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How did Europeans carry out their colonialist empire? How did colonial subjects respond? The answer to both of these questions is shaped by the social and cultural ideologies used to justify the colonial mission.

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A system of ideas, often a set of principles that form the basis of economic or political policy. Example: Socialist vs. Capitalist ideology Often used to sell, support or justify May be circulated invisibly through popular culture

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What is Social Darwinism? An application of Darwins theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest to society, popular in the 19 th century. Core Belief: Societies evolve from lower (barbarians) to higher (civilized), and the most capable are the ones who survive; and it is wrong to interfere with this process. Real Darwinists want nothing to do with these beliefs.

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Who is Rudyard Kipling?

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The White Mans Burden Read your stanza slowly and underline key words or phrases that stand out for you. Identify what metaphor or metaphors can be found. Translate the stanza into your own words. Prepare to share it with the class. Write down what, according to Kipling, is the White Mans Burden??? And what reward does Kipling seem to suggest the White Man may get for carrying this burden? According to Kipling, what is the impact of colonialism upon the people being colonized? In your opinion, how might colonized people be affected by this way of thinking? How might they resist it? By Rudyard Kipling

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The White Mans Burden appeared in childrens books and even in advertiseme nts of the time period.

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What impact did the history of colonialism have on the people who were colonized?

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The conquest of the earth, which mostly means taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter notes than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it. Joseph Conrad 1857-1924

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Al-Jazeera Presents Africa States of Independence: The Scramble for Africa Professor Lansine Kaba, born and educated in Guinea and then Senegal Biyi Bandele, Nigerian- born novelist and playwright Jonathan Lawley, Former District Administrator of Zambia/Northern Rhodesia Richard Dowden, Director of the Royal African Society https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=CgzSnZidGuU https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=CgzSnZidGuU

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Various Paths to Colonial Status India and Indonesia = colonial conquest grew out of earlier interactions with European trading companies India = became controlled by Britain Indonesia = became controlled by the Dutch Neither country had a clear-cut plan for conquest Conquest evolved slowly as local authorities and European traders made and unmade a variety of alliances Acquisition of India and Indonesia = fairly easy because both were fragmented territories with no political unity British authorities meeting with Mughal leaders

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Cultural Motives A desire to civilize non-Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism Social Darwinism Darwins handwritten cover page for The Origin of Species Herbert Spencer

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What is Social Darwinism? Modern name given to various theories of society that emerged during the 1870s claimed to have applied Darwins theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest to society. They generally feel that the strong should see their wealth and power increase, and the weak should see it decrease. They never called themselves Social Darwinists, and actual Darwinists do not want to be associated with them.

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EUROPEANS SEEK to TRADE DIRECTLY FROM SOURCE for commodities (like palm oil, rubber, cotton, ground nuts) Avoid African intermediary (and their cut) Europeans call it free trade. EUROPEANS SENT OUT AGENTS TO SIGN Treaties of Protection with African leaders, perceived to be a contract that signed away sovereignties to European powers. AFRICANS RESIST and RESENT THIS THREAT to SOVEREIGNTY over TRADE AFRICANS SIGNED TREATIES they perceived to be diplomatic or commercial friendship treaties. Upon discovery of the fraud, they organized military troops to resist imposition of colonial domination. DIRECT MILITARY ENGAGEMENT with city states, chieftains or kingdoms who had standing professional armies. Examples: Ethiopians, Zulu, Mandinkas LAUNCH GUERILLA WARFARE in small-scale societies without professional armies, launch hit-and- run attacks on stationery targets. Example: Igbo in Nigeria.

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The Black Mans Burden Pile on the Black Mans Burden. Tis nearest at your door; Why heed long bleeding Cuba, Or dark Hawaiis shore? Hail ye your fearless armies, Which menace feeble folks Who fight with clubs and arrows And brook your rifles smoke. Pile on the Black Mans Burden His wail with laughter drown Youve sealed the Red Mans problem, And will take up the Brown, In vain ye seek to end it, With bullets, blood or death Better by far defend it With honors holy breath. H.T. Johnson, 1899.

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What impact did the history of colonialism have on the people who were colonized?

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Responses to Colonial Powerentral Historical Question Primary Resistors Those societies or leaders who decided to fight militarily right from the start. Samouri Toure of the Mandinka, Nandi of Kenya, Menelik II of Ethiopia Secondary Resistors Those who welcomed Europeans initially, and then decided to fight after realizing that their wealth, and their independence were being taken. Cooperators Those groups who did not mind being colonized as long as they could keep out of the way, or chose to collaborate or cooperate with the Europeans. Opportunists Those who chose to support colonialists in exchange for material gains or career opportunities.

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Why did some collaborate? The betrayed. Signed treaties in the belief that their independence would be protected, or trade promoted. They trusted interpreters who fooled them. The weakened. Some were defeated by epidemics, internal conflict or natural calamities and were unable to fight. Some groups were also so weakened by the slave trade they had no active population to resist with. The threatened. Some sought weapons or military support from Europeans to help them fight against a neighboring kingdom or group. Similarly, some collaborated because their enemies resisted. The fearful. Some feared the superiority of European weapons, and saw the damage done to others who resisted. Saw friendship as a way of preserving what they had.

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Why did some collaborate? The opportunists Some wanted to acquire wealth. They had developed an interest in European goods and believed these were superior to their own products. The zealous opportunists. Some hoped to loot property and acquire wealth and stature when African resistors were finally defeated by the Europeans. The converted. Some were convinced by missionaries that they needed to accept colonial rule as they accepted authority from God. Some also believed that converting to Christianity would earn them favor from Europeans and protect them from harm.

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Why did some resist? The knowing Some knew Europeans had come to take their independence, and resisted immediately. The strong. Some societies had strong standing armies, and gun supplies. These were also groups that were united and highly organized, and felt confident to resist. The distrustful Some resisted because their enemies were cooperating with the Europeans. The fed-up Some resisted after colonial policies such as taxation, forced labor, land confiscation- became more onerous.

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Armed resistance Guerilla warfare Small scale non- centralized societies without a standing army would still look for opportunities to sabotage, and fight against colonial administrations. Military resistance Large-scale states and kingdoms with standing armies and access to munitions. Most prolonged in so-called settler states (like Kenya and South Africa), where there was a large European population as well.

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Non-violent resistance Mass migration Groups left in large numbers in response to forced labor, military recruitment, land dispossession Syncretic religious movements Groups combined Christianity with traditional African religious practices and beliefs. Restored faith in traditional religions and cultures.

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Resistance 101 No pan-African identity to unite behind. Proxy rulers often became the face of the colonial empire, and the enemy one had to fight. Some cooperation was essential for survival, or to prepare for another episode of resistance. Collaboration could protect some independence.

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Resistance Heroes SHAKA ZULU - 1787-1828 KwaZulu-Natal, S.A. Legendary military leader and founder of the Zulu nation. BEHANZIN 1844-1906 King of Dahomey (Benin)

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SAMORI TURE 1830-1900 Leader of Mandinka empire in West Africa (now Guinea) Resisted for 16 years EMPEROR MENELIK II 1844-1913 Ethiopia

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The Battle of Adwa Painting of Battle of Adwa

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Inquiry Question: How was Ethiopia able to defeat the Italian army at the Battle of Adwa and stay independent?

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Ethiopian Independence Only the African nation of Ethiopia was able to retain its independence by matching European firepower. In 1889 the emperor of Ethiopia, Menelik II, undertook a program of modernization that included a modern Army. In 1895, Italian forces invaded Ethiopia over a treaty dispute. Within a year, however, Meneliks forces more numerous and better armed than the Italians defeated the Italians at the Battle of Adwa. (p.760) World History Textbook, 2006

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Analyze with Clock Buddies Compare and contrast the way each document: explains who was most responsible for the Ethiopian victory identifies what event led to the battle explains why Ethiopia won the battle THEN Make your own claim that answers our initial question TRY SOAPSTone method

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Colonial Empires with a Difference European colonial policies contradicted their own values and practices at home European NationsEuropean Colonies Becoming more democraticWere mostly dictatorships (used to create order and stability) Swept up in nationalismTotal opposite of national independence Christian and Enlightenment idea of human equality Racial divisions, ranked racial classifications, etc. Industrialization and modernizationModernization discouraged because Europeans did not want modernization to cause opposition to colonial rule

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India o 1.2 billion people o Worlds largest democracy o Hundreds of languages spoken, and many ethno-linguistic- religious groups o Ancient civilizations

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Origin of major world religions

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Diverse landscape

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Rich artistic and cultural heritage

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Mughal Empire from 1526 Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and Royal Hunting Party

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The British East India Company Founded in 1600 Began to take over parts of India for control of trade and profits Eventually took over all of India in 1757

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British Colonial India 1765-1805 1765 1805

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British Colonial India 1837-1857 1857 1837

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Rebellion shifted the terms of British rule Most famous colonial rebellion = the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 Also known as: the Sepoy Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny Sepoys = Indian soldiers in the service of European powers

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Sepoys: Indian Soldiers Sepoy Infantryman, 1819 Madras Cavalry of British India, 1845

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Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 Triggered by the introduction into the colonys forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs Remember: Indian troops = Hindus and Muslims Hindus = find cows sacred Muslims = regard pigs as unclean Both = viewed this military innovation as a plot to harm them and convert them to Christianity Indian troops in Bengal mutinied against their British superiors

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Rebellion of 1857 Attack of the Mutineers at Lucknow, July 30, 1857

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Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 Indian Rebellion spread from Bengal to other regions and other social groups Many social groups within India were upset with British colonial rule Local rulers = lost power Landlords = deprived of their estates and/or rent Peasants = overtaxed and exploited by urban moneylenders and landlords Weavers = unemployed (displaced by machines) Religious leaders = opposed to Christian missionary preaching

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Spread of the Rebellion

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Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 Crushed in 1858 but important results followed: Widening of the racial divide in colonial India between native Indians and their British rulers eroded British tolerance for their subjects British = became more conservative and cautious when it came to trying to change Indian society didnt want another rebellion British government assumed direct control over India ended the British East India Companys rule there

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And what are the legacies of colonialism today?