how$to$enhance$the$effec-veness$of$ internaonal$regime$on$climate… · 2014-09-17 · •...

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How to Enhance the effec-veness of Interna-onal Regime on Climate Change: Challenges Towards Post2020 Yukari TAKAMURA (Nagoya University) September 2, 2014 email: [email protected] 1

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Page 1: How$to$Enhance$the$effec-veness$of$ Internaonal$Regime$on$Climate… · 2014-09-17 · • State$of$affairs$of$climate$nego-aons$ • Whatwould$be$ key$components$for$ enhancing$the$effec-veness$of$climate$regime$

How  to  Enhance  the  effec-veness  of  Interna-onal  Regime  on  Climate  Change:  

Challenges  Towards  Post-­‐2020  

Yukari  TAKAMURA  (Nagoya  University)  September  2,  2014  

e-­‐mail:  [email protected]­‐u.ac.jp      

 

1

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•  State  of  affairs  of  climate  nego-a-ons  •  What  would  be  key  components  for  enhancing  the  effec-veness  of  climate  regime  beyond  2020?  

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Brief  History  of  Climate  Nego-a-ons •  1988   Establishment  of  IPCC  •  1992   United  Na-ons  Framework  Conven-on  on  Climate  Change  

(UNFCCC)  adopted  (entry  into  force  in  1994)  •  1995   COP1:  Berlin  Mandate  adopted  •  1997   Kyoto  Protocol  (KP)  adopted  •  2001          Marrakesh  Accords  (implementa-on  rules)  adopted  •  2005 Entry  into  force  of  the  KP;  Nego-a-on  under  the  KP  (AWG-­‐KP)  

started  •  2007 Bali  Ac-on  Plan  adopted;  Nego-a-on  under  the  UNFCCC  (AWG-­‐

LCA)  launched  •  2009        COP15:  Copenhagen  Accord  (not  adopted  by  COP)  •  2010 COP16:  Cancun  Agreements  •  2011 COP17:  Durban  Placorm  Agreement,  launching  nego-a-on  on  

post  2020  regime  •  2012 COP18:Doha  Climate  Gateway  •  2013 COP19(Warsaw)  •  2014 COP20(Lima)  •  2015 COP21(Paris)

3

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Review  of  long  term  target  (2013-­‐15)  

2012 2015 2014 2013 2020

Nego-a-ons  toward  a  new  instrument  From  2020  

Ac-ons  to  be  taken  up  to  2020  

C O P

18

C O P

21

K P

Implementation of CA

Finish  work  by  2015�Start  in  the  1st  half  of  2012�

IPCC  AR5  

CA AWG-LCA

Completed  in  COP18  

AWG-KP

1st CP (〜2012)

Completed  in  COP/MOP8  

第2拘束期間(2013年〜2017年or2020年)�2nd  CP  (2013〜2020)�

AWG on Durban Platform (ADP)

Ra-fica-on  by  countries  

Pledges  of  targets  by  countries  and  interna-onal  review  (MRV);  Adapta-on,  finance,  technology,  CB  

Implementation of 2020 target and Itinerary toward a new legal instrument, to start from 2020

Source:  Takamura  based  on  MOE �

Entry  into  force  and  

opera-onaliza-on  

Compliance  assessment  of    1st  CP  

Adop-on

4  

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Nego-a-on  toward  a  2015  agreement  (1)

•  “Launch  a  process  to  develop  a  protocol,  another  legal  instrument  or  an  agreed  outcome  with  legal  force  under  the  Conven-on  applicable  to  all  Par-es”  (1/CP.  17)  –  “a  protocol”  –  “another  legal  instrument”  –  “an  agreed  outcome  with  legal  force”  

•  Legal  bindingness  of  the  instrument  might  remain  controversial  while  majority  of  countries  prefer  legally  binding  one.  

5  

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2013年 2015年 2014年 2020年

Negotiation Continues?

Negotiation up to 2015 (COP21)

Source:Takamura �

ENTRY

INTO

FORCE and IM

PLEMEN

TATION�

ADOPTION

6

C O P 20

UN SUMMIT

����� ������

�LI

MA

PERU�

C O P 21 PARIS�

SEP C

O P 19

Elabora-on  of  elements  of  nego-a-ng  text

Elabora-on  of  N.  text

Prepara-on  and  communica-on  of  intended  na-onally  determined  contribu-ons

Ex  ante  consulta-on

Nego-a-on

WARSAW�

MAR ADP�

JUN ADP�

OCT �ADP

Ra-fica-on?

May:  Nego-a-on  

Text

Early  2015:  Submission  of  intended  

contribu-on

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Nego-a-on  toward  a  2015  agreement(2)

•  Establishment  of  an  Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  the  Durban  Placorm  for  Enhanced  Ac-on  (ADP)  – ADP  shall  complete  its  work  as  early  as  possible  but  no  later  than  2015  in  order  to  adopt  this  protocol  ...  at  COP21  (2015)  and  for  it  to  come  into  effect  and  be  implemented  from  2020.(1/CP.  17)  

•  COP19  (2013)  decided  that  the  ADP  will  consider  elements  for  a  drak  nego-a-ng  text  no  later  than  at  COP20  (2014),  with  a  view  to  making  available  a  nego-a-ng  text  before  May  2015.(2/CP.  18)  

7  

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Nego-a-on  toward  a  2015  agreement(3)

•  “To  invite  all  Par-es  to  ini-ate  or  intensify  domes-c  prepara-ons  for  their  intended  na-onally  determined  contribu-ons,  without  prejudice  to  the  legal  nature  of  the  contribu-ons,  …  and  to  communicate  them  well  in  advance  of  the  twenty-­‐first  session  of  the  Conference  of  the  Par-es  (by  the  first  quarter  of  2015  by  those  Par-es  ready  to  do  so)…;”(1/CP.19,  para.  2(b))  

•  “To  request  the  Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  the  Durban  Placorm  for  Enhanced  Ac-on  to  iden-fy,  by  the  twen-eth  session  of  the  Conference  of  the  Par-es,  the  informa-on  that  Par-es  will  provide  when  punng  forward  their  contribu-ons,  without  prejudice  to  the  legal  nature  of  the  contribu-ons,  referred  to  in  paragraph  2(b)  above;”  (1/CP19,  para.  2(c))  

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Challenges  for  climate  regime  (1) •  The  agreed  long-­‐term  goal  of  2  degree  requires  us  to  

reduce  emission  more  dras-cally  and  rapidly  and  to  move  as  quickly  as  possible  towards  a  low  carbon  society.  

•  Post-­‐2020  climate  regime  should  deliver  significant  reduc-on    (Effec-veness).  •  Effec-veness:  ambi-on  ×  par-cipa-on  ×  compliance  (Bodansky,  2012)  •  Even  though  countries  commit  themselves  to  ambi-ous  target,  but  less  countries  par-cipate,  it  might  undermine  the  overall  effec-veness.    

•  Even  though  more  countries  par-cipate  but  they  only  commit  themselves  to  very  weak  target,  it  might  undermine  the  overall  effec-veness.  

•  Par-cipa-on  and  ambi-on  might  be  affected  by  comparability  of  efforts  with  other  countries  (a  sense  of  equity).  •  Lack  of/  less  comparability  might  lead  to  “rush  to  the  bopom”,  and  then  undermine  the  effec-veness.    

9

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10 Source:UNEP(2013)�

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Challenges  for  climate  regime  (2) •  All  Par-es  are  expected  to  contribute,  for  doing  so,  preparing  and  

communicate  their  INDC  in  the  context  of  2015  agreement.  –  INDC  is  based  on  voluntary  pledge  by  each  country  (bopom-­‐up  

approach)  •  Might  be  the  only  way  large  eminng  countries  could  agree  on  (par-cipate).  

–  Experiences  of  Cancun  pledge  (Pre-­‐2020  regime)  raise  two  concerns  •  Is  is  the  way  of  ensuring  achieving  the  emerging  long  term  target  (overall  

effec-veness)?  –  Gap  between  current  level  of  pledges  and  level  required  by  science  exists.    Current  level  

of  accumulated  pledges  would  lead  to  increase  in  temperature  by  about  3.5  degree  (about  700ppmv)  by  2100  (Höhne  et  al.  2009).  

•  How  to  ensure  the  comparability  of  efforts?  –  Lack  of/  less  comparability  might  lead  to  “rush  to  the  bopom”,  and  then  undermine  the  

effec-veness.    

–  Definitely  needs  some  device  to  enhance  the  effec-veness:  countries  are  seeking  bopom-­‐up  plus/  hybrid  approach  •  US  proposal:Countries  submit  targets,  subject  to  ex  ante  consulta-on  among  

countries  for  incen-vizing  countries  to  raise  the  ambi-on  and  for  ensuring  ex  ante  clarity  and  comparability  

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Challenges  for  climate  regime  (3)

•  How  to  ensure  flexibility  in  accordance  with  na-onal  circumstances  and  comparability  of  efforts  to  enhance  the  effec-veness?  – Due  to  -me  constraint  and  in  light  of  feasibility,  the  2015  agreed  outcome  would  (should)  be  simple,  composed  of  key  components.  

– To  what  extent  interna-onal  rules  are  necessary  (framing  rules  and  common  accoun-ng  rules)?  

12

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Challenges  for  climate  regime  (4) •  Framing  rules  and  process  are  cri-cally  important  to  

balance  flexibility  and  comparability.  –  Supposing  that  it  is  NOT  a  process  just  for  once    but  it  should  

be  con-nuous  one.    Needs  a  robust  founda-on,  but  which  would  evolve  over  -me.  

•  Some  regime  components  are  essen-al  to  enhance  the  effec-veness.    For  instance,    –  Common  target  period  (or  target  year  with  emission  path).  

•  Implica-ons  for  interna-onal  transfer  of  carbon  credits  should  also  be  considered.  

–  Length  of  target  period:  avoid  lock-­‐in  of  exis-ng  commitments  •  Shorter  target  period  (ex.  2020-­‐2025)  would  be  beper.  •  Might  be  longer  period  (ex.  2020-­‐2030)  with  mid  term  review.  

–  Rules  on  LULUCF  and  use  of  market  mechanisms  •  Should  reflect  real  reduc-on  and  avoid  double  coun-ng.  

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Challenges  for  climate  regime  (5)

•  Needs  to  establish  a  robust  process  to  control  the  overall  effec-veness  (1).  –  Elabora-on  and  submission  of  INDC  

•  Submission  and  implementa-on  of  INDC  is  mandatory,  but  its  level  (and  type)  is  determined  by  each  country,  which  would  respect  na-onal  decision  and    sovereignty.  

•  Relevant  informa-on  enough  to  assess  it  should  also  be  submiped.  –  Interna-onal  assessment  and  review  of  INDC  (ex  ante  

assessment)  •  Necessary  to  enhance  transparency  and  accountability  and  then  

ensure  comparability.  •  For  this  -me,  assessment  would  be  more  flexible  because  of  lack  of  

-me    and  because  some    developing  countries  may  need  more  capacity.  

–  Ex  post  review  of  implementa-on  (MRV)  •  How  would  we  be  able  to  learn  from  BR  +  IAR  and  BUR  +  ICA?  

14

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Possible  Process

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16  

Biennial  Report  *Na-onal  Communica-on  (per  4  years)  

Technical  review  →  Technical  review  report�

Mul-lateral  assessment  in  SBI�

MRV  for  mi-ga-on  by  developed  countries�

 IAR  modali-es  (COP17)  

BR  Guidelines  (COP17)

Informa-on  on  quan-fied  target  (condi-ons/  assump-ons/  base  year/  approaches  to  coun-ng  emissions  and  removals/  use  of  market  based  mechanisms)  Informa-on  on  mi-ga-on  ac-ons  Progress  made  towards  the  target  Projec-on  for  2020  and  2030  emissions  Informa-on  on  support    etc�

Review  guidelines(COP19)

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17  

Biennial  Update  Report  *Na-onal  Communica-on  (per  4  years)  

Technical  analysis  →  Summary  report�

Facilita-ve  sharing  of  views  in  SBI�

MRV  for  mi-ga-on  by  developing  countries�

 ICA  modali-es  (adopted  at  COP17)  

BUR  Guidelines  

(adopted  at  COP17) Developing  countries  shall  submit  

 -­‐  inventory  for  the  calendar  year  no  more  than  four  years  prior  to  the  date  of  submission  or  more  recent  years  Developing  countries  should  submit    -­‐  updates  of  na-onal  inventories    -­‐  informa-on  on  mi-ga-on  ac-ons      etc�

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18  

Interna-onally  supported  NAMA�

Interna-onally  not  supported  NAMA�

Domes-c  MRV � Domes-c  MRV �

Interna-onal  MRV �

Technical  analysis  →  Summary  report�

Facilita-ve  sharing  of  views  in  SBI�

Guidelines  (COP19)�

MRV  for  mi-ga-on  by  developing  countries  �

 ICA  (COP17)  

BUR� BUR�BUR  Guidelines  (COP17)

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Challenges  for  climate  regime  (6)

•  Needs  to  establish  a  robust  process  to  control  the  overall  effec-veness  (2).  –  Mechanism  to  revise  commitments  upwards  •  Built-­‐in  trigger  is  helpful.  •  Regular  review,  perhaps  based  on  ex  post  review  and  IPCC  

scien-fic  review.  •  Review  triggered  by  significant  change  in  major  

assump-ons  of  each  country’s  commitments    – Differen-a-on  would  also  be  possible  in  terms  of  assessment  and  review.  •  Different  frequency  of  review  depending  on  climate  impact  (ex.  WTO  TPRE)  

•  Flexibility  at  the  opera-onal  level,  by  considering  the  cause  of  non  compliance  and  na-onal  circumstances.  

19

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Wrap-­‐up  remarks  (1)

•  Several  factors  would  determine  the  effec-veness  of  climate  regime.  –  Countries  are  currently  seeking  broader  par-cipa-on  rather  than  stringency  of  each  commitment.  

– However,  such  an  approach  might  raise  serious  concern  about  comparability  of  efforts  and  distor-on  of  interna-onal  compe--veness,  thus  leading  to  “rush  to  the  bopom”  which  undermine  effec-veness  of  the  whole  regime.  

–  Some  regime  components  and  a  robust  process  to  control  the  effec-veness  are  essen-al.  

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Wrap-­‐up  remarks  (2) •  Focus  of  discussion  in  the  nego-a-on  seems  to  be  moving  to  how  effec-vely  interna-onal  ins-tu-ons  could  assist  local  and  na-onal  ac-ons  in  delivering  reduc-on  poten-al  as  much  as  possible.  

•  Pre-­‐2020  ac-ons  are  important  in  that  it  would  determine  the  level  of  contribu-on  beyond  2020  and  that  it  would  impact  regime  components,  for  instance  MRV.  

•  Issue  of  transi-on  from  pre  2020  to  post  2020  regime.  – Which  pre-­‐2020  components  should  be  anchored  in  the  2015  agreement,  including  the  ones  under  the  Kyoto  Protocol,  and  how?  

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AOSIS  proposal  to  raise  the  pre-­‐2020  ambi-on

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Rela-onship  with  UNFCCC  and  KP

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UNFCCC  and  its  COP  decisions  

2015  agreement(A)

Implemen-ng  rules(B)

Kyoto  Protocol  (KP)

Impleme-ng  rules  of  the  KP ����??�

����??�

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Discussions  about  INDC  (1)

•  Structural  aspects  of  INDC  – Time  frame  or  -me  period:  2020-­‐2025  or  2020-­‐2030?  (linked  with  schedule  of  the  whole  process)  

– Base  year:  fixed  or  flexible?  – Coverage:  fixed  or  flexible?  •  Na-onal  economy  wide  or  allow  sectorial?  •  GHG  coverage?  •  Mi-ga-on  only  or  allow  other  type  of  contribu-on  (adapta-on,  finance…)  (Mi-ga-on  plus  or  more  selec-ve)?  

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Discussions  about  INDC  (2) •  Substan-ve  aspects  of  INDC  (mi-ga-on)  

–  Differen-a-on:  •  Based  on  which  criteria?  •  according  to  categories  of  countries  or  “spectrum  of  commitments”?  

–  Type  of  contribu-on:  •  Fixed  or  flexible?  •  Condi-onal  or  uncondi-onal?  

–  Level  of  contribu-on:  •  How  to  decide  and  assess  contribu-on:  Top-­‐down  (Kyoto  Protocol  type)  approach  or  Bopom-­‐up  (Cancun  Agreement  type)  approach?  

•  Flexible  or  assessed  by  some  reference  (ex.  principle-­‐based  reference  framework)  

–  Common  interna-onal  rules  (accoun-ng  rules):  •  Whether  or  not  they  are  necessary,  and  if  any,  what  and  to  what  extent  could  be  counted  as  efforts.  

•  LULUCF  and  interna-onal  market  mechanism  25

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Discussion  about  INDC  (3) •  Process  and  other  issues  relevant  to  INDC  

–  Ex  ante  process:  •  Whether  to  establish  or  not,  and  what  to  do  in  the  process.  

–  Informa-on  necessary  to  ensure  clarity  and  transparency  of  INDCs  •  Could  vary  according  to  the  types  of  INDC  •  Some  Par-es  expect  Informa-on  for  INDCs  quan-fied/quan-fiable.  

–  Timing  of  finaliza-on/formaliza-on  of  INDC  •  2015  or  later  (2016  or  2017…)  (linked  with  contents  and  legal  nature  of  2015  agreement)  

–  Legal  nature  of  commitments  •  Might  be  different  from  the  legal  nature  of  the  instrument  •  All  or  a  part  of  INDCs  could  be  legally  binding  

–  Ex  post  review  (linked  with  -me  frame  or  -me  period)  •  Review  of  implementa-on  and  compliance  (MRV)  •  Regular  review  of  the  contribu-on  

–  Differen-a-on  26

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Thank  you  for  your  apen-on!    

Yukari  TAKAMURA  E-­‐mail:  [email protected]­‐u.ac.jp