how developing countries can produce emergency food

8/3/2019 How Developing Countries Can Produce Emergency Food

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21stCenturyScience&Technology Spring2009 29

AlthoughMalaysiahasdevelopedairlywellsincein-dependenceromtheBritishin1957,itstillonlypro-ducesone-haloitsood.1Whattherathercompla-

centandwell-edMalaysianpopulationunortunatelydoesnotknowisthatthecountry,caughtupinthemidstoanor-chestratedcollapseinworldoodproductionandtheglobal

How Developing CountriesCan Produce Emergency FoodAnd GainSelf-Sufciencyby Mohd Peter Davis and N. Yogendran

Earth Observatory/NASA

Crop circles, in (a) Libya, (b) Jordan, and (c) Kansas, usingcenter pivot irrigation systems. Today these crop circlesuse underground water or irrigation. But with cheapand abundant electricity and desalinated water pro-duced by ourth-generation modular nuclear reactors,irrigated crop circles can spread throughout the vasttropical zone, solving the world ood crisis and improv-ing the nutrition o a much larger world population.

Google Earth

Google Maps

Malaysias

revolutionaryDeepTropicalagriculturalsystemisamodeloreedingtheworldastandbringingthedevelopingnationsoutoeudalpoverty.

(a)

(b)

(c)


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0 Spring2009 21stCenturyScience&Technology

meltdowno theecono-my,isnowinaprecari-oussituationandacesarepeat o the starvationwhich occurred in thewartime naval blockadeduring the Japanese oc-cupationo Malaya.ThedangeristhattheBritish

Empireisnowpoisedtore-colonizeandbringtoheel its ormer colony,whichhasbecomeanin-spiring role model ordowntroddendevelopingnations.Theneedoroodsel-

suciencyandthethreatto national survival hasdrivenustondaastso-lution or producingemergencyoodorMa-

laysia. We believe thatour Deep Tropical agri-cultural system, whichhas blossomed only inthelast yearor so,ater20yearsoratherlonelyresearch and entrepre-neurship,canalsobead-opted immediately bythosedevelopingtropicalcountriesthathavesu-cient rainall or under-ground water, and laterbytherestothetropical

nations as nuclear-powered desalinated water comes onstream.MalaysiaisnowmakinggreatadvanceswithitsDeepTropi-

calagriculturalsystemthatdoubleleaprogsboththeback-yardarmingindevelopingcoun-triesand thegrazingsystemsinmoreadvancedtemperatecoun-tries.2ADeepTropicalintensivedairyarminMalaysia,basedongrass plantation and climate-controlled-housed cows, whichstartedromscratchinSeptember2007, is today selling commer-

cialquantitiesotopqualitymilkandbyDecember2009willbewellontargettoproduce15,000litersomilkperday,roma150-hectaregrassplantationemploy-ingjust25sta.(Seeboxormile-stones in the Deep Tropicalsystem.)Thetimetocleartheland,es-

tablishaplantation,buildamod-

erndairy,andachieveull-scalemilkproductionrom1,20cowsisthereoreexpectedtobeonly27months.Theanticipedreturnoninvestmentis-4years,betterthanmanymodeactories,andgovernmentcirclesandinvestorsaregettinginested.Malaysiasrstlarge-scaleDeepTropicaldairyarmiswello

targettoproduce5.7millionlitersmilkperyearrom150hearesgrassplantation,or8,000litersperhectareperyear.teamo5managementstaand20workerswillruntheaTheproductivityperpersonisexpectedtobe625litersomiperday,atremendousleapinproductivitycomparedtobacyardarming.Forinstance,SouthAricanresearchershave

ported,Inmanysituationsthehouseholdhastomilksevecowstogetonlyaewlitersomilk.Wearenowabletoreportthemilestonesandcurrentandt

gettedperormanceothisDeepTropicaldairyarminMalaysiand theVernadsky-inspiredBspherethinkingbehindit,asexemplarymodelorotherdevopingcountriestoconsider.

ComparisonwithNewZealanGrazingSystem

WhileMalaysiainontargetthe end o 2009 to produ

8,000litersomilkperyearphectareograssplantation(suplemented with concentreeding),NewZealandproduconaverage8,880litersmilkpyearperhectareograzingla(albeitwithminimalconcentreeding).This leap inmilk pduction or Malaysia demostratesaworldagriculturalbre

Ministry o Tourism, Malay

Bukit Malawati, a ormer British ort in Malaysia. The cannostands as a reminder o British colonialism, which remains tday in the orm o Malaysias vast plantations. These plantatiolands will be perect or establishing Deep Tropical animal hu

bandry, sustained by ast-growing grass arms.Courtesy o Mohd Peter Davis

Fast-growing grass is key to theDeep Tropical agriculture system.Here, co-author N. Yogendran(who is 6-eet tall) stands in 3-ootgrass, which took only 38 days togrow on his Malaysian grass arm.Grass cut at this age is perect oreeding ruminants. The grass canbe cut 10 times per year or threeyears beore re-plowing and re-seeding.

Courtesy o Mohd Peter Davis

Goats rom an experimental herd on one o the Malay-sian grass arms eed on the arms ast-growing grass.


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through.NewcomerMalaysia,withlittleexpertiseinmoderndairyarming, isproducingaroundourtimesmoremilkperhectarecomparedtoNewZealand,withits200yearsodairyskills.

NewZealandoperatestheworldsmostecientgrazingsystemsandits.5mil-lioncowssupply2percentotheworldsmilk,exporting95percentasmilk,butter,andcheese.Thistemperateregiongrazingsystemisalreadynearitspeakoperec-tion,andthereislittlemorelandoragri-culture. Producing more milk in NewZealandtosatisyexportdemandmeansconverting longestablished sheeparmstodairyarmsandsacricingprimelambproduction.Themuchmoreproductiveandprot-

able Deep Tropical animal production

systemcanspreadast,butshouldnotbeseenasacommercialthreattoNewZea-land;instead,it isa goldenopportunity.Therate-limitingsteporthemassproduc-tionoruminantsinMalaysiaandIndone-siaisnotland,whichisplentiul,butthehigh-quality breeding animals that NewZealandandAustraliacansupplyinverylarge numbers, surplus to their own re-quirements.Theexporto breeding ani-malswithtopgeneticswillprovideprot-able new markets to supplement NewZealand andAustralias established ex-

portsomilk,meat,andwool.Thiscouldbeahappyunionbetweenormercolo-nialcountriestogreatlyboosthighqualityoodproductioninSoutheastAsia.

TheSecretoGrassPlantationsTheDeepTropicalgrassplantationin-

ventionpermitsthemassproductionore-allyyounggrassthatgrowssuperastto1meterhighin5weeks,butremainshighly

nutritiousorruminantlivestock.Thisinvention,althoughstun-ningly simple, hasproound implicationsor world livestockandcropproductionthroughouttheentiretropicalzone,romtheTropicoCancertotheTropicoCapricorn.

September-December2007EstablishingGrassplantation

Landclearingoneglectedgrazinglandwithscattered10-yearoldtreesandbushes,plowing,ertilizing,andsowingwithanAricanspeciesograss.

December2007-March2008Farmbuildingsandinrastructure

Buildingroads,ree-standingclimatebarnsorcows,50-balerotarymilking

system,milkstoragevats,eedstore,rainwatertank,andhousesorworkers.

April-June2008Arrivalandadaptationo284pregnantcows

Cowswereair-reightedromAustraliantemperateregionbreedingarms,adaptedtoullyenclosedMalaysianclimatebarns,andedreshlycutchoppedgrassromgrassplantationmixedwithconcentrates.Overoneyear,everyhec-tareograssplantation,cutevery5days,willeed8cows,each50kilograms.One-meterhighgrassisharvested10timesperyearoranexpectedyears,be-orethegrassplantationisre-plowedandre-seeded.

July-September2008Firstcalving5percentpre-weaninglosses

Septemberarrivalosecondbatcho00pregnantcowsromAustralia.

September2008:FirstcommercialmilkproductionCowsmilkedtwiceperday,milkchilledto8degreesCin1minuteandto4degreesin60minutes,anddelivereddailytotheactoryorprocessing.Themilkachievestopinternationalstandardsormilksolids.

ScheduledJanuaryandMay2009 Arrivalothirdandourthbatcho300-pluspregnantcows

ScheduledDecember2009Steady-statemilkproductionrom1,200-cowdairy

MilestonesinMalaysiasDeepTropicalSystem

Courtesy o N. Yogendran

The Deep Tropical grassarm maximizes plantuse or eed, by harvest-ing ast-growing grassbeore it becomes morefbrous and indigestible.The cut grass on the

Deep Tropical planta-tion, shown here, willgrow again and be readyor eeding cows inabout 35 days.


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As nuclear-powered desalinated water becomes plentiulwiththewelcomednuclearrenaissance,thisvasttropicalregionotheEarthsbiosphere,withyear-roundwarmthandsunlight,willbecomeaarbetterplacetoproduceoodthantheseason-altemperateregions.Indeed,incompletedeancetotheMal-thusianswhoalselyclaimthatpopulationgrowthexceedsoodproduction,wearebeginningtoenvisagehowgrassplantationsdevelopedinthehumidtropics,andspreadingtothedrytrop-ics,willsoonbeabletosupportmanytimesthepresentworld

population.Theproductionocellulose(longstructuralpolymersoglu-

cosemolecules),whichormsthecellwallinphotosyntheticmicroorganismsandlivingplants,istheprimarysourceooodinthebiosphere.Celluloseisthestartothebiospheresoodchainandthemealochoiceoanenormousrangeomicroor-ganismsandinsects,whichgeteatenbyanimalspecieshigherintheoodchain.Indeed,everyspeciesisbreakastoranotherspecies;hencetheexpressionallfeshisgrass.Thebiospherecurrentlyproducesaround10 1metrictonnes

ocelluloseperyear(Colvin1980),butevenater10,000yearsoagricultureandseveralhundredyearsointensivescienticarming,only1percentatmostisavailableaseedorman-

kinds livestock (Davis 1988). Understanding how to makemorecelluloseavailableorlivestockproduction,thereore,isakeysteprstinsolvingthecurrentworldoodshortage,andtheninsupplyingoodoranexpandingworldpopulation.Toavoidgettingeaten,germinatinggrasses,plants,andtrees

thatsoonstartproducingcelluloseromcarbondioxideandwa-terbyphotosynthesismustgrowupast,butexceptionallyastinthehumid tropicswhere thevarietyanddensityorainorestspeciesisintense.Asplantsgrow,thecellulosetheyproduceintheir cellwallsgets locked up ina complex chemical orm

knownaslignocelluose(ber)andbecomeslessandlessdigeibletoitspredators,includingthecellulose-digestingbactethatinhabittherumenandlargeintestinesomankindslivstockcows,cattle,bualo,sheep,goats,andrabbits.Grassesandplantsbecomemorebrousandindigestible

theyage,andmoreandmoreuselesstodomesticanimals.agriculturalscientist(Boyce1984)haslikenedthestructurelignocellulosetoreinorcedconcrete:

...wherethemicrobrilsocellulose,arigidglucosepolymer,aresimilartosteelrods.Thehemicellulosepectinsandothergumssurroundingthecellulosearesimi-lartotheconcrete.Inaddition,thismatrixisimpregnatedwithligninwhichmightbevisualizedasacoatingoplasticresin.

Cellulose,thereore,servesadoubleroleinthebiosphereistheprimaryoodresourceandalsothemaincomponentothbiologicalstructuralsupportthatallowsplantlietogohigrise.Themulti-tieredcanopyoatreeisamagnicentlyecientcollectorotheweaksolarradiationthatreachesEarthapowersthemassproductionocellulose.Foreverylivingpla

romgerminationtodeath,thereisacontinualcontestbetwecellulosedigestionbypredators,andcelluloselignicationtheplant.Mostplantsdonotmakeitbeyondajuvenilestaandevenorthosethatdosurvive,someortensandhundreoyearsasmajestictrees,theiryoungshootsandleavesulldigestiblecellulosearebeingcontinuouslyeatenalivebyhugrypredators.Suchis lie.Suchistheunstoppabledrivingorceo livi

matter.Whatweseeinthenaturallandscapeiswhatescapdigestion,theligniedcellulose.Sothereisasuperabundanocelluloseinthebiospherebut,likethewaterintheoceansiswaitingtobeunlockedbymankindstechnology.Inthe1980s,alargecommercial-scalehigh-pressureste

boilerwasinvented(StakeTec,Minnesota)thatcrudelybust

upthelignocelluloseintomoredigestiblecelluloseandsugoranimaleed.Choppedwoodoragriculturalwastewascontinuouslyintothe250Chigh-pressureboiler,resemblinggiantkitchenmeatgrinder,whichexplodedtheber,makingpalatableanduseulascattleanddairyeed.Thetechnologwasadoptedbyvariouscountries,butitsuseasapotentiallyganticnewsourceoanimaleedhasallenbythewaysiprobablybecauseoitshighproductioncostscomparedtocoventionalodder.Thissteam-explosiontechnology,irened,cantodayplay

bigroleinovercomingoodshortage,especiallyintemperacountrieswherethegrowingseasonisshort.However,theDeeTropicalgrassplantationsaremuchmorepromisingortropi

regions,requiringminimalmachinery:atractorandtrailerharvesting,orexample.Basically,itisjustamatterowatchgrassgrow.ThesecretotheMalaysiangrassplantationisthatdigestib

celluloseiscapturedwhilethegrassisstilljuvenile,aroundonmonthold,justbeoreitlignies,anditisimmediatelyedanimalsthatloveitandgrowandproducesplendidly,muchthedelightothearmer.Byusinghisbrain,mangetsthedigeiblecelluloseorhisexclusiveusebeorethearmiesohungpredatorshavegottenoutobed.

Sandia National Laboratory

As plants age, they become more fbrous and indigestible, witha lignocellulose structure like reinorced concrete. Here anatomic microscopy image o lignocellulose.


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21stCenturyScience&Technology Spring2009

TranscontinentalSpeciesByplantingtropicalgrassesromdierentcontinents,suchas

AricaorSouthAmerica,theimportedspeciesenjoyahoney-moon periodbeore thenative grass-eating species adapt orevolvetoattackthem.Historically,transcontinentalspeciesthattemporarilyescapebeingeateninadierentecosystemhaveplayedakeyroleinworldagriculture.SpanishMerinosheepal-lowed colonial Australia to become theworlds outstanding

woolproducer,allwithina50-yearperiodrom1850to1900.Likewise,colonialMalayawasabletobecometheworldslarg-estproducerorubberbyimportingseedsromBrazilianrubbertrees.AndbyimportingoilpalmseedsromWestArica,inde-pendentMalaysia,rom1960,soonbecametheworldsnumberonesupplieropalmoil.Theseplantationsstill producecheap rawmaterialsunder

theBritish colonial poverty-producing plantation system,atprices manipulated by European utures markets.However,Malaysia andnowthehumid tropicalregionso Indonesia,Thailand,andthePhilippines,aswellastherainorestterrito-riesinWestAricaandtheAmazon,canbetterusetheirplanta-tionlandtogrowtranscontinentalgrassspeciestodramatically

increasethesupplyoyoungnutritiousgrassesor theirownlivestockindustries.

VernadskysBiospherePreciselybecausethegrassproductioninaproperlymanaged

grassplantationissustainable,itcanbeimmediatelyscaledupanywhereinthehumidtropicswhererainwaterisplentiulandalsointhedryertropicalregionswhereverundergroundwaterisstillavailable.Theworldsreservesoundergroundwater,de-rivednotromrainbutpreviousiceages,areastdepleting,but

asnuclear-desalinatedwaterbe-comes available, even barrendesertscanbetransormedintolushgrassplantations.Greeningthedesertsandnu-

clear-powered agro-industrialnuplexeswerethegrandvisiono PresidentEisenhowers 195Atoms orPeace program.This

wasanticipated,wellbeorethesplittingotheatom,bytheRus-sian biogeochemist V.I. Ver-nadsky (186-1945) when heopenedtheRadium Institute inPetersburgin1922,stating:

Soonmanwillhaveatomic powerinhishands.Thisis apowersourcewhichwill givehimapossibilityto buildhisliejustashe wishes.

Today as thenuclear renais-sanceunolds,wecanthinkbigagain and mentally transormtheotherwisebiologicallynon-productive Sahara Desert into

grassplantations.NodoubttheGreenieswillwanttopreservethispristinedesertenvironment.ButlettheGreeniestrylivingthereindesertoutpostsanddiscoverorthemselvesthattheiralternativeenergywindmillsandsolarpanelsarenexttouselessordesalinatingwaterortheircrops!Meanwhile, thedigestiblecellulose producedin a Sahara

Desertdottedwithnuplexeswouldbesucienttosupportper-haps5billioncattle,comparedtothepresentworldpopulation

o1.billioncattle.TheSaharaDesertiscertainlylarge,butisonlyasmallpercentageothetotaltropicallandmassthatcouldsupportgrassplantations.Thisisgoodnews,becausemankindmustprepareortheapproachingiceageastheEarthsperectlynatural10,000-yearglobalwarmingperioddrawstoanend,byaroundtheyear2050.DuringtheEarthsairlyregular100,000-year-longiceages,theevaporationowaterromtheoceansandhenceworldrainallisgreatlyreducedandmuchothetropicalregionturnsintoextremedeserts,excepttheequatorialrainor-ests,whichsurviveiceagesandserveastheEarthsNoahsArk,maintainingandguardingthebiospheres50millionlivingsspe-ciesorwarmertimes.Meanwhile,thepolaricecapsexpandandthetemperate

regionsbecomeburiedinakilometerormoreoice.Thecom -binedeecto glaciersanddesertiicationcausesamassexterminationo livingmatterin thebiosphere.Thecarryingcapacityo theEarthslandmassorall speciesisgreatlyre-duced,andonlystartstoincreaseastheEarthwarmsupagainin the next interglacial, the 10,000-year period o globalwarming.Manscreativeability(VernadskysNosphere)todiscover

theprinciplesotheuniverseanddevelopnewtechnologiesbasedontheseprinciplesisabletotransormthebiosphere.

Valley Irrigation

An irrigated crop circle in an arid area o Kenya. Now, underground water is used or irrigation.In the uture, nuclear power-produced desalination will make it possible or the dryer tropicalregions to be transormed into lush grass arms.


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Vernadskywasthersttorecognizethatmansuniqueabilityabovealltheanimalspeciesorcreativethinkinghadbecome,bythe20thCentury,aplanetaryorcegreaterthannatureit-seltochangethebiosphere.Nowwehavethebeginningsoasurvivalstrategytoeedmankindthroughoutthenexticeage,andavoidthepopulationcrashthateveryotherspecieswillsuer,apartromchosenspecieslikedomesticoodani-malsprotectedbyman.FromVernadskysplanetaryper-

spective, eachdeveloping nation,insteadopanickingintheworld-

nancialcrisis,cancondentlyworkouthowtorapidlyproduceitsownood.Thiscalm,thoughtul,andco-operativeprocessbetweennationscan outfank the British Empiresbrutishglobalizationplantooutdotheapproachingiceagebydepop-ulating the world by 80percent,primarily through starvation andaccompanyingdiseases.

SuitableDomesticAnimalsGoats,althoughgoodorexten-

sivegrazing systems,are notthebestanimalinouropinionorin-tensiveproductionsystems.Sheeparearsuperior,ortheyareatimidgrass-eatingherdanimalandadaptsplendidly to close connementandgoodhusbandry.Secondonlyto rabbits, sheep are the easiestdomestic animals to look ater,evenbyyoungteenagers.Incon-

trast,goatsmakeresentulprisoners.Withalargbrain,theirinstinctistoescapecaptivitysothcanbrowseplantsandshubsandlowlyingbranesassolitaryanimals.Comparedtosheep,whichhaveundergone

tensivegeneticselection,indigenousgoatsaremost an unimproved wild animal and thereohavealowgeneticpotentialorgrowthandabocarcass.TheAricanBoergoathasbeenselected

bettergrowthandmeatcontent,butdemandspltyooutdoorspace,increasingthecostoprodutionandthechanceoinection.AnAricanbreo sheep conned to a DeepTropical shelterachievingaveragegrowthrateso250gramspday.Thiscompareswith45gperdaywiththeindienousMalaysiansheepongrazing,or90gperdwhenhousedintensively.Thesameistrueolocalversusoreignimprov

breeds o goats, cows, and cattle. Developcountries are thereorewell advisedto considlookingorhighgrowthratebreedsromadierecontinent.WithDeepTropicalhusbandrytomi

mize diseases, these genetically superiorbreecouldbetheastestwaytoimprovelivestockpductionandmakearmingprotable.

Mass-ProducingPrimeLambSmallscalepioneerDeepTropicalsheeparmsinMalay

support82sheepperhectareograssplantation,compared25sheepperhectareonNewZealandsbestgrazingarms.Ngotiationsareunderwaytoestablisha groupocommercarmsor25,000sheep,asamodelthatcanbereplicatedarou

Courtesy o N. Yogend

Jersey cows on their way to the automatic milking turntable at a Deep Tropical arm in Mlaysia. Their climate-controlled shed is in the background.

Agricultural Research Service, USDA

New Zealand sheep.Prime quality lambor meat can beproduced in 5months in Malaysia,compared to 8months in New

Zealand. Onehectare o grass inMalaysias new grassarms can support 82sheep throughout theyear, compared thebest sheep arms inNew Zealand, whichcan carry only up to25 sheep per hectarethroughout the year.


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Malaysia. Intensive sheep arming theDeepTropicalwayismucheasierthanintensive dairy arming, andvery suit-ableornewarmersandyouthwithnopreviousexperience.In Malaysia, evaporatively cooled

housing is not necessary or importedsheep(orcattle),whichsoonturnnightintodaybyrestingandruminatingdur-

ingthehotpartothedayandeatingduring the cooler night. Sheep arehousedinlotso100inlow-cost,open-sidedsheds,andeddailywithchoppedgrassandconcentratesromoutsidetheshed.Goodhealthismaintainedbyvacci-

nating theanimals andgood hygiene.Metalgridfooringraised20centimetersabovethegroundallowsdailyremovalotheair-driedsheepdung,therebypre-ventingfies.Thedungertilizesthegrassplantationminimizingtheuseocostly

chemicalertilizer.Withthissimplelow-laborsystem,novicearmworkerscanbeeasilytrainedtolookatertwosheds,andthebestamongthemcanbeurthertrainedincollegesanduniversitiestobe-comeentrepreneuranimalarmers.PrimequalitylambsormeatcanbeproducedinMalaysia

in5months,comparedto8monthsinNewZealand.Inmuchthesameway,cattlecanbeattenedinopen-sidedeedlots.However,inaoodemergencythereisabiologicalproblemwithsheep,cows,andbeecattle.Thetwinningpercentageislow,andtheirreproductiverateisratherslow:5monthsorsheepand9monthsorcows,whichcannotbespeededup.

Mass-ProducingRabbitsImprovedbreedsorabbit,edromagrassplantation,can

produce50ospringperyearreachingslaughterweightinmonths,althoughsupplementingtherabbitsgrassdietwithproteinwillprobablybenecessarytoachievethesegrowthrates.Acrashprogram has beendeveloped to the conceptstagetorapidlymass-producerabbitsthroughoutthevillageso Malaysia, 95 percent o which have adequate housing,shops,schools,sealedroads,electricity,andpipedwaterbutnotenoughjobs.Arabbitanimalproductionunit(APU)willconsisto10low-costsingle-storyterracerabbithouses,eachasmallbreedingarmcontaining1,000ormorerabbitsindi-

erentstagesoproduction.Theunitisintendedtobeoperatedpart-timeonacontractbasisby10amilies,andisespeciallysuitableorthoseamilieswithschool-goingchildrentohelpwiththelabor.Anumberoanimalproductionunits,eachproducing10,000

rabbitsperyear,andbuiltinnearbyvillageswillbesuppliedwithgrassdailyromacentralcommercialgrassarmservingalsoastheslaughterhouseandwholesaledistributioncentre.TheverymodestcapitalinvestmentbythegovernmentortheAPUs,combinedwithmakingbetteruseothewell-established

villageinrastructure,meansthatrabbitmeatproductioncanbequicklyscaleduptosupportagovernment-directedemergencyood program.Meanwhile, the large-scale breeding arms tosupportcommercialdairyarmsandsheep armswillspreadmoreslowly,inlinewiththemuchlowerreproductiveratesotheseanimals.

Bio-securityAnimalHousing

TheDeepTropicalanimalhousingisanotherstunninglysim-pleconcept.Forthelast500yearsinMalaya/Malaysia,attemptshavebeenmadetoadaptgrazingtemperateanimalstotheheatanddiseasesothehumidtropics.Cross-breedingwithhardybutnon-productivelocalbreedshasnotbeensuccessul,andMalaysia,withgoodinrastructureandmodestindustrializa-tion,currentlyimports95percentoitsmilk,92percentoitsmutton,and77percentoitsbee.Someothisimportationisbecauseothedemandbythe

WorldTrade Organization that developing countries importtheirood,butthereisadeeperproblem.Thesamemistakesweremadeyearateryear,centuryatercentury,tryingtocopytheEuropeangrazingsysteminthehumidtropics.

Agricultural entrepreneur N.Yogendran decided to breakwiththispattern.Insteadotryingtochangetheanimalsbiolo-gy,Yogendranignoredtheexpertsintheuniversitiesandre-searchorganizationsandchanged theanimals environment.Low-costclimateshedswereinventedandperectedtoprovideanimalswithaperectyear-roundsummerMediterraneancli-mate,keptcoolwithnovelevaporativecoolingataractionotheelectricitycostoair-conditioning.Thewellventilated,coolanddrybarnsprovidesuitablyvac-

cinatedcowsandpigswithnearhumanlevelsocomortand

Courtesy o Mohd Peter DavisHappy pigs at a Deep Tropical arm in Malaysia. Hygienic, disease-ree pig armingyields improved productivity and reduced mortality, savings which pay or the climate-controlled enclosed GIFT Shelter. Similar shelters can also be used or high-value studsheep and goats.


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modernhygiene,wheredungisecientlyremovedwithoutoulingtheanimals.Diseasesandparasitessimplydisappear,withoutpumpingtheanimalswithmedication.Nowthemostproductivebreedsodomesticanimalsintheworld,perectedbyadvancedgeneticselection,canbeair-reighted,withalltheir healthclearances, rom the best armsin temperatecountries.CowsfownromAustralia,barelytouchingthetarmac,are

truckedimmediatelytotheirnewhygienicclimatesheds.With-

intwoweeks,theanimalsareadaptedtotheirnewHiltonHo-telenvironmentandeatingwell,protectedromtheheatandanimalpredators andespecially thehorrendousdisease andparasiteloadothehumidtropics.Asimilarhygienicshedhasbeendesignedorpigs,which

transormsthedirty,smellypigarming,characteristicoAsianbackyardarming.Anewenclosedpigshelter,keptcoolanddrybyhigh-ventilationevaporativecooling,isodorlessandthepigsareeasilytrainedtorespectatoiletarea,allowingthemtobefoored(seephoto,previouspage).Asmallswimmingpoolineachpenenablestwopigsatatime

towallowtostaycoolandollowtheirnaturalbehaviorinthe

wild.Whenapiggetsoutothepool,therestothepigsengainsocialgrooming,lickingthewetpiguntilitispinkanddThepigshediskeptasdryaspossibleandthedungiswashdailythroughtheswimmingpoolwithminimalwater,allowithedungtobetreatedinmodernsewageplantsinsteadoopoxidationponds.Thehappypigscanreplacetherevoltingconditionsthatp

aregenerallysubjectedtointraditionalpigshedsthroughoAsia.Pigsinthewildarecleanandsociableanimalswithlar

litters,andwehaverecreatedamodernormotheirnaturconditionsatmodestcost,comparedtoexpensivemodernparmsindevelopedcountries,whicharebeyondthereacharmersin developingcountries.Thecapital cost orclimabuildingsismorethanrecoveredbyloweranimallossesandimprovedproductivity.Again,agriculturalscienceandengineeringhasimproved

imalwelaretonearhumanconditionswhiletheenvironmetalistspreachanimalrightsandwant tobanmeataltogethrom thehumandiet.Most important, theclimate-controlbuildingsprotectdomesticanimalsromvirusdiseasessuchBirdFlu,Nipahvirus,andSars,whichrespectnobordersacandevastateworldanimalproduction,atthesametimepas

ingonmutatedanimalvirusestothehumanpopulation,threeningviralpandemics.DeepTropicalbio-securityruminantarms,similartomo

ernenclosedchickenarms,canprovideapractical,aordabalternativetoEuropeangrazingandAsianbackyardarminTheDeepTropicalagriculturalsystem,developedinMalaytocopewiththehighestdiseaseloadintheworld,thereomarksanewstandardohygieneoranimalproductionorthrestotheworldtoollow,atacostthatdevelopingcountrcanaord.

TheCarryingCapacityoLandWhatthediehardMalthusiansandbrainwashedenvironm

talistsreusetounderstandisthatthecarryingcapacityot

landisnotaxedbiologicalconstantoreachspeciesoanimorhumanbeing,butcanbeincreasedbymanscreativity.ThgrassplantationinMalaysia,producing10cropsoyounggrper year, dramatically increases thecarrying capacityo tland.Wearedemonstratingthisinthemostpracticalway.OhectareoaMalaysiangrassplantationcansupport82Aricsheepinclimatesheds,growingat250gramsperdaycompareto2indigenousMalaysiansheepgrowingat45gramsperdagrazingononehectareoarubberplantationoronehectarevillageland.The2Malaysiansheep,grazingnaturally,asrecommende

bythelessanaticalgreenenvironmentalistsworldwideorlistock,willproduceabout40gramsocarcassmeatperd

Compare this to the nearby 82Arican sheep, hygienicahousedandsupportedby1hectareograssplantation,whwillproducearound11,00gramsocarcassmeatperday.Trepresentsa282-oldincreaseincarcassmeatsupplyperhecareoland!Byprovidingsomuchmoreoodhavewenotincreasedt

potential carryingcapacity ohumanbeings per hectareland?Havewenotdonethisinacompletelysustainablewrequiringonlyregularertilizationtoreplenishthesoilnitgenandmineralsconsumedbythegrass?

Themoringanews.orgwebsite describedmoringa asollowsinaJune18,2008pressrelease:Moringa:asmall,ast-growingtreeoundinalltropical

regions.Itsleavesareamongtheworldsrichestvegeta-bles.Itisaplantoodohighnutritionalvalue,ecologi-callyandeconomicallybenecialandreadilyavailableinthecountrieshardesthitbytheoodcrisis.Itisthereoreurgentthatthebarrierspreventingthedevelopmentothis

greensuperoodberemoved....Theleavesomoringa...wererecentlyidentiedby

theWorldVegetableCenter (Taiwan)as thevegetablewiththehighestnutritionalvalueamong120typesooodspeciesstudied.Easytocultivateandresistanttodrought,thistreeproducesabundantleaveswithahighconcentrationoproteins,vitamins,andminerals:100gramsoreshmoringaleavesprovidethesameamountoproteinasanegg,asmuchironasasteak,asmuchVi-taminCasanorange,andasmuchcalciumasaglassomilk.Moringagrowsthroughoutthedevelopingworldand

hasalreadybeenusedbyprogramstoreducechildmal-

nutritioninIndia.Itsdriedleaves,inpowderorm,canbeeasilypreservedandused.Eating0gramsaday,achildcansatisyallhisdailyrequirementoVitaminA,80per -centodailycalcium needs, 60percentodailyironneeds,andnearly40percentoproteinneeds.Giventheworldoodcrisis,theuseolocalresources

likeMoringaiscriticaltoreducethedependenceode-velopingcountriesonimportedgoods,andtoimprovenutritionamongpoorhouseholds.

Moringa:AGreenSuperood


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Yetagain,sciencedisprovesthe200-year-oldlieoMalthusandhisco-thinkerstodayinthegreenenvironmentalmovementwhochantin-cessantly that mankind is outstripping theEarthsabilitytoproduceood,andthereoredeservestobeexterminatedto savetheenvi-ronment.

Moringa:TheMiracleTreeAsHenryKissinger, a sel-conessedBritish

agentoinfuence,wasbusybackin1974asU.S.NationalSecurityAdvisor,enactingtheNationalSecurityStudyMemorandum200todestroyAricasabilitytogrowood, andas environmental groupsworldwide, ledby thelikesoPrince Philip, joined this depopulation bandwagon, othersworkedtodeveloptechnologiesthatwouldghtagainstthekill-ermalnutrition.4Newstrainsoriceorwheatandothercrops

thatcouldwithstandultra-dry,ultra-wet,andultra-saltysoil;plantsthatarepestresistantorwithhighervitaminlevelsaresomeothedevelopmentstoincreasemanscapabilityoeedingtheworld.Onesuchtechnologythatwehaveinvestigatedis

theproductionothemoringamiracletreetopro-videabounteousvegetarianoodsourceoproteinand vitamins (see box). The moringa is knownthroughoutdevelopingcountriesoritsedibleleaves

andpods,oilromitsseeds,widemedicinaluses,andwaterltrationandpurication(seehttp://www.moringanews.org).Because it contains27 percentproteinand8essentialaminoacids,itissuitableasaningredientinbabyormula,aswellashardbiscuits or survival rations. For countries withemergencyoodneeds,moringacanprovideaastremedy.Although many non-governmental organizations

andmissionarygroupshavebeeninvolvedinresearchandpromotionomoringa,thequestionis,whyhasnttheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)takenupitsdevelopmentonacrashbasisasaweaponagainst

hungerandstarvation?Themoringatreecanbegrownasabushwhichcanbeharvestedeveryewmonthsbycuttingthetrunk20 centimeters above ground to yield its nutritiousleaves in high tonnages per hectare per year. This

meansthatmoringacanbemass produced on planta-tionscale.Malaysia and Indonesia

are ideal as a testbed orsuchmassproduction.

RecyclingColonialPlantationsorFood

ProductionThe10millionhectareso

oilpalmandrubberplanta-tionsintherainorestregionso Malaysia and Indonesiaareavastlandresourcethatcouldbeputtomuchhigherbenet or emergency andlong-term ood production.Rubber andpalmoilalongwithcotton,tea,coee,andwoolarecheapcolonialrawmaterials,basedonthelow-

estpossiblelaborcost,thathave long served the inter-ests o the British Empire.Developing countries al-

thoughindependent,arestillatthemercyotheworldpriceorthese commodities, which is manipulated by so-called reetrade.Exportearningsorubberandpalmoilexpressedasaper-

centageoMalaysiastotalexportshavedeclinedsteadily,rom41percentinthe1960stoonly4percentin2005.Giventhe

Hans Hillewaert

A miracle moringa tree growing inNamibia. Moringa plantations, harvestingleaves when they are young, could supplynutrients or the worlds hungry.

Seeds rom the moringa tree produceedible oil.


10/13


collapsingworldpricesopalmoil,itisnowbarelyworthwhiletopickthereshruitbunchesromthetrees,whichinNovem-ber2008etchedonlyRM280permetrictonne($80.00),lessthanhalthepriceothepreviousourmonths.Ithepriceonthein-ternationalstockmarketsgetsanylower,MalaysiaandIndonesiacansavemoneybynotproducingrub-berandpalmoil!Lookingatthebrightsideothe

situation, the insanity o the reemarkethas,ineect,liberatedvastareasolandorlocaloodproduc-tion.Whatagoldenopportunity!Existingplantationscanbeeasily

converted into grass plantations.Withinsixmonths,thewholepro-cessocuttingdowntherubberoroilpalmtrees,andplowing,ertil-izing,andseedinggrassormorin-ga,theoldplantationcouldbepro-ducing its rst crop o nutritiousgrassormoringa.

Malaysianentrepreneursareget-tingenthusiastic.Whynotusesomeotheliberated5millionhectaresorubberandpalmoilplantationsorgrassplantationsoranimalpro-duction?Why not mass producemoringaleapowderorbabyor-mulationsandsurvivalbiscuitsorworldmarkets?Food technologists can modiy

theormulationstosuittheappearanctaste, and texture required by dierecultures.Distributedasemergencyobyinternationalagencies,theprotein-rbiscuits will help prevent malnutritiand even starvation, while developcountriesgearuptheirownoodprodution.Whynotsearchorotherhighprote

plantstraditionallyusedasoodinArandIndia,growtheminplantations,aprocessthemorworldmarkets?Deveopingcountrieshavealltheavailablesources,soletuscollaborateandquicknd the best species to propagateemergencyood.

InternationalScientifcCollaborationWhile developed countriesarepa

lyzedintheaceotheworldoodcrisitisimportanttounderstandthatdevopingcountriesaretakingtheleada

makingagriculturalbreakthroughs,suasthemoringapropagationandtheDeTropicalsystem,tosolvetheirownoproduction problems. Now that se

unded agricultural entrepreneurs have shown theway ward,itistimeorthegovernmentagriculturalinstitutionsdevelopingcountrieslikeMalaysiatoadmittheirshortco

There are 10 million hectares o oil palm (above) and rubber plantations in the rainorest gions o Malaysia and Indonesia, some o which could be converted into grass arms or minga plantations. Instead o being dependent on the colonial method o raw material lootinthese and other developing nations could quickly stop malnutrition and starvation and bcome sel-sufcient in ood.

Farmers in Senegal harvesting moringa leaves by hand. Keeping the tree as a bush, al-lows armers to harvest juvenile trees every two months or its edible leaves. The driedand ground leaves contain 28 percent o high quality protein, which can be ormulated

into baby ood and used as an ingredient in many dishes. Malaysian entrepreneurs arethinking: Why not grow moringa on plantation scale and mechanically harvest theleaves?


11/13


ings,swallowtheirpride,andullysupporttheirownarmersandinventors.Adopting the New Zealand

andAustralianpracticeomobi-lizing the nations agriculturalscientists andengineers in theuniversitiesandresearchinstitu-tionsbehinditsagriculturalen-

trepreneurs will allow humidtropicalMalaysiatoleaprogtheEuropean grazing system andserveasanexemplaryexampleorother developingcountriesto rapidly increase their localoodproduction.Japan,whichhaslonggiven

agricultural aid to developingcountries,hasmadeagenerousproposal. In June 2008,YusuoFukuda, then Japanese PrimeMinister,announcedtothe4th

TokyoInternationalConerenceonAricanDevelopment:

Withawealthoagriculturalexperience,Japaniswillingtocooperatewithcountriesandinternationalorganiza-tionstodevelopirrigationsystems,improvethevarietiesocropsraised,andosterworkersintheeldoagriculture.

ARiceActionPlanhasbeenputorwardbyRobertZeigler,director-generalothePhilippines-basedInternationalRiceRe-

searchInstitute(IRRI),whoseplanwonsupportinHanoiinOc-tober2008romthe10-nationAssociationoSouthEastAsianNations (ASEAN).Rather thanopeningupnewlandsorricecultivation,IRRIadvocatesamuchasterapproachbyusingitsmoderntechniquestoincreasetheyieldonexistingricelandby2metrictonnesperhectare.ThecurrentaverageyieldinAsiais.8metrictonnesperhectare,amiserable1.5metrictonnesinAricacomparedwithmorethan10metrictonnesperhectare,whichwasrecentlyachievedonresearcharmsinSouthChinausingsuper-hybridrice.Thisapproachoimprovingcropyieldswasadoptedorthe

1960s-1970sGreenRevolution,usingscienceandtechnologydevelopedatinternationalresearchinstitutes,eachspecializing

inaparticularcrop.Itistheastestwaytoachieveworldoodsecurity,asIndiahasproved.Thebestwaybyartoensurethecorrectimplementationothesescienticadvancesisorthescienticinstitutionstocollaboratewithprovenentrepreneurarmers.Theroleogovernmentagenciesisnottoproduceood,but

tounlockthelandorentrepreneurialarmingandprovidelow-interestlongtermcreditandincentivestomakethishappen.Thegovernmentmustalsoensurethatertilizerandagriculturalextensionservicesareavailable,alongwithairmarketingo

arm produce without the middlemen stealing the armersprot.Asarmingbecomesmoreecient,muchothe40-80per-

centothepopulationindevelopingcountrieswhoarecurrent-

lyemployedinagriculturecanbegraduallyreplaced.Thistran-sition rom eudal arming to scientic arming, which tookseveralcenturiesinEurope,cannowbegreatlyacceleratedindevelopingcountries,givengoodarmingsystems.Ruralyouthwithcerticates,diplomas,anddegreesinmodernagricultureandagriculturalsciencescantakeoverromthepovertyarmingpracticedbytheirathersandbecomehighlyproductiveandprosperousentrepreneurialarmers.TheoverallconceptisaFranklinRoosevelt-typecrashscience

programoremergencyoodproduction.

CropCirclesortheTropicalZoneAnothergreatleapinworldoodproductioncantakeplaceas

nuclear-power produced electricity and desalinated watercomesonstream,especiallyromthesmallnuclearreactorsun-derdevelopment bySouthArica, India, China, Russia,andAmerica.These100-to200-megawattactorymass-producedmodularpowerplants,ratherthanthecurrent1,000-to1,500-MWreactors,whichtakealongtimetoconstructonsite,willbeidealorkick-startingmodernagriculture.Evenbeoretheseourth-generationnuclearplantscomeinto

production,irrigatedcropcirclesarecreatingthemarket.Spec-tacularcropcircles, one to twokilometers in diameter, are

IRRI

International scientifc research and collaboration with local entrepreneur armers is key inraising the yields o major ood crops, allowing developing nations to become ood sel-su-fcient. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), one o major Green Revolution re-search institutes, has developed new rice strains and growing methods to greatly improvecrop yields. Here, a Malaysian researcher with IRRI investigates weedy rice, which causescrop losses.


12/13


Center-pivotirrigationorcrops,DeepTropicalanimalproduction,

andourth-generationmodularnuclearreactorswillenablethegreening(andoodsel-sufciency)oalltheEarthstropicalzone(seemap),romtheTropicoCancertotheTropicoCapricorn.

A center-pivot irrigationarm, traversing the cropcircle.

Artists illustration o theplanned Pebble Bed

Modular Reactor acilityat Koeberg, South Arica.

NASA

Crop circles in theLibyan desert, as

seen rom space.

PBMR


13/13


greeningthedesertso Jordan,Libya,andSaudiArabia,ascanbeviewedonGoogleEarth.Thesecropcircles,withtheircenter-pivotirrigation,relyonast-depletingundergroundwa-terletoverromiceages.Withcheapandabundantsuppliesodesalinatedwaterandelectricityromthesetown-sizedmodu-larnuclearreactors,thewholeotheEarthszoneromtheTropicoCancertotheTropicoCapricorncanbetrans-ormedintoproductiveagriculturallandbasedonirrigatedcropcircles.

Dierentcropssuchaswheat,corn,soybeanorhumans,andalsochicken,egg,andpigproductionand grasses orcattle,cowsandsheep,canallbeproducedindedicatedagriculturalzonestoprovideoodornearbypopulationcenters.Cropcirclesrelyoncenterpivotirrigation,anAmericanin-

ventiondatingromthe1950sandperectedoverthedecades.Fromaxedcenterpoint,thehugeirrigationarmslowlytravelsonwheelsaroundinacirclewhilesprayingthecropsbelow.Thesprinklerarmcanbe1kilometerinlength,givingacropcircleareao14hectares,idealoragrassplantation.Intheewdrytropicalregionswherethesupplyoundergroundwaterisstillplentiul,suchaspartsoNorthernAricaandNorthernAustralia,thereisnotechnicalreasontopreventtheDeepTrop-

icallivestocksystemrombeingpracticedimmediately,eedingclimate-controlled-housedcows,cattle,sheep,andrabbitsromagrasscropcircle.Similarcropcirclesocornandothersohighproteinle-

gumeswillsupporttheproductionononruminantpig,chick-en,andeggindustries.Othercropcircleswillsupportwheatandbarleyandawiderangeovegetablesandvegetableoilcrops.Thelandbetweenthecropcirclesisnotwastedland;itcan

serveasroadsandascorchedearthbarriertootherspecies,greatlyminimizingtheuseoinsecticides.Indeed,agriculturalsciencecanoutgreenthegreenies,especiallythatlivingos-silPrinceCharles,whowhilewaitingtobecomeKingoEng-landretreatstomedievalorganicarmingonhiseudalisticroy-

alestates.Cropcircles,combinedwithDeepTropicalanimalproduc-

tionandsmallmass-producednuclearreactors,arethekeytoensuringworldoodsecuritywellintotheuture.Theplentiulsupplyoelectricityanddesalinatedwaterromsmallmodularnuclearreactors,suchastheGeneralAtomicsGT-MHRortheSouthAricanPBMR,orIndiasplannedthoriumreactor,ortheRussianfoatingnuclearpowerplant,willallowthesegiganticcrop circle arms to beestablished almost anywhere in theEarthstropicalzone,romtheTropicoCancertotheTopicoCapricorn.Thisisthewarmclimatezonewithplentyosunlight,but

not enough water, wheremuch o theworlds population

presently struggles to survive using primitive agriculturaltechniques.Makinguseonuclearpower,thesepopulationscanquicklyadvancetothehighqualitymilk,meat,egg,andwheatdietenjoyedindevelopedcountries,whichsodramat-icallyimprovedhealth,stature,andliespanduringthe20thCentury.Nuclear powerwill replace the reserveso underground

reshwaterletoverrompreviousiceagesthathavenowbeenlargelyexhaustedbymodernagriculture,particularlyoverthelast50years.Thereisnoshortageowaterintheworld.The

nucleardesalinationotheEarthsoceanswillsupplymankindwithinexhaustiblequantitiesoreshwateroragriculture,in-dustry,andresidentialuse.Bythemid-21stCentury,usionre-actorswillberecreatingtheSunonEarthbyusingtogetherhydrogenisotopes,themostabundantintheuniverse,tograd-uallyreplacetheenergyobtainedbysplittingnon-renewableuranium.

BringingHopetotheYoungGenerations

Againandagain,scienceandtechnologyareprovingPrincePhilips anti-science, anti-nuclear, and anti-human WorldWildlie Fund insanely wrong. Although this internationalarmyogreenenvironmentalMalthusianshaswillinglycho-sengenocideasthenalsolutiontotheworldoodcrisis,andmust bedeeated, theirmisguided young ollowers inschoolsanduniversitiesareworthsalvaging.Theseyouthpas-sionately,butalsely,believethattheworldisgrosslyover-populatedandcannoteeditsel,andthatmanisdepletingniteresourcesanddestroyingtheenvironmentwithglobalwarming.BrainwashedbyPrincePhilipsaginggang,theseyoungpeo-

plecanberidiculedoutotheirno-uturemiseryandencour-

agedtoplaytheirpartindeendingthehumanrace.TheyhavebeenconnedintolivingmentallyintheignoranceandbrutalityotheMiddleAges,stupidlyrejectingthegainsotheEuropeanscienticrenaissancethatsucceededinliberatingmankindromhungerandpoverty.Thelast40yearshavebeenlargelywasted.Astheworld

economydisintegrates,weneedagenerationoclear-headedyouthtotakeonthearchaicBritishEmpireandbuildanewworld.TheadoptionoaNewBrettonWoodsnancialreor-ganization, as proposed by economist Lyndon LaRouche,4willprovidetheneededopportunityortheworldsagricul-turalscientistsandengineers,cooperatingullywithentre-preneurarmersineachnation,todeliveraplentiulandse-cure supply o good quality ood or the entire world

populationorthersttimeinhumanhistory.MohdPeterDavisisanhonoraryvisitingscientistattheInsti-

tuteoAdvancedTechnology,Universiti PutraMalaysia,nearKualaLumpur.N.YogendranheadstheGeneticImprovementand Farm Technologies (GIFT), Sdn Bhd. E-mail contact [email protected].

Footnotes _______________________________________________________

1. See National Food Sel-Sufciency Planning: The Case o Malaysia, EIR,July 29, 2002.

2. Malaysias Agricultural Breakthrough, and Nuclear Desalination, Can Feedthe World 21st Century, Spring 2008, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles% 202008/Special_report-Sp2008.pd

3. NSSM 200, the National Security Study Memorandum, prepared under

Kissingers direction, viewed population growth in the developing sector asa threat to the U.S. national security, because increased population andnationalism might limit Western access to raw materials. The text o thisnow declassifed document can be ound at http://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htm .

4. Lyndon LaRouches New Bretton Woods program can be ound at www.larouchepac.com, along with many video and written presentations on theood crisis, its causes and solutions. In a short video titled The Food Crisis,http://larouchepac.com/node/9207 , LaRouche warns bluntly that the global-ization o ood has deliberately let developing countries dependent on othercountries or much o their ood, while the British Empire is dangerously posi-tioned as middleman to determine who eats, and at what price, and whostarves to death.
http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202008/Special_report-Sp2008.pdfhttp://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202008/Special_report-Sp2008.pdfhttp://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202008/Special_report-Sp2008.pdfhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://wlym.com/text/NSSM200.htmhttp://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202008/Special_report-Sp2008.pdfhttp://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202008/Special_report-Sp2008.pdf

how developing countries can produce emergency food

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