how can gender-disaggregated data inform local adaptation planning? examples from uganda and...
TRANSCRIPT
Jennifer Twyman, Juliana Muriel, Wendy Okolo, and Kelvin Shikuku
ICAE 2015, Milan, August 9 - 14, 2015
How can Gender-Disaggregated Data Inform Local Adaptation Planning? Examples from Uganda and Colombia.
Photo credit: Neil Palmer (CIAT)
Project Objectives & Research Questions
• Support community efforts to create local adaptation plans that decrease gender inequalities.
• What are current gender inequalities?
• How can such inequalities be decreased through local adaptation planning?
Photo credit: Jennifer Twyman (CIAT)
Background: Lessons from Previous Gender and Agricultural Research
• Need to consider the gender division of labor and all roles that women and men play on the farm and in the household.
• In general, women…
Have less access and control of productive assets and inputs.
Have less access to information and technical assistance.
• Agricultural production decisions are made within households…
Male dominated;
Female dominated; or
Joint.
May depend on crop, activity, and/or parcel (among other factors).
• Men and women may have different information and perceptions; thus, they may give different responses to survey questions. We need to hear from both men and women.
Data: CCAFS Gender Survey
Colombia Uganda
Section 1: Couple interviewed together
Household Roster and
Demographic InformationYes Yes
Labor 2 adultsAll HH
members
Housing Characteristics Yes Yes
Assets Yes Yes
Land & Agricultural Production Yes Yes
Food Security No Yes
Credit and Insurance Yes Yes
Section 2: Couple interviewed separately
Group Membership Yes Yes
Decision-Making Yes Yes
(CSA) Practices Yes Yes
Information (sources and
types)Yes Yes
Climate shocks Yes Yes
Perceptions of climate change Yes Yes
Adaptation Yes Yes
Gender Roles and Personal
ValuesYes Yes
Labor Preferences Yes No
Questionnaires available on DATAVERSE - Gender Household
Survey, Phase 2: http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/28324
Photo credit: Wendy Okolo (CIAT)
Sites in Colombia & Uganda
Cauca,
Colombia Nwoya,
Uganda
• 14 communities in
Cauca
• HH size (4)
• Land sizes (1.3
ha)
• Main crops:• Coffee
• Sugar cane (for
local panela
production)
• Representative of Nwoya
district
• HH size (7 - 8)
• Land sizes (2 - 3 acres)
• Mixed crop-livestock
systems:Maize, beans, cassava,
sesame, rice, groundnuts
Cows, goats, & poultry
Country Dates of Data
Collection
Total
Households
Partnered Households
where both spouses
interviewed
Colombia Oct. – Dec. 2014 198 125
Uganda Nov. 2014 – Jan. 2015 585 474
Household Survey Sampling
Gender Division of Labor, Home and Land Ownership, Access to Information, and Decision-Making
Preliminary Results
Photo credit: Manon Koningstein (CIAT)
Background: Lessons from Previous Gender and Agricultural Research
• Need to consider the gender division of labor and all roles that women and men play on the farm and in the household.
• In general, women…
Have less access and control of productive assets and inputs.
Have less access to information and technical assistance.
• Agricultural production decisions are made within households…
Male dominated;
Female dominated; or
Joint.
May depend on crop, activity, and/or parcel (among other factors).
• Men and women may have different information and perceptions; thus, they may give different responses to survey questions. We need to hear from both men and women.
Women are not typically recognized as farmers but they play significant roles in agricultural production.
92%
0%8%
Primary Occupation of Men
Ag
HH chores
Other
7%
90%
3%
Primary Occupation of Women
Time spent on agricultural production activities:
Men: 48 hours per week on average;
Women: 45 hours per week on average.
Data from Colombia site
Background: Lessons from Previous Gender and Agricultural Research
• Need to consider the gender division of labor and all roles that women and men play on the farm and in the household.
• In general, women…
Have less access and control of productive assets and inputs.
Have less access to information and technical assistance.
• Agricultural production decisions are made within households…
Male dominated;
Female dominated; or
Joint.
May depend on crop, activity, and/or parcel (among other factors).
• Men and women may have different information and perceptions; thus, they may give different responses to survey questions. We need to hear from both men and women.
Home Ownership
• At a household level…
• Form of home ownership:
Owned jointly by couple
Owned by principal woman alone
Owned by principal man alone
Owned by others
• Households in which women are owners (either individually or jointly)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Colombia (n=125) Uganda (n=474)
Pe
rcen
t o
f h
ou
se
ho
lds
couple principal woman principal man others
28% 32%
Land Ownership
46.5
28.06
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Colombia(n=113)
Uganda(n=474)
Pe
rcen
t o
f h
ou
se
ho
lds
Principal women as landowner (jointly or individually)
Photo credit: Jennifer Twyman (CIAT)
Agro-climatic Information
Colombia Uganda
0
20
40
60
80
100
short termrain forecast
medium andlong term
rainforecasta
cropproduction
andmanagement
post-harvestmanagement
productionand
managementof livestock
Pe
rce
nt o
f h
ou
seh
old
s
both only woman only man
0
20
40
60
80
100
short termrain forecast
medium andlong term
rainforecasta
cropproduction
andmanagement
post-harvestmanagement
productionand
managementof livestock
Perc
ent
of
household
s
both only woman only man
Background: Lessons from Previous Gender and Agricultural Research
• Need to consider the gender division of labor and all roles that women and men play on the farm and in the household.
• In general, women…
Have less access and control of productive assets and inputs.
Have less access to information and technical assistance.
• Agricultural production decisions are made within households…
Male dominated;
Female dominated; or
Joint.
May depend on crop, activity, and/or parcel (among other factors).
• Men and women may have different information and perceptions; thus, they may give different responses to survey questions. We need to hear from both men and women.
Decision-Making
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Husba
nd
Wife
Jo
int
- co
up
le
Oth
ers
Husba
nd
Wife
Jo
int
- co
up
le
Oth
ers
Husba
nd
Wife
Jo
int
- co
up
le
Oth
ers
Husba
nd
Wife
Jo
int
- co
up
le
Oth
ers
Improved Varieties Inter-cropping Mulching No Burning
Form of Decision-Making as Reported by Men and Women in Colombia
Reported by Women
Reported by Men
Background: Lessons from Previous Gender and Agricultural Research
• Need to consider the gender division of labor and all roles that women and men play on the farm and in the household.
• In general, women…
Have less access and control of productive assets and inputs.
Have less access to information and technical assistance.
• Agricultural production decisions are made within households…
Male dominated;
Female dominated; or
Joint.
May depend on crop, activity, and/or parcel (among other factors).
• Men and women may have different information and perceptions; thus, they may give different responses to survey questions. We need to hear from both men and women.
Perceptions of Climate Change
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
warmer days
colder days
increase of rainfall
less predictable rainfall
extended drought periods
droughts occur more frequently
heat waves occur more frequently
less predictable seasons
other
Percentage of people
Women(n=149)
Men(n=156)
Awareness of Practices
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
Colombia(n=125)
Uganda(n=474)
Colombia(n=125)
Uganda(n=474)
Colombia(n=125)
Uganda(n=474)
Colombia(n=125)
Uganda(n=474)
Improved varieties Intercropping Mulching No burning
Who Reports Awareness of Practice?
both only woman only man
Adoption of Practices
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
Colombia(n=124)
Uganda(n=447)
Colombia(n=100)
Uganda(n=474)
Colombia(n=109)
Uganda(n=435)
Colombia(n=111)
Uganda(n=431)
Improved varieties Intercropping Mulching No burning
Who reports that the practice is used on the household farm?
both only woman only man
Conclusions & Next Steps
Photo credit: Wendy Okolo (CIAT)
Creating Local Adaptation Plans with a Gender Focus
• We have identified key gender inequalities…now what?
• What practices/strategies do the households in the community want to use for adaptation?
Different groups within the community (by gender, age, ethnicity, etc.).
• Participatory methodology
Researchers share information about potential costs and benefits (and trade-offs) of different practices.
Use participatory methods to evaluate selected practices in terms of gender and other social factors.
− What are the costs in terms of labor and who will do the different labor activities involved?
− Who will benefit and how?
− Are there ways to implement the selected practices in a more equitable way?
− Should other practices be chosen?
Main Take Home Message
• To make agricultural research matter for women farmers, we must include women.
Recognize their roles in agriculture production.
Interview women (and men).
Encourage active participation in local planning.
− What are their priorities and why?
− How will selected strategies influence labor of men and women?
− Who will benefit?
Thank you
Photo credit: Manon Koningstein (CIAT)