public concern. In addition to aircraft in the air and on the ground, noise can arise from

ground transport and other operational sources.

All commercial aircraft must meet the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO's) noise

certification standards. These apply to aircraft designs and types when they are first approved for

operational use. The 33rd ICAO Assembly adopted Resolution A33/7 introducing the concept of a

balanced approach to noise management, thereby establishing a policy approach to address aircraft

noise, including international guidance for the introduction of operating restrictions on an airport-by-

airport basis. The balanced approach concept of aircraft noise management comprises four principal

elements and requires careful assessment of all different options to mitigate noise, including :

reduction of aircraft noise at source;

land-use planning and management measures; noise abatement operational procedures; and,

operating restrictions.

Other commonly applied noise management measures include:

establishing a technical partnership between airport air traffic control, aircraft operators andthe airport operator to jointly progress aircraft noise management;

depicting preferred noise routes on a map that avoid residential areas as far as possible,monitoring track adherence accuracy and seeking to improve track-keeping;

avoiding over-flying sensitive sites such as hospitals and schools;

ensuring that the optimum runway(s) and routes are used as far as conditions allow; using continuous descent approaches and departure noise abatement techniques;

avoiding unnecessary use of auxiliary power units by aircraft on-stand;

building barriers and engine test-pens to contain and deflect noise;

towing aircraft instead of using jet engines to taxi;

limiting night operations;

limiting the number of operations or the extent of a critical noise contour;

providing noise insulation for the most severely affected houses;

applying different operational charges based on the noisiness of the aircraft;

monitoring individual noise levels and penalizing any breach.

Source : http://www.eurocontrol.int/environment/public/standard_page/noise.html

AIRCRAFT NOISE MANAGEMENT

hse bulletin edisi 47 - october 2013 ( pt national utility helicopters )

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