hot cool 2012 q1 pdf

www.dbdh.dk

N0. 12013

INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

DBDH - direct access todistrict heating technology

INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

DISTRICT COOLING

HOT|COOL is publishedfour times a year by:

DBDHStæhr Johansens Vej 38DK-2000 FrederiksbergPhone +45 3818 [email protected]

Editor-in-Chief:Lars Gullev, VEKS

Coordinating Editor:Kathrine Windahl, DBDH

Total circulation: 7,000 copies in 50 countries

ISSN 0904 9681Layout:DBDH/galla-form.dk

Pre-press and printing:Kailow Graphic A/S

Focus DISTRICT COOLINGOn the cover: Copenhagen in the winter

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

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THE COLUMN

Maabjerg bioenergy plant

27 childcare institutions in the municipality of Odenseprotected from damage from leaks and seepage fromthe water and heating installations

The district cooling potential

Society’s stake in district cooling

Hydraulic safety analyses – lessons learned

District cooling in the Middle East

District cooling the HOFOR way

Danfoss substations in Helsinki DC network

DBDH WELCOMES NEW MEMBER EKF

DBDH WELCOMES NEW MEMBER DANTAET

MEMBER COMPANY PROFILE: isoplus Denmark

LIST OF MEMBERS

CONTENTS

TVIS – Multicity District Heating

Vejle

Fredericia

Middelfart

Kolding

Vejle

FredericiaMiddelfartKolding

Copenhagen

55,000 homes in Vejle, Fredericia, Middelfart and Kolding Munici-palities are served with surplus heat through the regional heat transmission network of TVIS.

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By Lars Hummelmose, Managing Director, DBDH

District cooling is not only a reliable, effi cient, environmental

friendly solution for the rising need for air condition but it is

also cheaper than individual installed cooling. The articles in

this issue will underline the potential of district cooling and

the society’s stake in it and also present some case stories.

According to megatrends analyses, some of the largest

global challenges are:

• USA – electricity demand peaks at 1PM in the summer

time

• Japan – import of LNG and the cooling off excess heat

• Middle East, Asia and Africa - the expansion of the

power grid cannot fulfi ll the need for power

• Europe – energy policies and goals etc.

District cooling is a part of the solution to some of these

largest global energy challenges.

In recent years, urbanization, globalization and rising

cooling demands have led to an increased interest in the

environmental and economic benefi ts of district cooling.

The energy demand for cooling is still low compared to the

demand for heating, but as the heating demand is expected

to stay at the current level, we will see an exploding demand

for district cooling the coming years. When we look 50 years

ahead, the energy needed for air condition will overtake

the energy needed for heating. Therefore, there will be an

enormous market potential in district cooling, and in many

ways the advantages of district cooling are similar to those

of district heating. There is a considerable synergy effect

of centralizing the production of energy, which reduces the

need for peak load installations. District cooling also implies

risk reduction for the individual consumer, and economies

of scale for the energy supply company.

TheCOLUMNDistrict cooling offers benefi ts to every link in the chain:

The end-consumer, the utility company and the community

in general. For the consumer the benefi ts include: Better

economy, no noise from chiller, reduced risk of sudden

repair costs, no hazardous refrigerants in the building,

easier to certify the building with a green certificate

and available space on rooftop and basement for other

purposes. For the utility the benefi ts includes: Entering a

new profi table market, establishing a long-term relationship

with customers, adding a new product and service to the

portfolio (which can also help opening the district heating

market), utilizing district heating operation expertise,

strengthening environmental image and performance as

well as obtaining synergies between power, heat and cooling

production. For the community in general the benefi ts

from district cooling are signifi cant, too, as the European

industry association Euroheat & Power estimates that

if district cooling accounted for 25 % of the European

cooling production, CO2 emissions would be reduced by 50

million tons.

There is also an aesthetic aspect connected to the

technology as most of us agree that old-fashioned

air conditioning units mounted on building walls and

balconies result in unsightly blemishes on any building

and can make even the most attractive, well-designed

architectural buildings look ugly. District cooling will be an

apt troubleshooter to this problem.

So district cooling gives local jobs, lowers CO2 emissions,

levels out demand for electricity, gives a better use of the

building and for the owner of the house, it frees capital to

other investments.

ENJOY READING!

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

Text originally published in “Fjernvarmen” by Flemming Linnebjerg Rasmussen, Danish District Heating Association.Translated and adapted by Kathrine Windahl, DBDH

MAABJERG BIOENERGY PLANT

Denmark’s largest bioenergy plant is now in use and supplies

power to the electricity grid as well as district heating to local

towns.

Inside, the biogas plant is a complex maze of stainless steel.

The biogas is already fl owing through the pipes, and engines

work in transforming it into electricity and heat. 650,000 tons

of manure and other biomass will each year be converted to

almost 18 million cubic meters of biogas. A large part of the

gas will be used in the processes at the biogas plant; another

large portion will be sent to a local district heating plant; while

the remaining amount produces power for the grid and district

heating for the consumers in the neighboring cities Struer and

Holstebro.

Every day a stream of trucks arrive with manure from the 150

farmers who supply the plant. The slurry is fi nely chopped and

degassed in the large tanks, after which it is heat-treated and

driven back to the fi elds. The trucks will be cleaned while they

deliver their cargo, and after this they always bring back the

digested slurry when they return.

In addition to the slurry Maabjerg Bioenergy also processes a

large amount of organic industrial waste. So far an agreement

with one of diary group Arla’s dairies is the most signifi cant.

Here 200 million cups of cream cheese are produced annually,

which means that on an annual basis approximately 98,000

tonnes of cheese whey will be left. Previously, the whey was

transferred to local farms where it was used as feed, but in

the future it will be sent via a 2.7 km underground pipeline to

the biogas plant. This is easy on the roads and the environment,

and means 135,000 km less truck driving per year.

THE BEST COMBINED IN ONE

Maabjerg Bioenergy is owned by the utilities Vestforsyning

(71.4%) and Struer Forsyning (28.6%). According to manager

Knud Schousboe the technology is actually not new, and one

might say that Maabjerg Bioenergy has tried to collect the

best experiences from elsewhere. He emphasizes the fact

that Maabjerg Bioenergy is constructed as one huge building,

unlike many other plants which end up consisting of a series

of smaller buildings. The advantage of a single large building

is partly that it is cheaper and partly that it assembles the

technique and thus makes operation and maintenance of the

facility easier in the future.

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The location near the Maabjerg CPH Plant means that there

is a boiler system nearby, which can buy the biogas. Therefore

Maabjerg Bioenergy does not have a boiler itself, which results

in a nice saving. The system also only has a gas storage facility

that can accommodate about 5-6 hours of biogas, when the

plant is in full production. Therefore it is important that the

system has as many outlet channels, as is the case.

GREEN, GREENER, GREENEST

Biogas is basically green energy, but there are still subtle

differences that are important. Maabjerg Bioenergy has

chosen to divide the biogas production in a pure green line

and an industrial line. It is a well-known fact that it is almost

impossible to initiate effi cient biogas production with just

manure. Typically, biologically industrial waste is added, e.g. from

slaughterhouses and dairies, because it triggers the decay and

thus boosts the biogas production.

The approach is also used at Maabjerg Bioenergy - but

according to strict parameters. In short, not all types of

organic industrial waste can be added to the green line. The

degassed manure should obviously be returned to the fi elds as

a genuinely green product, and thus it can only be mixed with

certain materials. Industrial waste that does not meet the

criteria goes to the industrial line instead.

A KNOWN TECHNOLOGY – SORT OF

Although Maabjerg Bioenergy for the most part is built by

known technology, the plant does boast a novelty: an off-site

receiving station. When a plant is as huge as Maabjerg Bioenergy,

so much manure is called for that the nearest neighbors are

not enough. In order to restrict the transportation, a receiving

station has been built 16 km from the plant. Here, trucks will

deliver raw slurry and pick up digested slurry. Fresh manure

is pumped into Maabjerg Bioenergy through a pipe, and the

degassed liquid manure will be returned in a parallel pipe.

The process has proved to be more expensive and demanding

than expected. Therefore, to begin with, only one receiving

station has been built, although two had actually been planned.

The plan now is to gather experience before the second is built.

Pumping raw slurry over such large distances has also proven

to more diffi cult than expected. The slurry is lumpy and diffi cult

to pump, and it requires considerably more pumping power

than anticipated. More booster stations must be built and

these require power and SCADA control. However, Maabjerg

Bioenergy will still be repaid in 20 years.

BIOETHANOL IS THE NEXT STEP

The duo Maabjerg Bioenergy and the Maabjerg plant might

be extended with yet another teammate: plans for an ethanol

plant have in fact begun to take shape.

The ethanol will be extracted from straw, and an added bonus

is that the waste products of the process can be utilized. The

biogas plant can benefi t greatly from the sugar-like mass which

is the result of the waste product. When the sugar is added in

the slurry tanks, the decay is increased and the production of

biogas is increased fi vefold. In addition to the sugar mixture

a fi ber fraction is created. This can be used at the Maabjerg

plant as a supplement to the waste that the plant combusts at

its waste line. The local area cannot deliver the waste amounts

needed by the plant to operate effi ciently. With the liberalized

waste market in mind it is uncertain how much waste can be

had in the future. Therefore, a stable supplier as the plant's

neighbors will be appreciated. The preliminary discussions

about the ethanol plant are in progress. The goal is to start

production in 2016.

Harstad Bioenergianlegg

MAABJERG BIOENERGY PLANT

World-class climate friendly heatingCTR – Metropolitan Copenhagen Heating Transmission Company

Staehr Johansens Vej 38 • DK - 2000 FrederiksbergPhone +45 3818 5777 . • Fax +45 3818 5799 • [email protected] • www.ctr.dk

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J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3 www.dbdh.dk

THE PLANT IN NUMBERS:• 650,000 tons of manure / biomass to be treated

annually

• 17.8 million m3 of biogas is produced annually

• The energy effi ciency is equivalent to the heat

consumption of 5,388 homes and electricity

consumption of 14,381 homes

• CO2 emissions reduced by 50,000 tons

• Reduces nitrogen and phosphorus in the aquatic

environment with 109 and 311 tons annually

• 8 employees operate the plant

• 150 farmers are supplying slurry

• The total investment is approximately 412 million DKK /

55 million €

• The net gain is 45 million DKK / 6 million € annually, and

the socioeconomic gain is estimated at 1 billion DKK /

134 million €

• The system means that 300 local jobs can be retained

within agriculture and food industry

• EU climate commissioner Connie Hedegaard headed the

offi cial inauguration of the plant, which took place in

June 2012.

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By Beth Werner, Journalist


Anker Boye, Mayor of Odense, describes the newly completed

collaborative development effort with local company DanTaet

a/s as a genuine win-win project.

An investment in the order of DKK 50-60,000, which protects

from incurring damages easily totaling half a million DKK or

more. Does that sound too good to be true? Actually, it is

not, according to Jens Oxenvad, Property Engineer in the City

and Culture Administration of the municipality of Odense,

having just completed a collaborative project in around 27 of

the municipality's childcare institutions with Odense-based

company DanTaet a/s. The company is the leading developer

and supplier of protection systems ensuring that leaks and

seepage from water and heating installations are detected

quickly, avoiding costly consequential damage.

600 CUBIC METERS OF WATER

CAUSED MAJOR MOLD PROBLEMS

“We have unfortunately suffered major mold problems in

several of Odense's institutions. For instance, a leaking water

pipe in a kindergarten caused 600 cubic meters of water to

seep into walls and fl oors before the leak was discovered. This

happened three months after the leak had started, and the

damage, understandably, was comprehensive at that time”, says

Jens Oxenvad, adding that on top of expenses to eradicate the

mold, Odense incurs expenses for alternative housing for the

users of the damaged institution while it is being renovated.

The project is part of the municipality's active risk management,

and the systems are now operational in 18 of Odense's public

schools and in nine of in all 120 child houses, numbering both

kindergartens and nurseries.

FEW BUT EFFECTIVE COMPONENTS

The components for leakage protection of supply water (System

KMP-V) and district heating (System KMP-F) installations

respectively are largely identical, consisting of electrically

operated cut-off valves, control units, external sensors and

Kamstrup Energy and Water Meters. The two systems have

been developed in close collaboration with ultrasonic fl ow

meter manufacturer Kamstrup, and are adapted to suit this

company's fl ow meters.

The collaborative effort with the municipality of Odense has

also included the emergency services, municipal district

heating company Fjernvarme Fyn, and the Danish Technological

Institute.

ALWAYS WATER FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND CLEANING

Tage Laurup, Sales Director of DanTaet, points to two motion

sensors placed under the ceiling amid the long corridor

in Børnehuset, Ejerslykke Nursery in Odense and explains:

“Without these two sensors, the occupants would get little

water, and the cleaning staff would have diffi culty fi lling a

bucket.” The sensors detect motion, and the system in the

basement is informed that the building is now in use, and water

must be available. If the nursery's fi re cabinet is opened, the

system in the basement will immediately force open the cut-

off valve. Hereafter, exceeding the consumption limit will only

cause an alarm while the fl ow of water remains unimpeded.

“When the alarm sounds, I only need to follow the simple three-step guide”, explains Gitte Hermansen to mayor Anker Boye.


This property is essential to the emergency services' approval

of the protection system in the nursery.

HIGHLY USER-FRIENDLY SYSTEMS

The user-friendliness of the DanTaet systems has been of

paramount importance to the municipality. Jens Oxenvad

elaborates: “The managers of nurseries and kindergartens

are not technicians, nor should they be; therefore the systems

must be designed for use by persons with no technical skills.”

Gitte Hermansen, the manager of Ejerslykke Nursery casts a

glance at the two short-form guides hung on the wall above

the control units that issue a text message alarm to her, and

to the municipality in the face of leaks or seepage. “The guide is

simple and easy to grasp, so I do not expect any diffi culty when

the alarm fi nally sounds. I can just read what to do”, she says.

This characterization is in line with that of the Technological

Institute, which has performed a general evaluation of the

KMP-V and KMP-F systems.

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Anker Boye

Phone: +45 4075 3333

[email protected]

Jens Oxenvad

Phone: +45 6551 2634

e-mail: [email protected]

DanTaet a/s

Att.: Tage Laurup, Sales

Director

Højmevej 36-38

DK-5250 Odense SV

Phone: +45 6317 4500

Fax: +45 6317 4501

[email protected]

For further information please contact:

Property engineer Jens Oxenvad of Odense municipality's City and Culture Administration at the district heating protection system on Agedrup School, Odense: “The user-friendliness of the systems has been of paramount importance – it must be easy and intuitive for users torespond when the alarm sounds.”

ABB has been providing innovative, energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions for district heating and cooling networks for more than 30 years. Our offering ranges from turnkey solutions for entire district energy networks to integrated products and systems for control and automation, pumping stations and thermal substations. And, it includes start-to-finish project management and an extensive global network of expertise and life cycle services. www.abb.com

Using energy at maximum efficiency. Solutions for district heating and cooling.

ABB A/STel. +45 4450 4450E-mail: [email protected]

FOCUSDISTRICTCOOLING

by Tarek Barky, Engineer – District Heating, Ramboll THE DISTRICT COOLINGPOTENTIAL

District cooling’s greatest benefi t is not its high energy

effi ciency – it is the scale of economy and the higher utilization

of equipment, which makes it cheaper than locally based

cooling such as central air conditioning or single room air

conditioning. Moreover district cooling goes hand in hand with

district heating.

In recent years, urbanization, globalization and rising cooling

demands have led to an increased interest in the environmental

and economic benefi ts of district cooling (DC). The term DC is

used to describe chilled water that is distributed through an

underground network in order to provide effi cient and reliable

cooling for the buildings.

In many ways the advantages of DC are similar to those of

district heating. There is a considerable synergy effect of

centralizing the productions of energy, which reduces the need

for peak load installations. DC also implies risk reduction for

the individual consumer, and economies of scale for the energy

supply company.

This article will describe some of the benefi ts and barriers of

DC in order to outline what action is necessary to capitalize on

the growing potential for DC and harvest the benefi ts.

LARGE MARKET POTENTIAL

In 2006, the international association Euroheat & Power

described the European cooling market and its potential

growth in the two reports called Ecoheatcool Work Package 2

and 5. The European cooling market was estimated to be 660

TWh/year. At the same time the current DC market share was

only 1-2 % of the European cooling market. When DC reaches

a market share of say 25 %, it will be supplying more than 160

TWh/year and the installed cooling capacity will be around

125,000 MW (36 million TR ). This corresponds to investments

in DC of more than 60 billion euros. The market potential for

Europe could be enormous.

WHO BENEFITS?

DC offers benefi ts to every link in the chain: The end-consumer,

the utility company and the community in general.

For the consumer the benefi ts include: Better economy, no

noise from chiller, reduced risk of sudden repair costs, no

hazardous refrigerants in the building, easier to certify the

building with a green certifi cate (such as LEED, BREEAM

etc.) and available space on rooftop and basement for other

purposes.

IDENTIFY DC POTENTIAL

FEASIBILITY STUDY

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN DC

INSTALLATION

RUN AND OPERATE DC

To the utility provider’s benefi ts include: Entering a new

profi table market, establishing a long-term relationship with

customers, adding a new product and service to the portfolio

(which can also help opening the district heating market),

utilizing district heating operation expertise, strengthening

environmental image and performance as well as obtaining

synergies between power, heat and cooling production.

For the community in general the benefi ts from DC are

signifi cant. Euroheat & Power estimates that if DC accounted

for 25 % of the European cooling production, CO2 emissions

would be reduced by 50 million tons. This is equivalent to the

annual average emissions from 10 million cars. The electricity

demand would be reduced by 50 TWh annually and investments

in peak electricity generation capacity in the EU could be 30

billion euro less.

COMPETITION AND BARRIERS TO ENTRY

Even though DC has much in common with district heating,

DC is still relatively unknown. One could say that DC today

experiences many of the same barriers as district heating did

30 years ago in Denmark.

Few end-consumers consider DC because they are not aware

of how much their current cooling costs are. One reason for

this is that the cost of electricity for cooling production is

hidden in the overall electricity bill and the cost of the building

service staff also includes heating, ventilation and other

building utilities. Furthermore, the investment costs for the

chiller only occur every 10-15 years, which often means that

no facility manager really knows what the market price of a

chiller plant is.

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For the utility companies, the largest challenge is to locate the

potential cooling customers and fi nd profi table DC areas. With

district heating every building has a demand, but for DC the

type and use of the building has a lot to say about its demand.

These entry barriers can be handled by informing the building

owner of the hidden costs related to traditional chiller plants,

for instance by using scanning tools developed for identifi cation

of potential DC customers.

FROM VISION TO OPERATION

For utility companies thinking about going into DC, the process

from idea to operation is described in the following and shown

on the previous page.

Firstly, the potential benefi ts of the project need to be

estimated. As the location and size of the DC distribution

system has a large infl uence on the profi tability of the

system, the developers of a DC project have to map the

potential customers in a certain area. In order to identify

the most optimal location of a new DC plant within a certain

area, it can be benefi cial to use an automated mapping tool

that uses the estimated cooling demand and geographical

location of each building in an area to calculate the economic

difference between traditional cooling and a DC system. The

result is a map, like the one showed in the picture below. The

green dots represent potential customers, and the blue/

purple circles illustrate the radius of piping that keeps each

consumer profi table for the business case, if they change from

traditional cooling to DC. Profi tability of initiating a DC system

does therefore occur where the purple circles are overlapping.

RAMBOLL DC MAPPER

The mapper can also be used as a fi rst draft for a customer

database.

Secondly, a feasibility study should be carried out and different

concept designs should be tested in order to optimize

profi tability. Factors considered include but are not limited

to cash fl ow, life cycle costs, investment costs, operational

costs and income. In order to ensure a profi table project, risk

management and mitigation begin at this stage as well. In this

stage, careful consideration of the local natural resources can

really increase both profi tability and energy effi ciency.

Thirdly, the actual business development begins and the

strategic and organizational setups are designed. Internally,

a go-to-market plan, a marketing plan and legal matters are

cleared. Externally, key customers are visited and interviewed

regarding their interest in DC and willingness to join the

project. The fi rst contracts with key customers are made at

this stage.

Finally, the DC system must be designed, and – based on the

concepts developed in the feasibility stage – the fi nal concept

is developed and designed for realization. The optimal control

strategies for operating the DC plant are also developed here.

Following installation, operation begins and this stage focusses

on optimizing operational costs and increasing the customer

base.

THE FUTURE OF DC

So far, DC is still a blue ocean market. As described earlier, the

market seems to be in a transition from steady to exponential

growth.

The package of EU-directives (for buildings, renewable energy

and energy effi ciency) will hopefully stimulate the development

and national or local authorities develop integrated heating

and cooling strategies.

City authorities should plan for district heating and

cooling infrastructure as an integrated part of the urban

infrastructure whenever it is cost

effective.

Thus, the building owner will get the

opportunity to meet “nearly zero carbon

criteria” in a more cost effective way

using renewable energy (free cooling)

and effi cient combined heat and power

via the district heating and cooling grids.

For utility companies DC is expected

go from a “nice to have” to a “need to

have” service in order to grasp all the

optimization synergies with respect to

heat and cold production and integration

into the smart grid.

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

RambollAtt.: Tarek BarkyHannemanns Allé 53DK-2300 Copenhagen S

Phone: + 45 5161 6680

For further information please contact:HOW IS DC PRODUCED?

Today, most commercial buildings make use of traditional

compressor-based cooling to suit their cooling needs.

DC is normally produced by means of one or more of the

following technologies:

• Conventional compressor-based cooling

• Absorption cooling, transforming waste heat into

cooling

• Free cooling, utilizing cool ambient air or cool water

from the ocean, lake or river

These three technologies are often combined to obtain

the most optimal DC system in a certain setting. If the

surroundings include access to cold air or water, free

cooling is very often the most desirable cooling method,

as the operation expenses just comprises maintenance

costs. On the other hand, if there is easy access to cheap

surplus heat, the chemical process of absorption cooling

can be an optimal solution. Compressor-based cooling has

low investment costs, and operates effi cient – even at low

loads. However, the operational costs of compressor-

based cooling depend on the electricity price, and the

maintenance cost of the mechanical parts can be high.

One of the biggest advantages of DC systems is however

the option of using storage tanks to even out the cooling

demand throughout the day and optimise the production.

This lowers need for installed capacity due to higher

utilisation of equipment and makes the energy production

cheaper and more energy-effi cient, as the peak load is

spread out and everyone can get a lower cooling price.

CURRENT MARKET FOR DC

Some of the most developed markets in Europe are

Sweden and France. In Sweden the DC market share

is estimated to be 25 % and from 2005 to 2009 they

increased their installed cooling capacity with almost 50

%. In 2005 France had 400 MW (110,000 TR) installed and

in 2009, the capacity was more than 600 MW (170,000 TR).

In Denmark, the number of DC projects is steadily

increasing. As of today, the total installed capacity is

estimated to be about 50 MW, but the potential is much

larger.

On the Asian continent, Japan and Korea have more than

5000 MW (1.4 million TR) installed capacity. In the Northern

America, USA has 14,000 MW (4 million TR) of installed DC

capacity. Due to the climate, the Middle East has a large

potential for DC and the DC development here has been

very intense in the last couple of years. From 2007-2015

the increase in capacity is estimated to be 65,000 MW

(18.6 million TR), and still the DC market here is only in its

start-up phase.

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THE DISTRICT COOLING POTENTIAL

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DESMI’s pump solutions guarantee:

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Operational reliabilityEnergy efficient solutionsEasy servicing

Call 72 44 02 50 for further options

by Jakob Bjerregaard, Project Assistant – District Energy, Ramboll SOCIETY’S STAKEIN DISTRICT COOLING

District cooling can often present the best business case to

building owners and tenants. But of equal impotence, it can

offer a number of benefi ts to the surrounding community

locally and nationally.

District cooling (DC) is most often a more energy effi cient

way of providing cooling than conventional central or single-

room air-conditioning, and thus it is a more resource effi cient

solution. From an energy system perspective DC like district

heating (DH) can also provide a better background for the

implementation of renewable energy sources, solar and wind

in particular. It does so by offering to even out the demand

profi le and enabling a more stable production.

Also the switch from central or single-room cooling solutions

to DC can smoothen the demand curve of electricity. As with

DH this is done through the use of energy storages, but also

the demand profi les are aggregated, which allows for a more

steady production. Moreover, the cooling needs not come

from an electricity dense production, but can make use of

free cooling, such as rivers and lakes, or surplus heat through

absorption chillers. In that case the demand for electricity in

the process is signifi cantly reduced.

So, if DC is desirable, and we agree as well that cooling as a

service is needed, why is it then still so underdeveloped and

isolated in a few places around the globe – even in countries

famous for their DH?

The answers may lie for a large part, with challenges common

with DH services. It requires large up-front long term

investment, a stable policy framework, and collaboration

between various stakeholders.

DC is a capital intensive business, just as DH, and thus the

barrier of fi nancing is ever present. The required investment

in a network to supply the chilled water to the end-consumer

is relatively large. For a given amount of energy the DC pipes

are also much bigger than an equivalent pipe for distributing

heat as hot water. The capital intensive issue makes DC not the

preferred business for many investors.

The lack of a stable policy framework (or the lack of a policy

framework at all), furthermore increases insecurity and makes

a sound fi nancing diffi cult. The lack of framework makes

interested companies, e.g. an established DH company, abstain

from taking initiatives in establishing DC schemes. Creating

a DC scheme ultimately means laying pipes on private and

public ground, and it would benefi t from a clear set of rules

on how to gain access to laying pipes and which conditions the

investment is subject to.


J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

Photo (manipulative) of what it could look like, with cooling tanks at Frederiksberg Utility

This also leads to the next point of collaboration between

stakeholders, it is often seen to be diffi cult for different

business and developers to work together and share risks. The

result is often bilateral agreements leading to small schemes

with only one or a few actors involved.

The result is potentially an unregulated market in which a

number of small schemes is scattered throughout a city.

This can be a good baseline for connecting the DC “islands”

and establishing a citywide network, but in many cases the

technical specifi cations of each network system differ, making

an effi cient city wide scheme diffi cult.

Even when citywide DC systems do emerge in an unregulated

environment, the result is a monopoly for fi rst movers, which

may be desirable for the fi rst mover but not necessarily for the

users and the community.

To avoid a situation where the DC market is either characterized

by a number of small islands or a monopoly taking advantage of

the situation, the DC market could learn from other energy

markets such as the electricity market, and separate the

process in different business entities.

This is not naturally bound to happen, as e.g. transmission

capacity only serves as a service and market place. It may

either generate no revenue for the service or take advantage

of controlling the monopolized marketplace with the benefi ts

that follows. These market distortions are also likely to happen

if there is only one producer, or for that matter in a monopsony

with only one consumer.

Besides the monopoly challenges, the history of DH and DC

systems bears evidence that the scale of and return on the

investment make both the funding and the organizational setup

very important when considering a scheme. And the market

driven approach often shows a limitations in the development

and expansion of both DH and DC schemes.

So how do we go about creating a market place for cooling

services that secures a distribution of the benefi ts

between the parties; producers, consumers and facilitators

(distribution)?

The typical delivery of a scheme or system can be divided into

three main areas for boundaries of services:

• Production

• Distribution

• End- user connections

In smaller schemes all three are often incorporated in one

supply and operational company whereas for larger schemes

the production is often separate. The distribution company

then buys heat or chilled water from the production company

to sell on to its customers. The responsibility of the end-

user connections often fi nishes with the individual dwelling

boundary, and the interface unit is the responsibility of the

end-user just as an individual gas boiler would be.

If we investigate the lesson learnt from DH in Denmark, it is

based on a number of principles, which has been crucial for its

success.

Central planning in the late 1970es was the one initiative

that kick-started the further expansion of DH in Denmark.

At that time the market share of DH was app. 30 % of the

heat demand. It highlighted the potential by laying out areas

dedicated for DH only. But at the same time set the boundaries

for DH expansion and where natural gas for individual boilers

was to be provided.

Production and distribution were set up as non-profi t

organisations publicly or cooperatively owned. The setup

ensured that any profi ts would be paid back in terms of

improvements to the system or though reduced heating

charges, but it has also prevented accumulation of capital

which made all investments debt fi nanced.

Last but not least all changes and expansions of the DH

schemes had to be evaluated based on socio-, company- and

user economic principles to ensure that the solutions were

good, not only for business, but for the customers and society

as well.

The effect of these principles has been instant expansion of

DH with solid economic ground, which proved a success for

society, DH companies and the users. In the case of Denmark,

DH has been vital in decoupling economic growth and CO2

emissions and in general the transition to renewable energy

sources and urban air quality.

These advances have not come without a cost. Consumers are

locked into their heat provider. Some schemes have proved

uneconomically despite the preparatory work. Capitals for

future investments have not been accumulated.

The consumer lock-in is a trait of collective solutions, which

cannot be solved, as competing collective solutions would

cannibalize each other and remove the benefi ts. But it is also only

a disadvantage, when the collective solution is not optimized.

Uneconomical schemes have often related to a reliance on a

single fuel, where prices have grown disproportionally, whereas

the lack of equity and venture capital has resulted in lack of

expansion of schemes and, at least in Denmark, in a lack of

investments in e.g. DC.

The consequence of that is not only for users not getting

access to cheap cooling or heating, but also for society failing

to reap the benefi ts of converting to more clean and effi cient

form of cooling.

SOCIETY’S STAKE IN DISTRICT COOLING

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Therefore separation of production and distribution is needed,

as mentioned earlier. The distribution could be owned by the

stakeholders, to avoid the powers of the monopoly belonging to

a private company. We also need to ensure third party access

for producers to the network – this will ensure competitive

energy prices and minimize the risk of uneconomical schemes.

Capital needs to be accumulated in distribution companies in

order to secure the development of the schemes. But until

capital is accumulated, local authorities should guarantee

loans, as well as highlight the potential of DC in roadmaps and

the like.

Now, why should authorities get involved

in the project? The thing at stake is

whether the result will be schemes for

the good of the local community, in terms

of cheap, sustainable energy contributing

to the stability of the energy systems

and helping to achieve local climate

ambitions. Or if it is going to be a cash

heaven for the fi rst mover capitalizing on

the lack of energy regulation or rather

lack of consumer protection, possibly

with the effect of further destabilizing

the electricity market due to demand

peaks on electricity driven cooling.

The delivery and operating company seen

within DH is frequently referred to as an

Energy Services Company (ESCO). There

are a number of models that can be

identifi ed which can be used to establish

an ESCO. Each of these models has been

driven by Local Authority leadership,

infl uenced by specifi c local priorities, and

constrained by policies governing the

apportionment of risk and public sector

borrowing.

It is here important to point out that

Ramboll is not familiar with any DH

scheme (in the world) that has not had

involvement by a local authority at some

level in its delivery.

Therefore the recommendation is for

authorities to get involved in the DC

market. Not by subsidizing the core

business but by setting a framework

that allows for fi nancing of the

infrastructures, building a strong market

with third party access and ensures

the socio-economic optimization of

solutions.

The newly adopted European Energy

Effi ciency Directive paves the way for

expansion of district heating and cooling, by committing

member states to assess the potential and take initiative

for the execution. These initiatives have to ensure the right

market conditions. If they do, district cooling can become a

very important tool for delivering on national energy effi ciency,

CO2 emission and renewable energy.

Ramboll

Att.: Jakob Bjerregaard

Hannesmanns Allé 53

DK-2300 Copenhagen S

Phone: +45 51615677

[email protected]

www.ramboll.com/energy


J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

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By Hilmar Ómarsson, Hydraulic specialist, COWI A/S and Niels Henrik Harbo, Technical director and senior cooling specialist, COWI A/S

HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSES– LESSONS LEARNED

District cooling systems are becoming a more common part

of the energy supply systems, also in cooler parts of the world

such as Scandinavia. The systems are mainly made in densely

populated areas or large facilities such as airports, military

and university campuses etc.

The usual design approach for district cooling systems does

normally not include transient analyses. In COWI, we take

advantage of our long experience within design of hydraulic

distribution systems. Thus, it is normal practice in COWI to

include transient analyses when designing district heating and

district cooling systems.

WHY SAFETY ANALYSES?

District cooling systems are in many ways very similar to

district heating systems. Both systems use water as main

energy transport medium and comprise components such

as pipes, fi ttings, valves and heat exchangers. The energy is,

however, produced differently, e.g. boilers, CHP (combined heat

and power) for district heating systems and e.g. electric chillers

or absorption chillers for district cooling systems. Compared

to district heating systems, the temperature difference at the

consumers is much lower in district cooling systems. Typically,

district heating systems are designed for temperature

differences of 35-40°C with supply temperatures of 70-90°C,

whereas district cooling systems are designed for temperature

differences around 10°C or lower and supply temperatures of

4.5-6°C. The low temperature difference in cooling systems

results in a relatively high water fl ow compared to the amount

of supplied power.

With increased velocity there is a higher risk of critical

pressure transients in the system. Consider a soft plastic 1/2"

garden hose with water fl owing inside (fl owers being watered,

pool being fi lled etc.). The water is then suddenly cut off by

releasing the grip on the sprayer pistol, the hose twists and

wiggles for a short time.

What happens inside the hose is that, at the time the grip is

released on the sprayer pistol, the water in motion is suddenly

stopped, resulting in an increased water pressure at the

sprayer pistol - like a train when it hits an obstacle, each car

is slamming into the one ahead. Water is nearly incompressible,

and therefore the soft garden hose expands a bit, resulting

in a lower pressure increase compared to e.g. a pipe of steel.

Consider the same scenario as described, but instead of

cutting off the water fl ow with a sprayer pistol at the end of

the hose, the water is cut off by closing the valve at the other

end of the hose. This will lead to a sudden pressure drop just

after the valve (the train cars are pulled apart).

Now consider the garden hose example above. Instead of 1/2"

garden hose we now have a rigid steel pipe with a diameter of

1,000 mm. The same physics apply, when the water in motion

is suddenly stopped, the pressure increases or decreases.

Because of the dimension of the steel pipe, and because of

the steel pipe's rigidity, the forces that are now at work are

much, much greater than in "normal" operation. In fact, the

forces can be so strong that the pressure inside the steel pipe

can exceed both the lower and the upper pressure limits of

the district cooling system, risking failure of pipes and other

system components.

To investigate the risk of exceeding the pressure limits of

the system and facing a reduced lifetime of the system or in

worst case ruptured pipes or ruined pumps, detailed fl ow and

pressure analyses are performed - safety analyses.

EXAMPLE - AIRPORT DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

The conceptual layout of an airport district cooling system

is illustrated in a simplifi ed PI diagram and pressure profi le

in Figure 1. There is one primary circuit that circulates water

between the chillers and the thermal energy storage tank

(TES), and two secondary circuits where chilled water is

supplied from the TES and circulated to the consumers.

Figure 1 Simplifi ed PI diagram and pressure profi le

This airport system has about 9,400 metres of double-, pre-

insulated pipes buried in the ground. The landscape is very fl at,

but the consumer stations at the aprons are elevated, the

maximum elevation difference from ground being 5-6 metres.

The largest pipe section is DN1200, and the water volume in

the pipes is 4,400 m3.


P_

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HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSES– LESSONS LEARNED

The TES is located at the chiller plant between the primary

and secondary circuits. The volume of the tank is 6,500 m3

with a height of 18 metres. The holding pressure (hydrostatic

pressure) is therefore 1.8 bar(g) when TES is in operation. The

system can also be operated with pressurization pumps.

There are two secondary circuits (circuit 1 and circuit 2).

Circuit 1 has 7 pumps, and circuit 2 has 3 pumps. 1 pump in

each group is used as a backup pump in case the other fail. The

design pressure is 10 bar(g), PN10.

When the network is fully in operation, the chiller plant can

supply 12,500 tonnes per hour of 5°C cold water at maximum

thermal load, corresponding to 125 MW.

THE USUAL DESIGN APPROACH

- NOT ENOUGH TO AVOID PROBLEMS

The transient analyses that were carried out simulated a simple

power outage of the pumps, a pump trip. A hydraulic computer

model was established, and steady-state hydraulic simulations

were performed. The steady-state results were acceptable,

and therefore the next step was transient simulations.

The fi rst set of the transient simulations was a scenario where

the TES was not in operation, and the simulations indicated no

sign of hydraulic problems.

In the next set of transient simulations, the TES was in

operation, and now the simulation results indicated the risk

of cavitation at the discharge side of the circuit 1 pumps and

several other locations in circuit 1, see Figure 2.

Figure 2 Simulation results for the original design, TES in operation. Pumps trip at t= 30 seconds

When the pumps trip, the water fl ow is restricted by the

pumps - causing the sudden drop in pressure at the discharge

side. The pressure drops down to -1 bar(g) (vacuum), which is

not acceptable. Normally, such a pump trip would also lead to

a sudden pressure rise at the suction side, but the TES tank,

which in this case is relatively large compared to the network

water volume, holds the pressure nearly unchanged. At pump

trip, the net fl ow to the TES tank is positive, the tank is being

fi lled with water, but the water level changes only very little.

This pressure transient propagates through circuit 1, resulting

in even lower pressures than at the pump's discharge side.

This pressure development was foreseen in the fi rst system

concept design, but the extent of the pressure development

was not expected. Before any transient analyses were carried

out, it was expected that the pressure would be within

pressure limits in case of pump trip. The simulation results

illustrated the risk of cavitation. This is in contrast to the fact

that the general design approach for district cooling systems

was applied.

In the solution process, the fi rst suggestion was to add a non-

return valve in parallel with each pump group as this would

be the easiest and cheapest solution. This should enable the

water on the suction side of the pumps to bypass the pumps

and make a more easy passage through the pump group

assembly. This actually helped a bit; the low-pressure problem

on the discharge side of the pumps was solved. However,

the pressure transients induced by the pump trip were still

propagated throughout circuit 1.

The solution was found by introducing surge vessels at correct

locations in the network and with suffi cient capacity (water

volume). A surge vessel is typically a cylinder fi tted with a rubber

bladder inside, which is partially fi lled with air (or nitrogen).

The air acts as a cushion and expands as the water pressure

decreases - water is pressed out of the surge vessel in order

to maintain current pressure in the system. The simulation

revealed that there was a need for surge tanks with a total

volume of 60 m3 in circuit 1 (50 m3 at pump discharge and 2x5

m3 near the aprons) and 8 m3 in circuit 2. Simulation results

from the improved system are illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Simulation result for the improved design. The pressure is within pressure limits, and the pressure development is calmer compared to the original design

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

For further information please contact:CONCLUDING REMARKS

The lesson learned in this case is that even though normal

design approach was followed, transient hydraulic problems

were identifi ed, and the design had to be altered. Luckily, the

project was still in the early design phase when the transient

problems surfaced, which made the solution easier to

implement, compared to a system that is already in operation.

This emphasises the importance of including transient

analyses already in the early planning and design of district

cooling systems.

One task is identifying this kind of

hydraulic problems. Transient pressure

problems are not apparent. In this case,

regular steady-state calculations did

not reveal any hydraulic problems. Once

the problems have been identifi ed,

a suitable solution must be found.

Solving transient hydraulic problems

is not a trivial task and most often

involves computer models and capable

software, but not least qualifi ed

engineers to give the correct inputs to

the models and validate the results.

The results of a pump trip, valve closing

or other action leading to pressure

surges may be fatal to the system.

Sometimes the results can not be

identifi ed immediately, but repetitive

pressure surge can cause fatigue

failures, i.e. failures that develop over

a period of time. In other cases, the

results are instantaneous failure of

system components. When cavitation

occurs, the water column is separated

with air bubbles, followed by implosion

of the air bubbles, and severe pressure

spikes may occur. Many thick-walled

pipes and other system components

can withstand a sub-atmospheric

pressure down to -1 bar(g) (vacuum),

but other components, e.g. heat

exchangers and expansion joints, are

more exposed.

Excessive pressures in hydraulic

networks are unwanted. Excessive

pressure may lead to reduced lifetime of

network, but - more importantly - lead

to sudden, unpredicted and prolonged

system stops with and without a failure

of system components.

COWI

Att.: Hilmar Ómarsson,

[email protected] or

Niels Henrik Harbo,

[email protected]

Parallelvej 2

DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby

Denmark

Phone: +45 5640 0000

Fax: +4556 40 9999

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HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSES – LESSONS LEARNED


By Akram J. Mourad, Senior Vice President, District Energy Middle East & Africa, LOGSTOR DISTRICT COOLING IN THE MIDDLE EAST

District cooling in the Middle East is driven by growing

governments’ environmental awareness, as well as shortage

and high cost of power.

District cooling is getting more and more anchored as the most

viable cooling solution in the Middle East where temperatures

frequently exceed 45 degree Celsius and air-conditioning

consumes almost 60-70% of the electricity during periods of

peak demand.

Most of us agree by now that old-fashioned air conditioning

units mounted on building walls and balconies result in unsightly

blemishes on any building. They can make even the most

attractive, well-designed architectural buildings look ugly.

Besides proven to use large amounts of electricity to produce

a relatively limited cooling effect, they are noisy and occupy

valuable space in commercial premises. According to fi gures

from Euroheat & Power, centralised district cooling set-ups

are more than fi ve times as energy-effi cient as traditional

single-unit air-conditioning. In contrast, modern district

cooling represents a paradigm shift in ensuring effi cient

comfortable indoor environments all year around.

The region’s rapidly expanding industrial base and population

have increased the demand for power, which averages an

annual growth rate of nearly 5% average. The rising air

conditioning needs account for almost 70% of this growth in

power demand.

As power shortage is rampant in this region, the governments

are turning to district cooling to cool buildings, which has

proved itself as a less expensive and greener alternative to air

conditioning. This solution can both mitigate the power crisis

in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and help reduce

carbon footprints through increased energy effi ciency and

lower CO2 emissions.

That said, it is important to note that providing the required

cooling effect from a central facility effi ciently does set higher

standards to effi cient high performing cooling plants and a

reliable distribution network to consumers in such extreme all

year ambient temperatures.

Centralised supply via a network of purposeful and customised

factory insulated pipe systems in which there is hardly

any loss of thermal energy is a must to make it possible to

achieve substantial economies of scale. Such insulated pipes

supplement the rest of a system of advanced technologies

designed basically to operate and perform in an environmentally

aware mode during the whole process, from production of

cooling to distribution all the way to end consumers, effi ciently.

A major concern in the region has been that district cooling

also requires a lot of water, which, like electricity, is relatively

limited and therefore, expensive in the GCC region. Currently,

district cooling plants use potable water, but the search is on

for technologies that will allow them to use non-desalinated

seawater. Even though a few plants are already using seawater,

the corrosion-resistant equipment needed will increase their

already expensive equipment cost.

As part of their green initiatives and to encourage saving of

water resources and protect the environment the government

of Dubai issued specifi c directives to reduce the consumption

of desalinated water in cooling processes.

Insulated pipes for effi cient thermal distribution

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

DISTRICT COOLING IN THE MIDDLE EAST

A good example of innovation driven by governments’

eagerness to save scarce resources and the environment,

innovative regional utility companies - such as EMPOWER

which is LOGSTOR’s joint venture regional partner and one of

the larger district cooling utility companies in the UAE - have

started using fi bre optic networks in their larger district

cooling plants in their strive to conserve water resources used

in cooling production and distribution without compromising

the effi ciency and quality of their service to customers.

The way it works in EMPOWER’s plants is through higher speed

monitoring, steering, regulating

and control of their production

and distribution processes. The

various operational parameters

of the building’s energy transfer

stations (ETS) are then continuously

monitored and stored in the plants’

Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition System/SCADA.

Meanwhile, the control system in

the building continuously monitors

the chilled water temperatures and

regulates the chilled water fl ow in

order to meet the temperature

obligations of Empower towards its

customers while securing continuous

effi cient use of the valuable chilled

water. The control systems in the

district cooling plants serve the

chilled water required in a much more

effi cient manner and in line with the

government’s directives.

LOGSTOR

Att.: Akram J. Mourad

Danmarksvej 11

DK-9670 Løgstør

Phone: +45 9966 1201

[email protected]


Kamstrup A/S · Industrivej 28 · DK-8660 Skanderborg · Tel: +45 89 93 10 00 · www.kamstrup.com

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20


Since 2008, HOFOR (Copenhagen Energy), which is the largest

Danish Utility Company, has been working hard on deploying a

district cooling system in Copenhagen. The greener, cheaper

alternative to conventional cooling systems is catching the

customers' attention, and HOFOR's commercial objective is

well on the way to be fulfi lled.

District cooling is the future, when it comes to cooling for

both comfort and servers. This has already been discovered

by large customers, such as department store Magasin, Hotel

d'Angleterre, Tivoli Congress Center, and the Confederation

of Danish Industries. District cooling reduces electricity

consumption by up to 80 %, and carbon dioxide emissions by

almost 70 % compared to if each property has its own electric

cooling system, Henrik Bøgeskov explains. Henrik Bøgeskov is

the head of district cooling at HOFOR. In spite of the great

savings in these areas, there is one challenge that overshadows

the others when it comes to selling district cooling."We are

the new kid on the block, when it comes to cooling methods.

Our challenge is to make people aware of the fact that there

is an alternative to conventional cooling methods," Henrik

Bøgeskov says.

SPACE-SAVING ALTERNATIVE

“Finances is an important argument when selling district

cooling - and that is why it is important to the solution that

we can demonstrate an overall fi nancial saving by switching to

district cooling. But as a runner up to the fi nancial argument

is the space-saving argument”, Henrik Bøgeskov says."District

cooling frees approximately 80% of the space in a building,

which is usually fi lled with cooling units, pumping units, buffer

tanks, electrical panels, and installations in systems which are

typically located in the company's basement. On the company's

roof, it frees 100% space, since the cooling towers are

removed completely. With district cooling, these installations

are replaced by just one exchanger station in the basement,

which takes up far less space".

Space savings became a reality to Berlingske Media, Denmark’s

largest news publishing group, which, after switching to

district cooling, freed up enough space for a roof top terrace,

a lunch room for all employees, and several conference

rooms in their domicile in the inner city. The building's owner,

Jeudan A/S, Denmark’s biggest property and estate company,

switched the old ventilation systems to district cooling

systems during an undergoing renovation a couple of years

ago. Operational manager at Jeudan Ole Frederiksen explains

that it was obvious to select district cooling, and he refers to

the system's high level of dependability as well as maintenance

work reduced to a minimum as two of the main arguments.

The third important argument was space saving. Previously,

there were several tons of cooling and ventilation systems

in the building, and today there is only one exchanger of four

square meters located in the basement. This has freed a lot of

square meters in the same space, which Berlingske Media now

rents from Jeudan A/S. In this way, space saving also became

a fi nancial matter, since the price per square meter is high in

cities such as Copenhagen.

By Søren Clemen Ellern Gøttsche, HOFOR Communications DISTRICT COOLINGTHE HOFOR WAY


J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

TWO DISTRICT COOLING STATIONS COVER THE CITY CENTER

Denmark's fi rst major district cooling plant is located centrally

in Copenhagen and supplies district cooling to companies

located around Kongens Nytorv. Yet another plant is under

construction near Rådhuspladsen, the town hall square, and

will be ready during May 2013. With this development, HOFOR

is able to offer district cooling to commercial customers

and public buildings located in the city center. Therefore, on

the face of it, it is possible to connect all properties in the

area surrounding Kongens Nytorv and Rådhuspladsen to the

existing district cooling system.

HOFOR customizes the future piping system around the city

center according to the customers' needs. Therefore, there is

also a good possibility of laying out cooling pipes in areas which

are located a bit away from the pre-existing areas.

However, the amount of achievement depends, among other

things, on whether it will be possible to fi nd funding for the

development. “The demand for cooling is there, so if able to

fi nd funding for a development in the areas mentioned, HOFOR

will be able to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions

in Copenhagen even further”, Mr. Bøgeskov says, and adds that

HOFOR District Cooling is based on market terms.

30,000 TONS LESS CO2

The district cooling centers in the streets Tietgensgade and

Adelgade are the fi rst steps in HOFORs' strategy to ensure

CO2 neutral cooling to the Copenhagen business environment.

The plan is to introduce district cooling to other locations in

Copenhagen and to continuously expand the piping system in

step with the fl ow of new customers.

The cooling center located at Kongens Nytorv has a fully-

fl edged capacity of approx. 18 MW and supplies properties

in the city center. At present, HOFOR has entered into

agreements on 29 MW, while the objective is to enter into

written agreements on the total of 57 MW in 2019.

Copenhagen Municipality's objective is to be CO2 neutral

in 2025, and future projects are estimated to save the

atmosphere from up to 30,000 tons of CO2 a year.

SUPPORTED BY THE CONFEDERATION OF DANISH INDUSTRIES

The Confederation of Danish Industries has also had district

cooling installed in the newly rebuilt Industriens Hus. In

this way, the organization contributes to Copenhagen

Municipality's objective of CO2 neutrality and concurrently

achieves substantially lower energy consumption compared to

producing cooling through conventional compressor cooling.

"Sustainability but also CO2 emissions were infl uential factors,

when we decided on district cooling. But included was also

the fact that we will have less electricity consumption in the

building itself, as well as a very dependable solution in the long

run," project manager Anne G. Jensen from the Confederation

of Danish Industries explains.

The Confederation of Danish Industries expects an annual

cooling consumption of 2,200 MWh and an annual CO2 saving

of 27 tons compared to a new local system.

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22


DISTRICT COOLING THE HOFOR WAY

CATCHING UP WITH LARGE CITIES ABROAD

HOFOR District Cooling has been busy the past few years, and

has seen a steady increase in the turnover in recent years.

Moreover, another advantage to the customers is the fact

that they can count on HOFOR to continuously implement

new technologies for cooling in the district cooling plants,

when profi table. Cooling customers, who today choose to buy

a conventional electric system with a life span of e.g. twenty

years, have to accept the same technological level up to

2033, while HOFOR's customers benefi t from the continuous

optimization without having to compromise with the security

of supply.

Who is HOFOR?

• HOFOR is a merger between Copenhagen Energy

and seven local water supply companies and is also

responsible for waste water supply in most of the

municipalities.

HOFOR produces cooling centrally in three different ways:

• In winter months, cooling is produced using seawater,

which is brought in to the cooling center via a pipe

between the harbor and the center. It is a zero-carbon

production and is known as zero-carbon cooling. However,

a small amount of electricity is used, when pumping

cold water to customers. The water temperature is a

maximum of six degrees, when it is used for cooling.

• In summer months, the sea water is not cold enough for

it alone to be used for cooling production. During this

period of time, cooling is produced by waste heat from

the power plants. This method is known as absorption

cooling.

• When there is a great demand for cooling, and there

is not enough waste heat; cooling production may be

supplemented by electric cooling compressors. This

type of cooling is the most carbon dioxide damaging

and is equivalent to conventional, decentralized cooling.

The majority of HOFOR’s cooling production is based on

zero-carbon cooling and waste heat and to lesser extent

electric compressors. Thus, it is a better alternative

than local, decentralized systems.

CFC ban

By the end of 2014, many companies have to change their

cooling systems due to the CFC ban on cooling systems.

Financially, it is profi table to replace the old cooling

systems with district cooling. In most cases, district

cooling is less expensive to run during a period of 20 years.

We offer complete heat loss efficient pre-insulated piping systems for district heating, district cooling, steam and pipe systems for industrial use.

And we have more than 30 years of technical know-how and expertise.

isoplus Denmark A/S • Korsholm Alle 20 • DK-5500 Middelfart • Tel.: +45 64 41 61 09 • [email protected] • www.isoplus.dk

Steel pipes • Flex pipesPre-insulated fittings • JointsValves • isoCalc • isoAlarm

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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www.dbdh.dk

HOFOR

Att.: Søren Clemen Ellern Gøttsche

Ørestads Boulevard 35

DK-2300 København S

Phone: +45 3395 3395

Fax: +45 2795 2012

[email protected]



P_

24

By Jesper With, journalist

DANFOSS SUBSTATIONS INHELSINKI DC

NETWORK

When Danfoss delivers its district cooling (DC) substations

to clients in the Helsinki DC network, it is being done on the

basis of many years of experience within district heating and

cooling. ”Many customers know us as a well-known deliverer

of district heating (DH) substations. Because of this they also

trust that we can deliver district cooling substations on the

same high level,” export sales manager from Danfoss, Juuso

Vitikainen, explains. Danfoss has delivered and installed several

substations to customers in Helsinki’s DC network. One of

them is a 7.8 MW substation to the Stockmann department

store in the heart of Helsinki - the largest department store

in Finland.

Central Helsinki has Finland’s biggest concentration of offi ce

buildings, department stores and hotels. Most of these, all

of which have a big cooling need, are customers of Helsinki

Energy, the utility company that produces and sells DC to its

customers.

SUBSTATION PLACED IN A SMALL UNDERGROUND CAVE

Juuso Vitikainen tells that he was contacted by the contractor

of Stockmann’s enlargement project and received the

general specifi cations and requirements for the substation.

He also received information about the planned location for

the substation: a machine room located in an underground

cave close to the cave roof. The contractor was interested

in fi nding out whether the space was big enough for the

substation. If not, they would have to enlarge the space by

tearing down surrounding structures. ”Danfoss has many

years of experience in manufacturing tailored substations in

Finland - even as big as this one - so we were soon able to

dimension a solution based on the particular demands and plan

and organize the project. The combination of knowledge and

experience convinced the customer from the start,” Juuso

Vitikainen says.

Danfoss has developed the DC substation to Stockmann,

which exchanges the water coming from the DC pipeline. The

exchanger separates the street pipeline water from the water

in Stockmann’s internal system. The chill from the water in

the street pipeline is used to cool the water of the building.

Through an already existing ventilation system the cooled air

is then blown out in the various rooms of the building and to

installations like refrigerated counters. ”The temperature

can be regulated internally in the building through our heat

exchanger, whereas the staff cannot regulate the cooling

temperature individually. Moreover it is possible to regulate

the temperature through the ventilation system”, Juuso

Vitikainen says. The substation was planned in detail before the

preparation of the prefabricated piping parts was started.

Due to the prefabricated piping the assembly work in the

Danfoss factory was relatively simple and almost no welding

was needed.


P_

25


OWN COMPONENTS IN DANFOSS SUBSTATIONS

“Our many years of company experience within DH have been

transferred to DC, since the principles of the construction of

substations are basically the same. Still, it has been necessary

to develop a special control system for the DC systems,”

Manager of Danfoss District Energy Application Centre, Jan

Eric Thorsen, explains.

He adds that one of the advantages of the substations is

that main components for the installations are developed

and produced by the Danfoss Group itself. Thus, the Danfoss

solution includes a deep understanding of the components and

the application itself, which is utilised to the full extent.

Danfoss mostly delivers a total substation solution to the

customer. The substation then only needs to be connected to

the existing internal pipe system in the building of the customer.

”But we also deliver special solutions, when customers like

Stockmann have special needs, so we are very fl exible,” Jan Eric

Thorsen says.

DC is fi rst of all about stability and comfort, but central

cooling production also has the advantage that it is more

environmentally friendly and leads to much lower CO2-

emissions than individual cooling. “Moreover the customer

saves money for reparations of noisy compressors and he

doesn’t need compressor rooms in his buildings anymore. He

also gets rid of tons of installations on the rooftop - square

meters that can be used for something better,” Jan Eric

Thorsen explains.

CHP SURPLUS HEAT USED FOR COOLING

Helsinki has a highly developed DH system connected to

combined heat and power (CHP) plants. Therefore it was

obvious for Helsinki Energy to start developing DC as well. The

utility company got its fi rst customer in 1998 and today it has

laid down 60 kilometres of underground DC pipelines in central

Helsinki. New kilometres are added every year. However it has

to be profi table which demands a concentration of customers

with a big need for cooling relatively near to each other.

”DC is a splendid way of using heat from our CHP’s. We also

function as a kind of recycle centre during summer, since

we supply energy-effi cient buildings with cooling and at the

same time we take away heat from these buildings, because

they are built so tight that they become too warm to have a

comfortable indoor climate. This heat is being recycled in our

DH system,” Marko Riipinen says.

Helsinki Energy delivers cooling with a high degree of security

of supply, so that the customer can concentrate on doing his

main business. According to Marko Riipinen it is crucial for

Helsinki Energy to know its potential customers and buildings

well. They need to be carefully examined before investments in

new pipelines and connections are being done, since installation

of DC is not cheap. “In Helsinki this is quite easy, since almost

all our potential customers are already DH customers, so we

mostly know each other very well,” Marko Riipinen says.

The Helsinki network is still growing. Data centres are becoming

bigger and bigger and needs still more cooling capacity. A new

market is also residential buildings, though this market is only

in the beginning and is only connected if they are placed along

DC pipelines, which are anyway being established.

FACTS

Danfoss delivers DC substations at sizes from 50 kW up

to 8 MW. By adding modules the effect can be enlarged

when needed.

Danfoss has delivered around 10 substations and several

heat exchangers for building cooling stations at the site

in the Helsinki DC network.

Helsinki Energy has 132 MW connected cooling capacity.

In 2007 the number was 40 MW.

DanfossAtt.: Jan Eric Thorsen, Manager of Danfoss District Energy Application CentreDistrict Energy Division6430 Nordborg

Phone: +45 7488 2222Fax: +45 7449 [email protected]


P_

26


EKFThese days it takes more than just a good product to succeed

in export markets. It is just as important to be able to secure

fi nancing for your business transactions on competitive terms

and to offer your buyer credit or an attractive fi nancing

facility. However, the risks in international trade are often so

great that banks have been known to refuse to fi nance export

transactions without additional security. A “yes” from EKF

can offer greater security on the Russian & CIS markets. EKF

covers many of the fi nancial and political risks which may be

associated with trading and investing here.

INSURING AGAINST THE POTENTIAL RISKS OF TRADING

EKF helps Danish companies to make it possible and attractive

for Russian customers to buy products and services from

Denmark, and does so by insuring Danish exporters against the

potential fi nancial and political risks of trading in Russia & CIS

and by providing guarantees to ensure the necessary fi nancing

for customers.

THE FULL EXPORT CYCLE

The nature of EKF’s activities is to support exporters,

customers and the banks behind them if the risk gets too

high or the time horizon gets too long for them to handle it

on their own. EKF has a product portfolio which embraces the

full export cycle from the order over production to invoicing,

credit and fi nal payment. Nevertheless, EKF tends to think in

solutions for the parties involved rather than in products. Thus

if the exporter cannot fi nd the exact product to match the

demands, EKF will strive to tailor a fi nancing solution.

> EKF Eksport Kredit Fonden was established in 1922 as just

the third export credit agency in the world.

> EKF is Denmark’s offi cial export credit agency.

DBDH WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS EKF AND DANTAET

VEKS is an environmentally certified heat-transmission company supplying 20 local district heating companies with heat generated at Vest-egnen. The heat supplied equals the consumption of 150,000 families.The majority of heat is supplied to VEKS from the Avedøre Power Plant and the other CHP plants in Copenhagen as well as from the waste incineration plants KARA/NOVEREN and Vestforbrænding. VEKS is a non-profit company.Further information: www.veks.dk

The Development of District HeatingDistrict heating is expanding wherever it is potentially possible at Vestegnen, the suburban area west of Copenhagen.Converting into district heating is a cheap, secure and environmental friendly alternative to natural gas and oil – with half the emission of CO

2.

But it can be even better: VEKS aims for a CO2-neutral

heat supply by 2025.

P_

27


DANTAETDanTaet a/s develops, manufactures and markets leakage

protection systems for all types of pipe installations. Through

innovation, patents, economic independence and strong

partners, DanTaet has maintained a highly specialized niche on

domestic and foreign markets since 1986.

DanTaet Leakage Protection signifi cantly reduces water

damage as well as wastage, making DanTaet the obvious choice

for protection of district heating, supply water, and cooling

water installations in new construction as well as renovation

and resource optimization projects.

Our comprehensive after-sales service contributes to

maintaining a very high level of reliability, so that customers

and partners alike may have faith in the DanTaet systems.

DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

ENERGY KNOW-HOW FROM MORE THAN 30 OFFICES WORLD-WIDECOWI has been working with energy for 40 years and has completed more than 2,000 energy projects. We aim to transfer state-of-the-art knowledge to different regions of the world and apply it in a local context.

Some of our services are: › Energy planning › District heating systems › Combined heat and power (CHP) › Cooling plants design and optimisation › Low-temperature district heating › Integrated energy systems › Hydraulic analyses › Waste-to-Energy › SCADA systems › Geothermal heat plants › Solar heat

www.cowi.com/energy

Contact Henning Lambertsen Project and market director [email protected]

P_

28

are heating companies in the Nordic Countries and Estonia

plus Great Britain,” Verner Rosendal says. The pipes themselves

are produced at factories in Austria and Germany, due to the

fact that isoplus Denmark

is part of the isoplus group.

However, isoplus Denmark

has its own Danish character,

since employees, who know

the Danish district heating

market by heart, run it with a

high degree of independence.

Managing director Verner

Rosendal himself has worked

with pipe systems in Denmark

since 1981. In 1999 he became

leader of isoplus Denmark.

“I think it’s a strength

that we run the company

independently but at the

same time we contain the

quality and size of the isoplus

group”, Verner Rosendal says.

He points out that one reason

for the growth of isoplus

Denmark within the last few

years is the development

and production of pipes with

gas diffusion barrier. The

gas diffusion barrier leads

to heat savings of around 20

% compared to traditionally

produced pipes throughout the service life of the pipe.

DENMARK STILL A GROWING MARKET

The success of isoplus Denmark also has to do with the

growing Danish DH market, since Isoplus accounts for a good

share of this growth. Though being a country of only 5.5

million inhabitants, Denmark has 1.6 million DH customers. And

the market is still growing. It is a political target to increase

the amount of customers by 400,000. ”That really is a huge

ambition in a country where DH is already highly developed. We

are lucky that we have become the supplier of pre-insulated

pipes to HOFOR, the biggest Danish utility company. The city

has announced that it wants to become a sustainable city.

The politicians know that this will not happen without DH in

combination with CHP. Moreover the district cooling network

The international political focus on CO2 reductions has grown

a lot within the last few years. States and cities have put

up reduction goals and in order to reach the goals, district

heating has come more into

focus. Whether that is the

reason why pipe producer

isoplus Denmark has doubled

its turnover in 2011 and

2012 Managing director

Verner Rosendal cannot

say for sure. “Many cities

throughout Europe have

realized that without district

heating their ambitious CO2

emission, targets will be more

than diffi cult to fulfi l. Our

successes during these years

of fi nancial crisis might sound

surprising. They surely have

to do with the political focus,

but there are other reasons

as well,” Verner Rosendal says.

When the present isoplus

domicile was built in 2008, it

replaced several addresses

in the company hometown of

Middelfart. At that time the

company had 34 employees.

Now there are 65. The

location on the island of Fyn

in the middle of Denmark is

a strategic advantage. A bridge leads the traffi c from Fyn to

the peninsula Jutland, which means a short distance to almost

every DH network in Denmark and fi ne access to highways

leading abroad. ”Effi cient logistics ensures delivery on time.

Our ambition is to be the fastest in the industry. We process

incoming orders as soon as we receive them, so if you are a

customer of isoplus, you can be certain of reliable deliveries,”

Verner Rosendal says.

HIGH DEGREE OF INDEPENDENCE

From Middelfart, isoplus Denmark every year delivers thousands

of kilometres of pre-insulated pipes in sizes ranging from

DN20 all the way up to DN 1200. ”Our product range includes

pre-insulated pipe systems for district heating, district cooling

and steam as well as for industrial use. The biggest customers

M E M B E R C O M P A N Y P R O F I L EBy Jesper With, journalist

ISOPLUS DENMARK


P_

29

is constantly being enlarged in central Copenhagen,” Verner

Rosendal says. He adds that there are constantly renovation

projects going on in other large Danish cities as well. In

less populated areas, heating plants that used to function

separately are now being interconnected with new pipe

systems in order to streamline and to reduce CO2 emissions.

isoplus Denmark has all the Nordic countries under its wings.

”Norway is developing fast as a DH market at the moment

and we have high expectations to this market. But all Nordic

countries actually have promising perspectives for us,” Verner

Rosendal says.

SAME SERVICE TO EVERYBODY

isoplus Denmark treats no customers as more important than

others. ”Our keywords are “fl exible - fast – reliable”. This covers

the service we offer to all our customers. Whether you are

a big city utility or a small town heating company, you should

feel that we offer you the same high quality service,” Verner

Rosendal says.

Therefore isoplus has developed the concept “Total Quality”.

This means that the company does everything possible to

deliver high quality service to its customers throughout the

cooperation: all the way from the fi rst order until the pipes are

in the ground and the system is up and running. ”We are always

entering a cooperation with new customers by letting them

know that we have come to start a long lasting relationship.

In that way they understand that we will offer them the best

service possible”, Verner Rosendal explains.

The employees are working with a high degree of responsibility.

Many of them have been working with DH for years and have

therefore built up a lot of experience. ”They know their job and

they like it, I dare say. That makes them reliable to customers.

We want to have all the needed competences inside the house

and we have that: From design, technical and static calculations

to marketing. Everything is being done here at our address,”

Verner Rosendal says.

isoplus Denmark was established in 1993 and is part of

the isoplus Group, which produces pre-insulated pipe

systems. isoplus Denmark employs 65 people whereas the

isoplus Group employs around 1400 people. All production

is being done at factories in Austria, Germany, Hungary,

Czech Republic, Italy, Romania, Serbia and Kuwait.

In 2012, isoplus Denmark accomplished its biggest single

project so far: the delivery of a 34 km long DN 500

transmission pipeline in Estonia, carried out by the use

of isoplus welding couplers. Next to the delivery of pipes,

isoplus Denmark took care of design, static calculations

and electrical pre-heating.

www.dbdh.dkJ O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

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30

Aalborg Engineering Phone +45 9631 3950 Supplier of boilers and boiler systems Fax +45 9631 3951 [email protected] www.aalborg-engineering.com

ABB Phone +45 4450 4450Monitoring and control for Fax +45 4450 4311district heating networks [email protected] www.abb.com

Aerovit Phone +45 8692 4422Boiler cleaning Fax +45 8692 2919 [email protected] www. aerovit.dk

AffaldVarme Aarhus Phone +45 8940 1500 [email protected] www.affaldvarme.dk

Amager Ressource Center Phone +45 3268 9300Waste and energy company Fax +45 3268 9393 [email protected] www.amfor.dk

ARCON Solar A/S Phone +45 9839 1477Large-scale thermal solar systems Fax +45 9839 2005 www.arcon.dk

BROEN Phone +45 6471 2095Ballomax valves Fax +45 6471 2195 [email protected] www.broen.com

Brunata Phone +45 7777 7000Heat cost allocators, heat meters, Fax +45 7777 7001water meters and heat and water [email protected] service www.brunata.com

BWSC Phone +45 4814 0022Heat & power plant developer, turnkey Fax +45 4814 0150and operation contractor [email protected] www.bwsc.dk

Cowi Phone +45 5640 0000Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 5640 9999 [email protected] www.cowi.dk

CTR Phone +45 3818 5777Metropolitan Copenhagen Fax +45 3818 5799Heating Transmission Company [email protected] www.ctr.dk

Dall Energy Phone +45 2987 2222New Biomass Technologies [email protected] www.dallenergy.com

Danfoss Phone +45 7488 2222Heating controls, metering Fax +45 7449 0949and pump speed control [email protected] www.danfoss.com

Dansk Energi Service Phone +45 7572 5311 Fax +45 7641 3954 [email protected] www.dansk-energi-service.dk

DanTaet Phone +45 6317 4500Leakage protection systems for Fax +45 6317 4501all types of pipe installations [email protected] www.dantaet.dk

DESMI Phone +45 9632 8111Pumps, pump systems and equipment Fax +45 9817 5499 [email protected] www.desmi.com

EKF Phone +45 3546 2600 Denmark’s offi cial [email protected] export credit agency www.ekf.dk

Fjernvarme Fyn Phone +45 6547 3000 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 6547 3001 [email protected] www.fjernvarmefyn.dk

Forsyning Helsingør Phone +45 4840 5050Muncipal district heating supply [email protected] www.fh.dk

Frederiksberg Forsyning Phone +45 3818 5100Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 3818 5199 [email protected] www.frb-forsyning.dk

Grontmij Phone +45 4348 6060Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4348 6660 [email protected] www.grontmij.com

Grundfos Phone +45 8750 1400Pumps, controls and Fax +45 8750 1490 related equipment [email protected] www.grundfos.com

HentechSolution ApS Phone +45 4390 4720Mechanical seals Fax +45 4390 4775 [email protected] www.huhnseal.dk

HOFOR Phone +45 3395 3395Copenhagen Energy Fax +45 3395 2020 [email protected] www.hofor.dk

Hydro-X Phone +45 9828 2111Boiler water treatment Fax +45 9828 3021 [email protected] www.hydro-x.dk

isoplus Denmark Phone +45 6441 6109Preinsulated piping systems Fax +45 6441 6159for district heating and cooling [email protected] www.isoplus.dk

LIST OF MEMBERS


P_

31

Kamstrup Phone +45 8993 1000Supplier of energy meters & automatic Fax +45 8993 1001meter reading systems for heat, cooling, [email protected] water and gas www.kamstrup.com

Logstor Phone +45 9966 1000Preinsulated transmission Fax +45 9966 1180and distribution pipes [email protected] www.logstor.com

Niras Phone +45 6312 1581Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4014 2784 [email protected] www.niras.dk

Rambøll Phone +45 5161 1000 Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 5161 1001 [email protected] www.ramboll.com

Schneider Electric Phone +45 45 900 700Quality software for profi table Fax +45 4590 0701operation of industriel plants and utilities www.schneider-electric.com

SK Forsyning Phone +45 5836 2500Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 5836 2501 [email protected] www.skforsyning.dk

SPX Flow Technology Phone +45 7027 8444Supplier of plate heat exchangers, Fax +45 7632 4110hybrid heat exchangers and solutions [email protected] district energy www.apv.com

TVIS Phone +45 7594 0711Heat transmission company [email protected] Denmark’s ”triangle area”. www.tvis.net

VEKS Phone +45 4366 0366West Copenhagen Heating Fax +45 4366 0369Transmission Company [email protected] www.veks.dk

Vestforbrænding Phone +45 4485 7000Power and heat supply based on Fax +45 4485 7001waste incineration [email protected] www.vestfor.dk

DBDH Phone +45 3818 5440Secretariat [email protected] www.dbdh.dk

www.dbdh.dkJ O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 3

[email protected]

– so is your supplier

Solid credentialsLOGSTOR is the world’s leading supplier of the supremely effective pre-insulated pipe systems at the heart of district heating installations. Almost half a century of district heating experience and more than 160,000 km of laid pipe puts unparalleled know-how at your disposal.

Exactly the same pipes and exactly the same manufacturing technology are at the heart of LOGSTOR district cooling solutions.

What goes in is what comes outDistrict cooling is currently one of the most effective ways of cutting back on CO2 emissions and combating global warming, by replacing old-fashioned, energy-greedy air conditioning with a transmission infrastructure that virtually ensures no energy loss. What goes in is what comes out.

Everyone benefits, because conserving thermal energy is one of the most effective ways to minimise environmental impacts.

Over and underLOGSTOR district cooling solutions feature a 30-year service life. This adds up to “install and forget” – ideal in urban environments. LOGSTOR pre-insulated pipes can be run over rooftops, on the surface or underground, ideal for energy-efficient comfort cooling in buildings of all types.

LOGSTOR A/SDanmarksvej 11 · DK-9670 Løgstør · DenmarkTel. +45 9966 1000 · Fax +45 9966 [email protected] · www.logstor.com

District cooling and district heating - the pipe technology is the same

18536 District Cooling annonce v3.indd 1 23/02/10 10:01:53

hot cool 2012 q1 pdf

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