HOW TO HANDLE THE DESIGN OF MISSION CRITICAL HARDWARE

MARINE ELECTRONICS

TYPES OF SENSORS IN MARINE:- GYROSCOPES – DRIFTING SENSOR AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT – WIND SENSOR LOG – SPEED SENSOR GPS – LATITUDE & LONGITUDE NAVIGATIONAL RADAR ECHOSOUNDERTYPES OF ACTUATORS ELECTRONIC STEERING GEAR SYSTEM ALL ARE CERTIFIED BY INTERNATIONAL MARINEORGANIZATION.

GYROSCOPES

FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE HEADING,ROLL & PITCH.

TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:- MECHANICAL RING LASER BEAM MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL FIBER OPTICAL

AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT

FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE

THE DIRECTION TO WIND

WITH RESPECT TO TRUE

NORTH & SPEED IN KNOTS.

PRINCIPLE:- IT USES FORCE APPLIED BY

WIND ON FLY WHEEL &

ACOUSTIC RESONANCE TO

DETECT.

LOG

FUNCTION: TO DETECT & CALCULATE

SPEED & ACCELERATION OF

SHIP.

PRINCIPLE:-IT USES PEIZOELECTRIC

CRYSTAL TO DETECT THE

SPEED.

GPS

FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING

PARAMETERS:- LATITUDE LONGITUDE SPEED OVER GROUND COURSE MADE GOOD

FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.

NAVIGATIONAL RADAR

FUNCTION: IT PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING

FUNCTIONS ON BOARD: NAVIGATION. COLLOSION DETECTION. DETECTION OF OBSTRUCTION. DETECTION OF ICEBERG. HARBOUR MANEUVERING.

ECHO SOUNDER

Echo sounding is the technique of using

sound pulses to find the depth of water.

The interval from the emission of a pulse to

reception of its echo is recorded, and the depth

calculated from the known speed of propagation of

sound through water. This information is then

Typically used for navigation purposes or in order

to obtain depths for charting purposes.

Electronic Steering Gear System

Electronic self-steering is controlled by

electronics operating according to one or more

input sensors, invariably at least a magnetic

compass and sometimes wind direction or

GPS position versus a chosen waypoint. The

electronics module calculates the required

steering movement and a drive mechanism

(usually electrical, though possibly hydraulic in

larger systems) causes the Rudder to move

accordingly.

AEROSPACE ELECTRONICS

TYPES OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPTMENT USED:- AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM. GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS) RADAR ALTIMETER GPS BLACK BOX (FLIGHT DATA & COCKPIT VOICE

RECORDER)

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR

FUNCTIONS:- GROUND CONTROL AIR CONTROL (TAKE OFF & LANDING) FLIGHT DATA DELIVERY( CONGESTION) APPROACH & TERMINAL CONTROL

(SAFE HAND OVER)

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system thatprovides precision guidance to an aircraftapproaching and landing on a runway, using acombination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safeLanding during instrument meteorologicalConditions such as low ceilings or reducedvisibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.

TYPES OF ILS

CATEGORY 1 (CAT1) for 200ft, min 550m CATEGORY 2 (CAT2) for 100ft, min 350m CATEGORY 3 (CAT3)

TYPES OF CAT3:- CAT3 A -for less than 100ft, min 200m CAT3 B -for less than 50 ft, min 50m CAT3 C -no height, zero visibility

GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS)

FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE HEADING,ROLL & PITCH.

TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:- MECHANICAL RING LASER BEAM MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

RADAR ALTIMETER

A Radar altimeter measures altitude above the

terrain presently beneath an aircraft This type

of altimeter provides the distance between the

plane and the ground directly below it. FMCW

Radars which use Doppler effect are used as

altimeters.

GPS

FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING

PARAMETERS:- LATITUDE LONGITUDE SPEED OVER GROUND COURSE MADE GOOD

FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.

BLACK BOX

A flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident data recorder) is an electronic device employed to record any instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice Recorder (CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with air traffic control), as well as ambient sounds. In this both functions have been combined into a single unit.

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS

COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ULTRASOUND ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM DIGITAL X-RAY

COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY

Computed aided tomography (CAT), is a

medical imaging technique employing

tomography created by computer processing.

Digital Geometry Processing is used to

generate a three dimensional image of the

inside of an object from a large series of two-

dimensional X-ray images taken around a

single axis of rotation.

MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures. An MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field to align the magnetization of some atomic nuclei in the body, and radio frequency fields to systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization

ULTRASOUND

ULTRASOUND is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomography images. It uses cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing.

ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM

ECG is interpretation of the electrical activity of

the heart over a period of Time, as detected by

electrodes attached to the outer surface of the

skin and recorded by a device external to the

body.

DIGITAL X-RAY

Digital X-RAY is a form of X-ray imaging,where digitalX-ray sensors are used instead of traditionalphotographic film. A high-density line-scan solid statedetector is composed of a photo stimulable bariumfluoro bromide doped with europium (BaFBr:Eu) orcaesium Bromide (CsBr) phosphor. The phosphordetector records the X-ray energy during exposure andis scanned by a laser diode to excite the stored energywhich is released and read out by a digital imagecapture array of a CCD.

DEFENCE ELECTRONICS

RADARS MISSILES ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM ECM JAMMERS ECCM JAMMERS

RADARS

Radar is an object-detection system which

uses radio waves to determine the range,

altitude, direction, or speed of objects.

The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of

radio waves or microwaves which return back

Echo signal for any object in their path.

TYPES OF RADARS

Detection and search radars (Surveillance) Targeting radars (WEAPON GUIDANCE) Triggers (Radars inside Missiles) Weather-sensing radar systems Navigational radars Mapping radars Road radar Radars for biological research

MISSILES

A missile is a self-propelled guided weapon

system. Missiles have five system

components:- Detection & guidance

radar, motion sensor ,flight control system,

engine and warhead.

TYPES OF MISSILES

Conventional guided missiles Cruise missile Ballistic missile

ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM

Electronic warfare system refers to system

involving the use of the electromagnetic

spectrum or directed radio energy to control the

spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy

assaults via the spectrum. It includes

three major subdivisions: Electronic Attack,

Electronic Protection and Electronic Warfare

Support.

ECM JAMMERS

An electronic countermeasure (ECM)

Jammer is an electrical or electronic device

designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar or

other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or

lasers. It may be used both offensively and

defensively to deny targeting information to an

enemy.

ECCM JAMMER

Electronic counter-countermeasures

JAMMER (ECCM) is a part of electronic

warfare which includes a variety of practices

which attempt to reduce or eliminate the effect

of electronic countermeasures (ECM) on

electronic sensors aboard vehicles, ships and

aircraft and weapons such as missiles.