how to do...interaction in periodization [email protected] 4th training science...

30.06.2011

1

Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Institut BTW der Sportarten

30.06.2011

Ulrich Hartmann

Faculty of Sport Science – Institute for Movement and Training Science in Sports

Training Load and Fatigue Interaction in Periodization

[email protected]

4th Training Science Congress Ankara, Turkey, 28. – 30.06.2011

Periodisation(Definition from HARRE, based on MATWEJEW)

„Periodisation is the continuing result of periodiccycles in the process to create a sport performanceability. Each single periodic cycle is characterized bya licit caused periodic change of (training) aims,tasks and content as well as characterizes thereforethe structure of the training“.

(translated from HARRE, 1986, 99ff)

Matveyev model (1965)Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999

Matveyev model (1965)Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999

Monocycle annual plan (modified after Ozolin 1971)

Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999

Monocycle annual plan (modified after Ozolin 1971)


Monocycle or single-peak annual plan for a speed-po wer sport


Monocycle or single-peak annual plan for a speed-po wer sport


Bi-cycle for a sport (track and field) in which spe ed and power dominate


Bi-cycle for a sport (track and field) in which spe ed and power dominate


Periodisation is an empirical descriptive guideline with many open questions:

HOW are adaptations induced ?

WHICH factors are stimulating further adaptations ?

WHY does the cellular mechanism behave in a given way ?

etc… January December

Perform

ance

Dubble peaking

multiple peaking

“rectangular 360 day

peeking”

Periodization: Commercial sport events / disciplines......

How to do ??

Trainingworkloads

Time

Overtraining

Newimprovement

in performance

Time

Performancelevel

Performancelevel

(Viru, A. & Viru, M., 2001, p. 194)

The original problem

mechanism of muscle adaptation

energy supply, training content

individual level of performance

The (different) causes

30.06.2011

2

shar

e of

ene

rgy

(%)

time (min)

aerobicNecessitative components of performance by

the view of total metabolism capacity• The physical performance / power of a high trained athlete

has two components:

• 1: An about 60% increased max. oxidative power of the act.MuM by an increased mitochondria mass from normal 3,0% to 5.5 % per kg of act. MuM (60%). This is the result /function of an extensive endurance training

Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration

- Amount- Size- Surface- Location- Volume (+ 500%) Marieb 1992

Values for the relative VO 2max at different levels of endurance

rel. VO2 maxuntrainedwomen (20-30 years) 32-38 ml / kg / minmen (20-30 years) 40-55 ml / kg / min

hightrained endurance athletswomen 60-70 ml / kg / minmen 80-90 ml / kg / min

norm values for a fitness conditionwomen 35-38 ml / kg / minmen 45-50 ml / kg / min

endurance athletics 55-65 ml / kg / minendurance athletics (international level) 65-80 ml / kg / minendurance athletics (international high level) 85-90 ml / kg / min

THE CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

OXYGEN TRANSPORTOXYGEN TRANSPORTVOVO22max (ml/min/kg)max (ml/min/kg)

ADAPTATION ADAPTATION %%-- lung surfacelung surface 1515--2020-- HbHb 2020-- heart size heart size 5050-- muscle massmuscle mass 35 35 -- mitochondria mitochondria 500500

Necessitative components of performance by

the view of total metabolism capacity• The physical performance / power of a high trained athlete

has two components:

• 1: An about 60% increased max. oxidative power of the act.MuM by an increased mitochondria mass from normal 3,0% to 5.5 % per kg of act. MuM (60%). This is the result /function of an extensive endurance training

• 2: The „maximal glycolytic power“ is very much related with the„maximal lactate formation rate“ (= VLamax mmol/s*kg ). This ismaximally and only usable until the 10. to 20. sec during a(supra)maximal load.

30.06.2011

3

shar

e of

ene

rgy

(%)

time (min)

aerobicanaerobiclactic

anaerobicalactic Variation of lactic formation rate in untrained /

specific trained individuals in 100m sprint

VLAmax (mmol/l*s) measurement procedure:

100m sprint (14s) , one single max. load, untrained individual (max. post exercise lactate ~ 8 - 10 mmol/l(VLA max : 10 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 12 s = 0,7 mmol/l*s ).

100m sprint (12s) , singular maximal load, medium anaerobic trained individual (max. post exercise lactate ~ 10 - 14 mmol/l(VLA max : 14 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 10 s = 1,2 mmol/l*s ).

100m sprint (10s) , singular max. load, specific trained high class sprinter (max. post exercise lactate ~ 14 - 18 mmol/l(VLA max : 18 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 8 s = 2,0 mmol/l*s ).

�� Maximal anaerobic (glycolytic / lactic) metabolic “capacity” / performance for short distance running

Development of anaerobic-lactic performance in young talented soccer players

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

age (y) / (n)11-12 (5)

12-13 (7)13-14 (15)

14-15 (16)

15-16 (16)16-17 (13)

17-18 (5)18-19 (4)

Lact

ate

form

atio

n ra

te V

LAm

ax [

mm

ol/l*

s]

average VLAmax

Performance development during season

90,0%

92,0%

94,0%

96,0%

98,0%

100,0%

102,0%

Okt Nov Dez Jan Feb März Apr Mai Juni Juli Aug

Mitte des Monats

Ant

eil a

n B

estle

istu

ng (

%)

P4 P2000m

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

mid of the month

% o

f bes

t per

form

ance

early prep. phase

late prep. phase

1st comp. phase

2nd comp. phase

Possible shares of energy supply mechanisms for an identical load / power output of a rower ( ♂♂♂♂, 95kg) at same

VO2 max but different glycolytical conditions

aerobicanaerobiclactic

anaerobicalactic

VO2 = 6000 ml/minVLAmax = relative high glycolyticVO2 < 90%; ph ca. 6,4; 18,0mmol/l LA blood

80,0%

82,6%VO2 = 6000 ml/minVLAmax = medium glycolyticVO2 = 90%; ph ca. 6,6; 16,0mmol/l LA blood

85,0%VO2 = 6000 ml/minVLAmax = normal low glycolyticVO2 > 90%; ph ca. 6,7; 13,0mmol/l LA blood

The interaction of the oxidative and the glycolytic system

1. Oxidative share needs long time to develop

2. Oxidative share is never too big

3. Glycolytic share needs only short time to increase

4. Glycolytic system is very limited in development

5. Is seldomly too small, mostly too big (specifity oftraining)

6. None system can be trained independently.

30.06.2011

4

Anaerobic lactic

anaerobic alactic

aerobic

Variation of energy metabolism during year round – early preparation phase

Variation of energy metabolism during year round – competition phase

anaerobic alactic

aerobic

Anaerobic lactic

How to train?

Consequences for the practice?

Knowledge about the load / energetic profile of the sport / discipline

Individuality of muscles fibers would be good to know

Increase of amount, intensity more seldom

Training load must be orientated at the energy/caloric turnover

Training schedules are recommendations, no bibles

distancedistance ATP / CRPHATP / CRPH

%%

anaerobicanaerobic--laclac

%%

aerobicaerobic

%%

30 m30 m 8080808080808080 1919 11

60 m60 m 5555 4343 22

100 m100 m 2525 7070707070707070 55

200 m200 m 1515 6060 2525

400 m400 m 1212 4343434343434343 4545454545454545

800 m800 m 1010 3030 6060

1500 m1500 m 88 2020 7272

3000 m3000 m 55 1515 8080

5000 m5000 m 44 1010 8686

10000 m10000 m 33--22 1212--88 8585--9090

marathonmarathon 00 55--22 9595--9898

Share of energy supply mechanism during different

track and fieldtrack and fieldtrack and fieldtrack and field events (according to MADER / HARTMANN):

DistanceDistance anaerobicanaerobic--lacticlactic

%%

bloodblood--lactatelactate

[[mmolmmol/l]/l]

restrestrestrestrestrestrestrest 0.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 –––––––– 1.81.81.81.81.81.81.81.8

30 m30 m30 m30 m30 m30 m30 m30 m 1919191919191919 22222222--------55555555

60 m60 m60 m60 m60 m60 m60 m60 m 4343434343434343 55555555--------99999999

100 m100 m100 m100 m100 m100 m100 m100 m 7070707070707070 1414141414141414--------1616161616161616

200 m200 m200 m200 m200 m200 m200 m200 m 6060606060606060 1818181818181818

400 m400 m400 m400 m400 m400 m400 m400 m 4343434343434343 2424242424242424

800 m800 m800 m800 m800 m800 m800 m800 m 3030303030303030 2121212121212121

1500 m1500 m1500 m1500 m1500 m1500 m1500 m1500 m 2020202020202020 1515151515151515

3000 m3000 m3000 m3000 m3000 m3000 m3000 m3000 m 1515151515151515 ????????

5000 m5000 m5000 m5000 m5000 m5000 m5000 m5000 m 1010101010101010 ????????

10000 m10000 m10000 m10000 m10000 m10000 m10000 m10000 m 1212121212121212--------88888888 88888888

42195 m42195 m42195 m42195 m42195 m42195 m42195 m42195 m 55555555--------22222222 33333333--------44444444

Share of energy supply mechanism / Lactate level (blood)

during different track and fieldtrack and fieldtrack and fieldtrack and field events / (HARTMANNHARTMANNHARTMANNHARTMANN):





30.06.2011

5

time

change of performance

anabolic adaptation-phase

0

-

load increase = (intensity * amount)

hype

rtro

phy

adaptation-period

steady state

protein-synthesis

cell protein-mass

Dynamic of muscle cell adaptation

+

time

change of performance

anabolic adaptation-phase

0

-

decrease of perfor-

mance

load increase = (intensity * amount)

maximum ofprotein-synthesis

hype

rtro

phy

catabolic-phase

adaptation-period

steady state

protein-synthesis

cell protein-mass

Dynamic of muscle cell adaptation

+

training load

training load

training load

basic stress

max. stress

sympathic level

high

lowvagotony

stress level

Coactivation1. Anabolic hormons

Testosteron2. Common transcrip-tion activating factors

Catabolic hormonscorticosteroids

(cortisol)catecholamines





18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Alter (Jahre)

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

120

Änd

erun

g P

max

(%)

4.5

4

2.8

2.5

1.80.5 -0.3

0.50.6

-0.5-0.8

0.6

Annual change (%) of P maxdepending of age

Age (years)

Cha

nge

Summary:

1. Existing points of view about adaptation and peri-odisation have their origins in the “Russian school”

2. It is a phenomenological way of thinking

3. It has no respect to biology

4. It includes a hypothetic / self full-filling assumptionof possible adaptations (“master ´s teaching”)

5. Adaptation and periodisation show in athletes veryindividual responses depending of many otherinfluencing factors (age, level of performance, loadtolerance etc.)

6. There are only few existing (energy) demand / loadprofiles and its specific adaptation in disciplines.

Spare time ≠ Recovery time

Thank you very much for your

attention!!

how to do...interaction in periodization [email protected] 4th training science...

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