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HOW TO HANDLE THE DESIGN OF MISSION CRITICAL HARDWARE
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MARINE ELECTRONICS
TYPES OF SENSORS IN MARINE:- GYROSCOPES – DRIFTING SENSOR AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT – WIND SENSOR LOG – SPEED SENSOR GPS – LATITUDE & LONGITUDE NAVIGATIONAL RADAR ECHOSOUNDERTYPES OF ACTUATORS ELECTRONIC STEERING GEAR SYSTEM ALL ARE CERTIFIED BY INTERNATIONAL MARINEORGANIZATION.
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GYROSCOPES
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE HEADING,ROLL & PITCH.
TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:- MECHANICAL RING LASER BEAM MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL FIBER OPTICAL
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AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE
THE DIRECTION TO WIND
WITH RESPECT TO TRUE
NORTH & SPEED IN KNOTS.
PRINCIPLE:- IT USES FORCE APPLIED BY
WIND ON FLY WHEEL &
ACOUSTIC RESONANCE TO
DETECT.
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LOG
FUNCTION: TO DETECT & CALCULATE
SPEED & ACCELERATION OF
SHIP.
PRINCIPLE:-IT USES PEIZOELECTRIC
CRYSTAL TO DETECT THE
SPEED.
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GPS
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING
PARAMETERS:- LATITUDE LONGITUDE SPEED OVER GROUND COURSE MADE GOOD
FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.
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NAVIGATIONAL RADAR
FUNCTION: IT PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING
FUNCTIONS ON BOARD: NAVIGATION. COLLOSION DETECTION. DETECTION OF OBSTRUCTION. DETECTION OF ICEBERG. HARBOUR MANEUVERING.
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ECHO SOUNDER
Echo sounding is the technique of using
sound pulses to find the depth of water.
The interval from the emission of a pulse to
reception of its echo is recorded, and the depth
calculated from the known speed of propagation of
sound through water. This information is then
Typically used for navigation purposes or in order
to obtain depths for charting purposes.
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Electronic Steering Gear System
Electronic self-steering is controlled by
electronics operating according to one or more
input sensors, invariably at least a magnetic
compass and sometimes wind direction or
GPS position versus a chosen waypoint. The
electronics module calculates the required
steering movement and a drive mechanism
(usually electrical, though possibly hydraulic in
larger systems) causes the Rudder to move
accordingly.
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AEROSPACE ELECTRONICS
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPTMENT USED:- AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM. GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS) RADAR ALTIMETER GPS BLACK BOX (FLIGHT DATA & COCKPIT VOICE
RECORDER)
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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR
FUNCTIONS:- GROUND CONTROL AIR CONTROL (TAKE OFF & LANDING) FLIGHT DATA DELIVERY( CONGESTION) APPROACH & TERMINAL CONTROL
(SAFE HAND OVER)
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INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system thatprovides precision guidance to an aircraftapproaching and landing on a runway, using acombination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safeLanding during instrument meteorologicalConditions such as low ceilings or reducedvisibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.
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TYPES OF ILS
CATEGORY 1 (CAT1) for 200ft, min 550m CATEGORY 2 (CAT2) for 100ft, min 350m CATEGORY 3 (CAT3)
TYPES OF CAT3:- CAT3 A -for less than 100ft, min 200m CAT3 B -for less than 50 ft, min 50m CAT3 C -no height, zero visibility
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GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS)
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE HEADING,ROLL & PITCH.
TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:- MECHANICAL RING LASER BEAM MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
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RADAR ALTIMETER
A Radar altimeter measures altitude above the
terrain presently beneath an aircraft This type
of altimeter provides the distance between the
plane and the ground directly below it. FMCW
Radars which use Doppler effect are used as
altimeters.
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GPS
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING
PARAMETERS:- LATITUDE LONGITUDE SPEED OVER GROUND COURSE MADE GOOD
FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.
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BLACK BOX
A flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident data recorder) is an electronic device employed to record any instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice Recorder (CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with air traffic control), as well as ambient sounds. In this both functions have been combined into a single unit.
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MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ULTRASOUND ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM DIGITAL X-RAY
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COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY
Computed aided tomography (CAT), is a
medical imaging technique employing
tomography created by computer processing.
Digital Geometry Processing is used to
generate a three dimensional image of the
inside of an object from a large series of two-
dimensional X-ray images taken around a
single axis of rotation.
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MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures. An MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field to align the magnetization of some atomic nuclei in the body, and radio frequency fields to systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization
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ULTRASOUND
ULTRASOUND is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomography images. It uses cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing.
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ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM
ECG is interpretation of the electrical activity of
the heart over a period of Time, as detected by
electrodes attached to the outer surface of the
skin and recorded by a device external to the
body.
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DIGITAL X-RAY
Digital X-RAY is a form of X-ray imaging,where digitalX-ray sensors are used instead of traditionalphotographic film. A high-density line-scan solid statedetector is composed of a photo stimulable bariumfluoro bromide doped with europium (BaFBr:Eu) orcaesium Bromide (CsBr) phosphor. The phosphordetector records the X-ray energy during exposure andis scanned by a laser diode to excite the stored energywhich is released and read out by a digital imagecapture array of a CCD.
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DEFENCE ELECTRONICS
RADARS MISSILES ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM ECM JAMMERS ECCM JAMMERS
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RADARS
Radar is an object-detection system which
uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of
radio waves or microwaves which return back
Echo signal for any object in their path.
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TYPES OF RADARS
Detection and search radars (Surveillance) Targeting radars (WEAPON GUIDANCE) Triggers (Radars inside Missiles) Weather-sensing radar systems Navigational radars Mapping radars Road radar Radars for biological research
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MISSILES
A missile is a self-propelled guided weapon
system. Missiles have five system
components:- Detection & guidance
radar, motion sensor ,flight control system,
engine and warhead.
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TYPES OF MISSILES
Conventional guided missiles Cruise missile Ballistic missile
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ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM
Electronic warfare system refers to system
involving the use of the electromagnetic
spectrum or directed radio energy to control the
spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy
assaults via the spectrum. It includes
three major subdivisions: Electronic Attack,
Electronic Protection and Electronic Warfare
Support.
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ECM JAMMERS
An electronic countermeasure (ECM)
Jammer is an electrical or electronic device
designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar or
other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or
lasers. It may be used both offensively and
defensively to deny targeting information to an
enemy.
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ECCM JAMMER
Electronic counter-countermeasures
JAMMER (ECCM) is a part of electronic
warfare which includes a variety of practices
which attempt to reduce or eliminate the effect
of electronic countermeasures (ECM) on
electronic sensors aboard vehicles, ships and
aircraft and weapons such as missiles.