how non-grape research at ars can benefit grape-growers · bruce wood, supervisory horticulturist,...
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Mineral Nutrition in Perennials
How non-grape research at ARScan benefit grape-growers
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Perspective
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Why are Viticulturists interested in mineral nutrition?
1. Vine Health & Productivity (what is required and when)
2. Sustainable Production (low environmental footprint, reduce production costs)
3. Fruit Quality
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1. Nutrition & Vine Health-Things we know-
• Nutrients Required (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo, others?)
• Tissue standards generally known for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S that do not limit growth or yield (tweaking for different sites / scions / rootstocks / production goals)
• Tissue standards for B, Zn, Mn pretty well known• Adequate but not excessive supply of
macronutrients (particularly N!) – “never apply N to vigorous vines”
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1. Nutrition & Vine Health-Things we don’t know-
• Cu, Fe, Mo tissue standards are not clear (just not enough data in most cases and few studies across regions and scions/rootstocks)
• Role of the Lesser known phytonutrients in Vine physiology (Ni, Mo, Co?, Cl? Na?) and disease resistance (Si?, Ni?).
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Importance of Nickel (Ni) In Vitis Culture?
Bruce Wood, Supervisory Horticulturist,Byron, GA
Ni is generally overlooked as a nutrient requiring consideration in crop management, even though
it is an essential nutrient element.
►While almost all soils, and most plant tissues, possess sufficient Ni on a concentration basis, transitory deficiencies often arise due to either environmental factors or metalantagonisms that temporarily limit endogenous Ni bioavailabilty for key physiological processes regulating crop health, yield and quality.
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Rootknot nematodes (Meloidogyne partityla) reduce Ni uptake by roots and cause a Ni deficiency.
Nickel deficiency in pecan (Woods & Nyczepir)
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Higher Plant Enzymes Likely Affected by Low Nickel
Bioavailability• Urease (Dixon 1975, 1980a, 1980b; affecting urea oxidation), • H+-ATPase (Ros et al., 1990; affecting ion transport), • IAA oxidase (Das et al., 1978; affecting auxin oxidation and homeostasis), • Glutathione reductase (Schickler and Caspi, 1999; affecting reduction of glutathione),• Ascorbate oxidase (Das et al., 1978; affecting oxidation of ascorbate), • Superoxide dismutase (Schickler and Caspi, 1999; affecting O2
.- deactivation), • Catalase (Das et al., 1978; affecting degradation of H2O2), • Perioxidase (Pandolfini et al., 1992; affecting polyphenolic oxidation); • Acetyl CoA synthase (Webster et al., 2004; Bai et al., 2006; affecting carbon unit
availability for multiple metabolic processes such as organic acids, fatty acids),• Allantoate amidohydrolase and ureidoglycolate amidinohydrolase and / or
ureidoglycolate amidohydrolase (Bai et al., 2006; ureide-N catabolism), • Asparagines synthase and argininosuccinate synthase (Bai et al., 2007; urea-N and
amino acid-N metabolism), • RNase-A (Bai et al., unpublished, affecting N cycling from RNA) .
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1. Nutrition & Vine Health-Things we don’t know-
• Cu Fe Mo tissue standards are not clear (just not enough data in most cases and few studies across regions and scions/rootstocks).
• Role of the Lesser known phytonutrients in Vine physiology (Ni, Mo, Co?, Cl?, Na?) and disease resistance (Si Ni).
• Timing of nutrient uptake (particularly to meet different goals).
• Variety or Scion / Rootstock requirements.
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Carolyn ScagelPlant PhysiologistCorvallis, OR
Nutrition in Nursery Crops
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PLANT GROWTH & N CONTENT-- June to September --
DateJun Jul Aug Sep
Bio
mas
s (g
)
0
5
10
15
20-N Rhododendron 'P.J.M.'+N Rhododendron 'P.J.M.'-N Rhododendron ' Cannon's Double'+N Rhododendron ' Cannon's Double'
A. Total Plant Biomass
DateJun Jul Aug Sep
N C
onte
nt (m
g)
0
100
200
300
400
-N Rhododendron 'P.J.M.'+N Rhododendron 'P.J.M.'-N Rhododendron ' Cannon's Double'+N Rhododendron ' Cannon's Double'
B. Total Plant N Content
Residual N in plant stock was able to meet plant N demand until ~July.
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Autumn Versus Spring N Supply- Hydrangea -
No Urea in Autumn Foliar Urea Autumn
No Spring N No Spring N Spring NSpring N
Foliar urea in the autumn improved spring growth and flowering anddecreased dependence on N in spring.
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2. Nutrition & Sustainability-Things we know-
• Grapevines have a fairly low requirement for many nutrients (particularly N)
• Vines rely heavily on Reserves for N and P & this increases with vine age (other nutrients less clear)
• Rootstocks have different capacities for uptake of some elements, (genotype X environment interactions need to be better explored).
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2. Nutrition & Sustainability-Things we don’t know-
• Best forms of nutrients to use (fertilizers / cover crops / foliar)
• Interactions with irrigation (soil capacity to adsorb & release nutrients)
• Root traits important for nutrient uptake
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Carolyn ScagelPlant PhysiologistCorvallis, OR
Form of Fertilizers
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Using foliar urea with defoliant improves performance
Defoliant in Autumn 3% Urea & Defoliant in Autumn
Using foliar fertilization to increase transplant performance of bareroot nursery stock (almond)
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INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGMENT
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 500 1000 1500N Reserves (mg/plant)
New
Gro
wth
(g
/p
lan
t)
Urea+Defoliant DefoliantAlmond
Urea application in fall prior to defoliant use increasesN reserves and new growth the following year.
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Assessing effect of fertilizer type and application method on cold hardiness of nursery crops
High N rates during growing season decreased stem and bud cold hardiness.Plants given urea based fertilizers were less susceptible to cold damage.
Time (Mon. Year)Oct. 2006 Dec. 2006 Feb. 2007
2006
Ste
m L
owes
t Sur
vivi
ng T
empe
ratu
re (C
)
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-100
0N 16-IBDU 32-IBDU 16-CRF 32-CRF
ab b b b
a
b
c
dd
aa
b
cc
2006 Stem LST in Oct. 2006, Dec. 2006, and Feb. 2007
Urea base
NO3 base
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Dave BrylaHorticulturistCorvallis, OR
Interaction with Irrigation
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Design and Management of Fertigation Systems for Blueberry
Objectives:
• Compare fertigation to conventional granularfertilizer application
• Identify best fertigation rates for maximum growth and production
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Granular fertilizer (drip or microspray) – 90-135 lbs/acre N
Necrotic & senesced leavesDiscolored leaves
Dead canes Dead plants
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Soil solution sampler
Soil solution samplers
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Continuous fertigation
2007
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity (m
S cm
-1)
0
1
2
3
0 lbs/acre N45 lbs/acre N90 lbs/acre N135 lbs/acre N
Split fertigation
2007
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity (m
S cm
-1)
0
1
2
3
Granular (drip)
2007
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity (m
S cm
-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Granular (microspray)
2007
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity (m
S cm
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Fertilizer applications Fertilizer applications
Fertilizer applications
Fig. 6
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Peach Root Traits
• PREVIOUS WORK: – Hormone ratios in peach and apple were
associated with different tree architectures. – Compact had 3-times more lateral roots than
Pillar or Standard growth habits. – Compact trees absorb 2-times more
phosphorous as nutrients become limiting.
• PRACTICAL VALUE: – Compact root systems increased access to
nutrients like P which move via diffusion.– Growers may reduce fertilizer inputs with tree
rootstocks that utilize nutrients more efficiently.
Tom TworkoskiPlant PhysiologistKearneysville, WV
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Root Foraging Capacity In Different Grape Rootstocks
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Root Foraging Capacity In Different Grape Rootstocks
- Is capacity to Forage for a specificnutrient related to uptake & growth?
- Does capacity to Forage for N altercapacity to Forage for P or K?
- Is root topology in different rootstocksaltered by different nutrients?
- Is root length in different rootstocksaltered by different nutrients?
-Which root trait is more important forForaging versus Uptake?
Paul SchreinerPlant PhysiologistCorvallis, OR
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3. Nutrition & Fruit Quality-Things we know-
• Excessive N supply leads to poor fruit quality (shading / poor set / higher incidence of diseases)
• Low N also a problem - low yields, low YAN, too much solar exposure=sunburn
• K affects quality via pH - high supply leads to lower free acids and high must pH
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3. Nutrition & Fruit Quality-Things we don’t know-
• Tissue standards not related to fruit quality• How does P status affect quality?• How do micronutrients affect quality?• What is the correct balance of N supply
that promotes good yields & YAN (low N issues), but allows for good exposure and flavor/color expression (high N issues).
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Non-Grape ARS Research that relates to nutrition & fruit quality
• Multiple ARS Groups - Breeding for fruit quality attributes• Multiple ARS Groups - Impact of various farming
practices on fruit quality • Wenatchee Group (Mattheis, Ruddell, Curry, Zhu) -
Apple fruit texture / aroma - metabolomics • These programs not focused directly on nutrition & fruit
quality• Grapes (particularly wine) may be a bit unique - (small
size matters, complex suite of quality indicators -fermentation expression)
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Identifying optimal nutrient concentrations for premium wine
grape production based on physiological needs and fruit quality
R. Paul SchreinerUSDA – ARS – HCRL
Corvallis, OR
Jungmin Lee – USDA, Parma ID Michael Qian – OSU, Corvallis ORJames Osborne – OSU, Corvallis ORPatty Skinkis – OSU , Corvallis OR
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Optimal Nutrition Project 1Sand-culture
2003-2009
N, P, K, Ca, Mg, SFe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu
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Effects on Vine Growth & Nutrients
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Effects on Yield & Fruit Quality
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Effects on Berry Secondary Metabolites
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-1
0
1
-1 0 1
PC-2
(14%
of V
aria
tion)
PC-1 (51% of Variation)
PCA Plot Based on Growth & N, P, K Status at Bloom
ActivePassive
Leaf P%
Pet K%
Leaf N%
Photosyn.
Leaf Area
Prune Wt.
Shoot Length
Yield
QE PS2Berry Wt.
YANJuice pHJuice K
C-6 Aromas
Juice Brix
Juice P
TerpenesNorisoprenoids
ACY
Juice TATannins
β-Damascenone
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More, More, MoreOther ARS Research Relating to Nutrient Management
• AMF ecology & on-farm inoculum production (Dave Douds, Wyndmoor, PA)
• Root trait selection for Al tolerance (Leon Kochian, Ithaca, NY)
• Rootstock scion interactions in tree fruits (Geneva & Kearneysville)
• Water & nutrient use in nursery crops (Joseph Albano, Fort Pierce, FL)
• Nutrient & water supply greenhouse crops (James Altland, Wooster, OH)
• Cover crops in Orchards (Multiple Groups across US)