hortflora research spectrum, vol. 2(1) 2013

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Volume 2 (1) Jan.-March 2013

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Date of Publication : 10-3-2013

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HORTFLORA RESEARCH SPECTRUM ISSN : 2250-2823Volume 2(1), January-March, 2013

Contents

1. Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on plant growthand nutrient uptake in aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn)in sloppy degraded lands

R.S. Negi, B.S. Baghel, A.K. Gupta and Y.K. Singh 1-7

2. Response of cauliflower growth and development underwater scarcity conditions in temperature zone

P.S. Kashyap 8-13

3. Production and marketing of Mushroom in Kanpur Nagardistrict of Uttar Pradesh

B.S. Sachan, Keshvendra Singh, Neeraj Kumar andJitendra Kumar

14-19

4. Changes in baking and sensory properties of wheat breadand muffins with the addition of grapes

Suresh Bhise, Amarjeet Kaur and Poonam Aggarwal 20-24

5. Effect of gibberellic acid on periodical changes inbio-chemical composition of ber cv. Umran

Rachna and Sukhdev Singh 25-29

6. Effct of IBA concentration on inducing rooting in stemcuttings of Thuja compecta under mist house condition

K.K. Singh, J.M.S. Rawat, Y.K. Tomar andPrabhat Kumar

30-34

7. Effect of some indigenous plant extracts on the inhibitionof egg hatching of nematode Melodiogyne incognitaChitwood infesting mulbery

N. Vijaya Kumari and M. Lakshmi Devi 35-39

8. Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers withnitrogen sources on floral parameters of tuberose(Polianthes tuberosa L.)

A.P.S. Gangwar, J.P. Singh and Indra Pal Singh 40-44

9. Effect of low poly-tunnel on the growth, yield andharvesting span of sweet pepper

Kulbir Singh, Rajinder Singh, D.S. Khurana andJaswinder Singh

45-49

10. Performance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrids inagro-climatic conditions of Allahabad

Jitendra Kumar Patel, Vijay Bahadur, Devi Singh, V.M.Prasad and S.B. Rangare

50-55

11. Varietal reaction of rose against black spot caused byDiplocarpon rosae Wolf. in Arunachal Pradesh

Sunil Kumar, R.C. Shakywar, K.S. Tomar and M. Pathak 56-59

12. Effect of graded levels of nitrogen on production offlower, oil and bulb of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)

Avinash C. Rathore and J.N. Singh 60-63

13. Response of organic manures on growth and yield ofmango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari

Mohit Kumar and Rajesh Kumar 64-67

14. Effect of different packaging films on shelf life andquality of pear fruits under super market conditions

B.V.C. Mahajan, Nav Prem Singh and Mahesh Kumar 68-71

15. Review on biological control of soil borne fungi invegetable crops

Ramesh Singh and N.S. Sachan 72-76

16. Effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators onfruiting of Litchi

Amit Dixit, S.S. Shaw and Virendra Pal 77-80

17. Effect of IBA and NAA concentrations on rooting in stemcuttings of night queen (Cestrum nocturnum L.) undersub-tropical valley conditions

K.K. Singh, V. Rawat, J.M.S. Rawat, Y.K. Tomar and Prabhat Kumar

81-83

18. Performance of Cabbage hybrids under rainfed mid-hillconditions of Uttarakhand

Sanjay Pathak, Chandan Kumar, S.P. Uniyal andLalit Bhatt

84-86

19. Impact of micronutrient spray on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

H.M. Singh and Jitendra Kumar Tiwari 87-89

20. Effect of natural and chemical floral preservatives on thevase life of Dendrobium hybrid sonia-17

Prathamesh Vaidya and John P. Collis 90-92

EF FECT OF IN-SITU MOIS TURE CON SER VA TION ON PLANTGROWTH AND NU TRI ENT UP TAKE IN AONLA (Emblica officinalisGaertn) IN SLOPPY DE GRADED LANDS

R.S. Negi1, B.S. Baghel2, A.K. Gupta3* and Y.K. Singh41Deendayal Re search In sti tute, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Satna (MP)-485 3312Col lege of Hor ti cul ture, JNKVV, Mandsour (MP)3,4Mahatma Gan dhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot.*Email : [email protected]

AB STRACT: A field ex per i ment was con ducted in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Re searchIn sti tute, Satna for two con sec u tive years to eval u ate the ef fect of var i ous in- situ mois turecon ser va tion mea sures on es tab lish ment and growth of aonla in sloppy de graded lands. In-situmois ture con ser va tion mea sures in cluded for the study were prep a ra tion of cir cu lar ring ba sin +mulch ing the ba sin with black poly thene, stag gered con tour trench ing 45 cm width and 3 mlength) on up per side of the plant ba sin, place ment of one sub merged pitcher in one side of theplant for rain wa ter har vest ing, set ting the seed ling in a de pres sion of 1 m width and 15 cm deep,sur rounded by a ring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width and 15 cm height and a 30 cm open ing onthe higher side to har vest rain wa ter + fill ing the de pres sion with straw + mulch ing with blackpoly thene and con trol (no mi cro- catch ment or mulch). The data on growth pa ram e ters (scionshoot length and di am e ter; num ber of branchlet, num ber of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dryweight of shoots and roots) and nu tri ent con tent of leaves of budlings un der the five treat mentswere re corded. The re sults re vealed that plant ing one month old poly thene raised seed lings in apit de pres sion of 1 m width and 15 cm deep, sur rounded by a ring-shaped ridge with 25 cm widthand 15 cm height and a 30 cm open ing on the higher side to har vest rain wa ter and fill ing thede pres sion with straw and cov er ing the pit with black poly thene and per form ing patch bud ding next year dur ing end of June, which re sulted in max i mum budling growth, and nu tri ents up takeob served to be the best in situ mois ture con ser va tion method and may be rec om mended forre ha bil i ta tion of de graded sloppy lands.

Keywords: Aonla, in-situ mois ture con ser va tion, trench ing, sub merged pitcher, nu tri ent up take.Aonla, on ac count of its drought har di ness and

wider adapt abil ity ap pear to be a better choice forre ha bil i tat ing waste lands (Singh, 11). This mi norfruits has bright pros pects for ex tend ing itscul ti va tion in waste/forestlands where thecul ti va tion of other crops is ar du ous and lessprof it able. Dur ing the re cent years, this crop is fastgain ing ground on ac count of its drought har di ness, high me dic i nal and nu tri tional value,non-per ish able na ture of the fruit, readily avail ablemar ket and high re mu ner a tion. Due to its in creas ing de mand in Ayurvedic med i cines, an ex pan sion ofthe area un der its cul ti va tion has be come nec es saryto meet the de mands of phar ma ceu ti cal com pa nies.Keep ing in view the di verse me dic i nal use of aonlaand its in creas ing com mer cial sig nif i cance in thecoun try, there is an ur gent need to give im me di ate

at ten tion to wards prob lems and pros pects in itscul ti va tion. How ever, the great est bot tle neck in itsex pan sion is the poor sur viv abil ity and growth ofplants on waste lands. The poor es tab lish ment andgrowth of plants af ter trans plant ing is a ma jorprob lem in the ex pan sion of area un der cul ti va tionas heavy mor tal ity (up to 50 %) oc curs af tertrans plant ing from nurs ery to field at dis tant places. Al though, aonla is a drought hardy fruit crop, yetthe plants re quire wa ter ing dur ing the ini tial stageof or chard es tab lish ment (Pareek, 9). But pro vid ing regular ir ri ga tion is nei ther regular prac ti cal noreco nom i cal in the sloppy waste lands. Har vest ing of rain wa ter and in-situ mois ture con ser va tion is theonly vi a ble al ter na tive to ar ti fi cial ir ri ga tion.Sci en tific in for ma tion to es tab lish a stan dardmethod of rain wa ter har vest ing tech nol ogy for

HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(1): 1-7 (Jan.-March 2013) ISSN : 2250-2823

Received : 16.9.2012 Accepted : 24.11.2012

2 Negi et al.

aonla is in ad e quate, especially for the sloppy lands.Therefore, an experiment was laid out to study theeffect of different models of rain water harvestingon plant survival and growth ratios.

MA TE RI ALS AND METH ODS

The ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing2005-06 and 2006-07 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Satna on sloppy waste lands with five in-situ

mois ture con ser va tion meth ods. The ex per i men talsite lies be tween 24 51' 15" to 24 57' 30" Nlat i tude and 80 43' 30" to 80 54' 15" E lon gi tude.The an nual rain fall of the ex per i men tal area var iesfrom 600 mm to 850 mm. July to Sep tem ber are thewet test months ac count ing for about 80% of theto tal pre cip i ta tion in the area. Tem per a ture rises to45-48C in May and falls to 3-5C dur ingDe cem ber/Jan u ary. The soil of the ex per i men talsite was stony, grav elly and the gravel con tent ofthe soil var ied from 46-58%. The ex per i ment waslaid out in a Ran dom ized Block De sign with threerep li ca tions and 20 plants in each rep li ca tion. Theex per i ment site was cleared off all theshrubs/bushes in the month of May dur ing both theyears. Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cu. m. size were dug outdur ing May. The pits were filled with a mix ture ofgood soil and FYM in the ra tio of 1:1. Ex per i mentwas laid out in a tri an gu lar sys tem at a plant ingdis tance of 5x5m. One month old seed lings raised

in poly bags were trans planted in pits sub jected todif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va tion mea sureswith the on set of mon soon dur ing 2005 and 2006.Un der each rep li ca tion, out of 20 trans plantedseed lings, 10 seed lings were patch bud ded withNA-7 dur ing the last week of June in the fol low ingyear i.e. 2006 and 2007. For tak ing ob ser va tions ongrowth pa ram e ters and nu tri ent con tent of leaves,five plants in each rep li ca tion were marked

per ma nently. The data on length and di am e ter ofscion shoot; num ber of branch lets and num ber ofleaves were re corded at monthly in ter val af ter 45days of bud ding till the ces sa tion of growth tookplace. The height was mea sured from the bud un ion to the ter mi nal bud of the main axis. Whereas, thedi am e ter was mea sures just above the bud un ionwith the help of ver nier cal li per. The data onnum ber of branch lets were re corded dur ingSep tem ber. The leaf area was re corded dur ingOc to ber. Ten leaves were col lected at ran dom fromeach bud ding, and out of the pooled leaves, tenleaves were fur ther se lected at ran dom formea sur ing the leaf area. The leaf area was mea sured with the help of LICOR 6100 Leaf Area Me ter andex pressed in cm2. The ob ser va tions on fresh shootand root weights were re corded dur ing De cem ber,at the end of grow ing sea son. The plants were dugout care fully with out dis turb ing the pri mary rootsand were washed in wa ter. The stem por tions and

Ta ble 1: Treat ment de tails and spec i fi ca tion of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion mea sures.

Treatments Specifications

T1 : Polythene mulching Preparation of circular ring, and mulching the basin with black polythene.

T2 : Trench + straw mulching Staggered trenches of 3m length, 0.45 m width and depth across the slope wereprepared in a aligned contour. Half of the trench was filled with straw and the plantswere planted on the downstream side of the trench bund.

T3 : Submerged pitcher Placement of one submerged pitcher on upper side of the plant for rainwaterharvesting.

T4 : Pit depression Seedlings were set in a depression of 1 m width and 15 cm depth, surrounded by aring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width and 15 cm height and a 30 cm opening on thehigher side to harvest rainwater. The depression was filled with straw and coveredwith black polythene as mulch.

T5 : Control Control (no micro-catchments and no mulch).

root por tions were sev ered from the point oftran si tion of shoot and root. The weight wasmea sured with the help of an elec tronic bal ance and ex pressed as av er age weight of root and shoot ingm. Af ter re cord ing fresh weight, the roots andshoots por tions were dried in an elec tric oven at65C for 72 hours. For de ter min ing the dry weight,shoot and root por tions were weighed in anelec tronic bal ance and the data ex pressed asav er age weight of root and shoot in gm. Forcal cu lat ing the nu tri ent con tent in leaves, thephys i o log i cally ma ture leaves (3-4 months old)from the mid dle por tion of shoots were col lected(Awasthi et al., 1). The leaves were washed anddried in the elec tric oven at 65C till a con stantweight was ob tained. The sam ples were thengrounded and an a lyzed for ni tro gen, phos pho rusand po tas sium con tents and the data ex pressed inper cent. The ni tro gen con tent in the leaves wasde ter mined by Kjeltec N- autoanalyzer asad vo cated by Singh et al. (11). The phos pho ruscon tent in the leaves was de ter mined by wetdi ges tion method de vel op ing vanadomolybdocol our as sug gested by Singh et al. (10). Thepotassium content in the leaves was estimated bywet digestion with the help of a flame photometeras described by Jackson (7).

RE SULTS AND DIS CUS SIONBudlings Growth

The data on the ef fect of dif fer ent mois turecon ser va tion meth ods on length of scion shoot,di am e ter of scion shoot just above the graft un ion

and num ber of branch lets per bud ding are pre sented in Table 2.

Sev eral work ers have dem on strated theben e fi cial ef fects of in-situ mois ture con ser va tionmeth ods on plants growth (Ghosh et. al., 5; Badheand Magar, 2) in aonla. In the pres ent stud ies also,all the treat ments were ob served to en hance thegrowth of budlings in terms of length of scionshoot, di am e ter of scion shoot just above the graftun ion, and num ber of branch lets per budling. Themax i mum length of scion shoot (40.70 cm),di am e ter just above the bud un ion (0.58 cm), andnum ber of branch lets (21.25), was re corded inbudlings grow ing in pit de pres sion method ofin-situ mois ture con ser va tion. The next besttreat ments in re spect of growth were stag geredtrench + straw mulch ing (38.78 cm, 0.56 cm, 18.75) and sub merged pitcher (37.47 cm, 0.52 cm and17.50) meth ods of wa ter har vest ing. The treat mentof mulch ing with black poly thene re corded themean min i mum val ues of growth parameters (32.56 cm, 0.45 cm, 16.17 branches).

In creased growth of budlings un der in-situmois ture con ser va tion treat ments might have beendue to more mois ture and nu tri ents avail able in thesoil dur ing the ac tive growth pe riod. Thus in thepres ent study, pit de pres sion method of mois turecon ser va tion was ob served to be a more ef fec tivemethod for en hanc ing budlings growth. The highergrowth of budlings un der the pit de pres sion method of mois ture con ser va tion may be at trib uted tohigher avail able soil mois ture for lon ger pe ri ods

Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on plant growth and nutrient uptake in aonla 3

Ta ble 2: Ef fect of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion meth ods on growth of Aonla budlings.

Treatment Scion shoot length (cm) Scion shoot diameter(cm)

No. of Branchlets/budling

2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 MeanT1 : Polythene mulching 31.51 33.60 32.56 0.43 0.46 0.45 16.00 16.33 16.17

T2 : Trench + straw mulching 38.14 39.41 38.78 0.54 0.57 0.56 18.67 18.83 18.75

T3 : Submerged pitcher 37.33 37.62 37.47 0.51 0.53 0.52 17.25 17.75 17.50

T4 : Pit depression 38.92 42.47 40.70 0.56 0.59 0.58 20.58 21.92 21.25

T5 : Control 28.31 28.94 28.63 0.39 0.41 0.40 14.67 14.91 14.79

CD (P=0.05) 1.97 3.17 2.42 0.03 0.04 0.04 1.72 2.10 1.84

4 Negi et al.

due to a big ger mi cro-catch ments area, and bettermois ture con ser va tion through com bined mulch ingof straw and poly thene. These re sults are incon for mity with the find ings of Ghosh et. al. (5 ) who also re corded better growth of the plants in cus tardap ple un der pit de pres sion method of mois turecon ser va tion.The trend ob served in in crease in all the growth pa ram e ters as in flu enced by dif fer entmois ture conservation methods was almost similarduring 2006 as well as 2007.

No. of Leaves and Leaf Area

The data on the ef fect of dif fer ent in-situmois ture con ser va tion treat ments on leaf num ber and leaf area are pre sented in Ta ble 3. A pe rusal of thedata re veals that all the in-situ mois ture con ser va tiontreat ments re sulted in sig nif i cant in crease in leafnum ber and leaf area over con trol dur ing the year2006 and 2007 as well as when pooled anal y sis ofvari ance was car ried out. Among the dif fer ent in-situmois ture con ser va tion treat ments, the max i mum leafnum ber and leaf area was ob tained un der pitde pres sion treat ment (611.96, 0.48 cm2), which wassig nif i cantly higher than other treat ments. The nextbest treat ment was found to be stag gered trench +straw mulch ing (503.37, 0.46 cm2). The treat mentpoly thene mulch ing re corded the low est val ues(442.11, 0.36 cm2).

Fresh Weight of Shoot and Root

The data on the ef fect of dif fer ent in-situmois ture con ser va tion meth ods on fresh shoot androot weight and dry shoot and root weight (Ta ble 4)

re veals that dif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va -tion treat ments had a sig nif i cant ef fect on freshshoot and root weight. The mean fresh weight ofshoot and root per plant ranged be tween 16.35 gto 23.14 g, and 16.28 g to 22.07 g re spec tively.The mean max i mum fresh weight of shoot androot (23.14 g and 22.07 g) was re corded withbudlings raised un der pit de pres sion method ofmois ture con ser va tion which was sig nif i cantlyhigher than all the other treat ments, ex ceptstag gered trench + straw mulch ing. The low estmean fresh shoot and root weight (16.35 g and16.28 g) was re corded un der con trol, which wassig nif i cantly lower than all other treatments.

Dry Weight of Shoot and Root

The mean dry shoot and root weight ofbudlings ranged be tween 7.33 g to 10.40 g, and8.30 g to 11.80 g, re spec tively. All the treat mentswere ob served to in crease the dry shoot and rootweight sig nif i cantly over the con trol. Among thedif fer ent treat ments, the mean max i mum dryshoot and root weight was re corded un der pitde pres sion (10.40 g and 11.80 g). The sec ondhigh est val ues (9.93 g and 11.25 g) of dry shootand root weights were ob served un der stag geredtrench + straw mulch ing treat ment, but weresta tis ti cally at par with pit de pres sion andsub merged pitcher method of mois turecon ser va tion. Fur ther more, the dry weight ofshoot and root was ob served to fol low the samepat tern as fresh weight in re spect of the ef fect ofin-situ moisture conservation methods.

Ta ble 3: Ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on num ber of leaves and leaf area of Aonla budlings.

Treatment Number of Leaves Leaf Area (cm2)

2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean

T1 : Polythene mulching 446.63 437.60 442.11 0.36 0.35 0.36

T2 : Trench + straw mulching 505.59 501.16 503.37 0.47 0.44 0.46

T3 : Submerged pitcher 505.73 491.63 498.68 0.43 0.39 0.41

T4 : Plant set in depression 631.15 592.78 611.96 0.49 0.46 0.48

T5 : Control 383.25 376.89 380.07 0.33 0.31 0.32

CD (P=0.05) 57.41 47.05 50.34 0.03 0.05 0.02

The in crease in the dry and fresh mat tercon tent of shoots and roots un der mois turecon ser va tion treat ments could be at trib uted to thebetter sap flow, nu tri ent up take and their di rec tional flow, as the treat ment which pro duced higher dryand fresh weight of shoots, also re corded highercon tent of NPK in leaves.

Nu tri ent Up take

The data per tain ing to the ef fect of dif fer entmeth ods of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion onnu tri ent con tent of leaves (Ta ble 5) revealed that allthe mois ture con ser va tion treat ments sig nif i cantlyim proved the nu tri ent up take of the roots. Thedif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va tion treat mentsre sulted in a sig nif i cant in crease in NPK con tent ofthe leaves over the con trol. Among the dif fer entmeth ods of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion, the pitde pres sion method of rain wa ter har vest ing, alongwith black poly thene mulch ing proved to be themost ben e fi cial for in creas ing the NPK con tent ofleaves and. gave the high est val ues of NPK con tent(2.36, 0.27, 1.41 per cent) in leaves. The next besttreat ments, in re spect of leaves NPK con tent werestag gered trench (2.22, 0.24, 1.39 per cent) andsub merged pitcher (2.07 per cent). Whereas, thelow est NPK con tent was re corded un der poly thenemulch ing treat ment (1.74, 0.20, 1.21 per cent).Chandra (4) also re ported that mois ture

con ser va tion tech niques in crease the nu tri entcon tent of leaves in aonla. He ad vo cated that thenu tri ent move into the wet vol ume in a man nercon sis tent with the flux of wa ter in the soil, therebyen sur ing ad e quate avail abil ity to plants.Fur ther more, the N, P and K con tent of leaves wasob served to fol low the same pat tern in re spect ofthe ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methodson nutrient content of leaves.

The better nu tri ent up take un der in-situmois ture con ser va tion treat ments may be due toen hanced avail abil ity of nu tri ents and mois ture insoil for lon ger du ra tion and the higher con tent ofNPK in leaves may be at trib uted to in creasedavail abil ity of soil mois ture which might havefa cil i tated higher up take of nu tri ent andes tab lish ment of better soil-water-air relationship.

In the pres ent in ves ti ga tions, mulch was found more ef fec tive in in creas ing seed ling as wellbudlings growth (height, di am e ter, num ber ofleaves and branch less, fresh and dry weight of rootand shoot), when used in com bi na tion with in-siturain wa ter har vest ing mod ule, as com pared to when used alone. The ben e fi cial ef fect of black poly thene and straw mulch ing on plant growth has also beenre ported in guava (Borthakur and Bhattacharya, 3).Higher growth of aonla plants un der dif fer entin-situ mois ture con ser va tion treat ments can beat trib uted to the better mois ture con ser va tion for


Ta ble 4: Ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on fresh and dry weight of shoot and root in Aonla.

Treatment Shoot FreshWeight (g)

Root Fresh Weight(g)

Shoot Dry Weight(g)

Root Dry Weight(g)

2006 2007 Mean

2006 2007 Mean

2006 2007 Mean

2006 2007 Mean

T1 : Polythenemulching

18.84 20.09 19.47 17.93 19.11 18.52 8.07 8.61 8.34 9.14 9.75 9.44

T2 : Trench +straw mulching

21.80 22.53 22.17 21.56 22.28 21.92 9.77 10.10 9.93 11.06 11.43 11.25

T3 : Submergedpitcher

21.33 21.49 21.41 21.24 21.40 21.32 9.56 9.63 9.60 10.83 10.91 10.87

T4 : Pitdepression

22.12 24.16 23.14 21.17 22.97 22.07 9.97 10.83 10.40 11.29 12.32 11.80

T5 : Control 16.17 16.52 16.35 16.11 16.46 16.28 7.25 7.41 7.33 8.21 8.39 8.30

CD(P=0.05) 2.01 1.98 1.68 2.11 1.76 1.37 0.95 0.90 0.75 1.01 1.00 0.62

6 Negi et al.

lon ger pe riod of growth, which im proved thenu tri ent up take by the plant. These re sults con forms the find ings of sev eral work ers, who also re porteden hanced growth of fruit plants due to bettercon ser va tion of soil moisture fol low ing mulch ing(Hegde and Srinivas, 6; Mishra, 8).

CON CLU SION

From the re sults of these stud ies, it may bein ferred that in-situ mois ture con ser va tion is a mustfor better es tab lish ment and de vel op ment of aonlaplants on de graded sloppy lands, as the growth andNPK con tent of the leaves were sig nif i cantlyim proved when the plants were sub jected todif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va tion meth ods.Among the dif fer ent meth ods of in-situ mois turecon ser va tion, the treat ment plant ing one month old poly thene raised Seed lings in a pit de pres sion of 1m width and 15 cm deep, sur rounded by aring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width and 15 cmheight and a 30 cm open ing on the higher side tohar vest rain wa ter and fill ing the de pres sion withstraw and cov er ing the pit with black poly theneand per form ing patch bud ding next year dur ingend of June, which re sulted in max i mum growthand plant nu tri ent up take found to be the bestin-situ mois ture con ser va tion method and may be recommended for rehabilitation of degraded sloppy lands.

REF ER ENCES1. Awasthi, O.P.; Pathak, R.A. and Pathak, R.K.

(1993). Ef fect of age and po si tion of shoot onmin eral com po si tion of aonla. In dian J. Hort.,50(2): 134- 138.

2. Badhe, V.T. and Magar, S.S. (2004). In flu enceof dif fer ent con ser va tion mea sures on run off,soil and nu tri ent loss un der cashewnut inlateritic soils of south Konkan re gion. In dian J.Soil Cons., 32 (2): 143-147.

3. Borthakur, P.K. and Bhattacharya, R.K. (1992).Or ganic mulches in guava or chards. In dianHort., 37 (2) : 43-44.

4. Chandra, S. (2000). Ef fi cacy of drip ir ri ga tionand mulch ing on aonla ber crop ping sys tem insodic soil. Ph. D the sis submiited to N D UA&T, Faizabad.

5. Ghosh, S.N.; Mathew, B. and Manna, S. (2002).Ef fect of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion ongrowth, yield and fruit qual ity of cus tard ap ple.J. Maharashtra Ag ri c. Uni ver si ties, 27(3):263-265.

6. Hedge, H.M. and Srinivas, K. (1989). Ef fect ofmulches and anti transpirants on growth, yieldand wa ter use of ba nana. Prog. Hort., 21 (1-2):44.47.

7. Jack son, M.L. (1973). Soil chem i cal anal y sis.Prentice Hall of In dia Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Ta ble 5: Ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on leaf nutrient content in Aonla.

Treatment Nitrogen Content (%) Phosphorus Content (%) Potassium Content (%)2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean

T1 : Polythene mulching 1.89(7.90)

1.91(7.94)

1.90(7.92)

0.21(2.63)

0.19(2.50)

0.20(2.56)

1.19(6.26)

1.22(6.34)

1.21(6.30)

T2 : Trench + straw mulching

2.21(8.55)

2.23(8.59)

2.22(8.57)

0.23(2.75)

0.24(2.81)

0.24(2.78)

1.37(6.72)

1.40(6.80)

1.39(6.76)

T3 : Submerged pitcher 2.04(8.21)

2.09(8.31)

2.07(8.27)

0.22(2.69)

0.23(2.75)

0.23(2.72)

1.27(6.47)

1.33(6.62)

1.30(6.55)

T4 : Pit depression 2.33(8.78)

2.38(8.87)

2.36(8.84)

0.27(2.98)

0.26(2.92)

0.27(2.95)

1.44(6.89)

1.38(6.75)

1.41(6.82)

T5 : Control 1.73(7.56)

1.75(7.60)

1.74(7.58)

0.19(2.50)

0.17(2.36)

0.18(2.43)

1.02(5.80)

1.11(6.05)

1.07(5.93)

CD (P = 0.05) 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.14 0.16 0.11 0.41 0.32 0.27

8. Mishra, L.N. (1998) Ef fect of mulch ing on thecon ser va tion of soil mois ture and plant growthin aonla + guava crop ping sys tem. M.Sc.(Ag)the sis, De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, NDUA&T,Kumarganj, Faizabad.

9. Pareek, O.P. (1993). Wa ter man age ment in fruitcrops. In: Ad vances in Hor ti cul ture Vol. 2, Fruitcrops Eds. K.L. Chadha and O.P. Pareek,

Malhotra Pub lish ing House, New Delhi, pp.725-762.

10. Singh, D., Chhonkar, P.K. and Pandey, R.N.(1999). Soilplantwa ter anal y sis A meth odsman ual. Pp. 57-67.

11. Singh, R.K. (1992). Research strategies atnational level for fruit cultivation and utilisation of wastelands. Agric. Situation in India, 47(5):359-364.


RE SPONSE OF CAU LI FLOWER GROWTH AND DE VEL OP MENTUN DER WA TER SCAR CITY CON DI TIONS IN TEM PER ATE ZONE

P.S. Kashyap*De part ment of Soil & Wa ter Con ser va tion En gi neer ingG. B. Pant Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture & Tech nol ogy, Pantnagar263 145*E-mail: pskashyap@ya hoo.com

AB STRACT : The study was car ried out at the Col lege of For estry & Hill Ag ri cul ture, HillCam pus, Ranichauri, Uttarakhand. Soil mois ture con tent was mea sured us ing gravimetricmethod pe ri od i cally in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil pro files. Field ex per i ments werecon ducted on cau li flower (Bras sica oleracea) crop dur ing 2007-08 and 2008-09. The crop wastrans planted in Oc to ber and har vested in Feb ru ary span ning 100 and 99 days, re spec tively. Four ir ri ga tion treat ments were main tained based on the max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) ofavail able soil wa ter. The treat ments were 15% (T1), 30% (T2), 45% (T3) and 60% (T4) max i mumal low able de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter. No wa ter stress was main tained at the ini tial stages of the crop de vel op ment in or der to al low the plants at tain a healthy growth. Results re vealed thatir ri ga tion sched ule with 45% max i mum al low able de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter gave themax i mum wa ter use ef fi ciency for cau li flower crop. It was found that for sched ul ing of ir ri ga tionfor cau li flower crop 0-30 cm soil pro file should be con sid ered as most of the wa ter was found tobe ex tracted from this layer by the plant.

Keywords : Cau li flower, growth, al low able de ple tion of mosture, wa ter use ef fi ciency, soil pro file.

Cau li flower is one of sev eral veg e ta bles in thespe cies Brassica oleracea, in thefam ily Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that isre pro duced by seed. Typ i cally, only the head(the white curd) is eaten. The cau li flower head iscom posed of a white in flo res cence meristem.Cau li flower heads re sem ble those in broc coli,which dif fers in hav ing flower buds. Its nameco mes from Latin word cau lis (cab bage) andflower, Bras sica oleracea also in cludes cab bage,brussels sprouts, kale, broc coli, and col lard greens,though they are of dif fer ent generic cultivar groups.

Cau li flower is one of the most pop u lar cropthrough out the world. It thrives well in all soiltex tures that have good in ter nal drain age. It isrel a tively sen si tive to soil wa ter def i cits.Cau li flower needs fre quent ir ri ga tions for its goodgrowth and yield (Rangarajan, 8).

The wa ter re quire ment var ies widely fromcrop to crop and also dur ing the pe riod of growth of in di vid ual crop (Doorenboss and Pruitt, 2). In caseof sit u a tions where wa ter sup ply is lim ited, the

ir ri ga tion de mand of the en tire crop ping pat tern can not be met fully. In these con di tions, de lib er ateun der ir ri ga tion, also known as def i cit ir ri ga tioncan play a ma jor role (Iqbal et al., 5). By def i citir ri ga tion, crops are pur pose fully un der ir ri gateddur ing plant growth stages that are rel a tivelyin sen si tive to wa ter stress as re gards to the qual ityand quan tity of the harvestable yield (Musick, 7).Iden ti fy ing growth stages of a par tic u lar cultivarun der lo cal con di tions of cli mate and soil fer til ityal lows ir ri ga tion sched ul ing for both max i mumcrop yield and most ef fi cient use of scarce wa terre sources (Doorenbos and Kassam, 3).

With these back ground con sid er ations acom pre hen sive field in ves ti ga tion was un der takenon a silty clay loam soil at the ex per i men tal fieldsof Ag ri cul tural En gi neer ing Sec tion, Hill Cam pus,Ranichauri, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Theex per i men tal crop cv. Pusa Snow ball of cau li flower was se lected, which is a pop u lar va ri ety of there gion. The ef fects of var i ous sched ul ing ofir ri ga tion on the pro file soil wa ter sta tus, crop yield, bio mass and wa ter use ef fi ciency were stud ied.Ir ri ga tion sched ules were based on 15, 30, 45 and

Received : 30.12.2013 Revised : 24.1.2013 Accepted : 14.2.2013


60 % max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) ofavail able soil wa ter (ASW).


The present study was carried out at theexperimental terraces of the AgriculturalEngineering Section, College of Forestry & HillAgriculture, Hill Campus, Ranichauri,Uttarakhand, India. The field is located on a sloping terraced land situated at an altitude of 1850 mabove mean sea level. Ranichauri is intersected by30 18 N latitude and 78 24 E longitude. Thelocal climate is sub-humid in temperate zone withan average rainfall of 1240 mm concentrated overthe months of June to September. During both years experiments, the temperatures were generallymoderate and suitable for the growth of cauliflowercrop. The physical properties of the soil ofexperimental field used for cauliflower crop wereas given in Table 1.

Field ex per i ments were con ducted on cultivarPusa Snow ball of cau li flower, which is a pop u lar100-120 days veg e ta ble crop of the lo cal ity andsuits to the pre vail ing cli mate of the re gion. Wa terdef i cits dur ing the pe riod of curd for ma tion havethe great est ad verse ef fect on the yield of the crop,whereas early veg e ta tive and mat u ra tion pe ri odsare less sen si tive (Doorenbos and Kassam, 3). Thefirst field ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing thepe riod from 20th Oc to ber 2007 to 27th Jan u ary 2008. The sec ond ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing 26th

Oc to ber 2008 to 1th Feb ru ary 2009.

Field lay out and ex per i men tal de tails

Cau li flower was grown in a ter raced land of180 m2 area. The field was di vided into 20 plots of3 m x 3 m size. Farm Yard Ma nure (FYM) wasmixed man u ally with top 20 cm of soil layer at therate of 20 kg/ha 10 days be fore trans plant ing.Sec ond dose of FYM was ap plied at the time ofcurd for ma tion (30 days af ter trans plant ing) at therate of 10 kg/ha. The trans plant ing was done at aspac ing of 60 cm (row to row) and 60 cm (plant toplant) dur ing both years ex per i ments.

Ir ri ga tion treat ments and sched ul ing

The ir ri ga tion treat ments dur ing ex per i mentscon sisted of ir ri ga tion sched ul ing based onmax i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) of avail ablesoil wa ter (ASW) cri te ria, which was as : T1 = 15%max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) of avail ablesoil wa ter (ASW), T2 = 30% MAD of ASW, T3 =45% MAD of ASW and T4 = 60% MAD of ASW.

Ir ri ga tion sched ul ing was based on theper cent age de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter in theroot zone. The avail able soil wa ter was taken as thedif fer ence be tween root zone wa ter stor age at fieldca pac ity and per ma nent wilt ing point. Fores ti mat ing wa ter stor age the ef fec tive root zone ofcau li flower crop was con sid ered as 45 cm (Allen etal., 1), ir re spec tive of growth stage. Us ing the dataof soil mois ture mea sured gravimetrically, theper cent age de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter in theef fec tive root zone was es ti mated. The plots wereir ri gated us ing a hose pipe and a wa ter me ter to givethe ex act vol ume of wa ter.

Response of cauliflower growth and development under water scarcity conditions in temperate zone 9

Ta ble 1.Phys i cal prop er ties of soil pro files of the ex per i men tal field.

Soil depth (cm)

Particle size distribution (%) Bulk density (g/cc) Saturated hydraulicconductivity (cm/day)

Clay Silt Sand 0-15 30.0 29.5 40.5 1.60 15.215-30 32.2 33.3 34.5 1.55 10.330-45 34.8 35.8 29.4 1.57 3.345-60 34.9 32.1 33.0 1.62 2.560-90 35.7 34.0 30.3 1.65 1.6

10 Kashyap

Data col lec tion

For the study of wa ter bal ance, crop andbio mass re sponse to def i cit ir ri ga tion and wa ter useef fi ciency, the data on pro file soil mois ture con tentand the growth at trib utes of the crop un dercon sid er ation was col lected. In or der to as sess thechange in soil wa ter bal ance, soil mois ture wasmea sured in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soilpro files. The mois ture con tent of soil lay ers weremea sured gravimetrically. Mois ture mea sure mentswere taken on ev ery al ter nate day.

RE SULTS AND DIS CUS SION

In order to assess the depth and time variationof soil moisture under different scheduling ofirrigation, soil moisture was measured periodicallyin 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm soilprofiles during both the experiments.

Depth and time vari a tion of soil mois ture

The tem po ral vari a tions of soil mois ture in theroot zone and be low the root zone of theex per i men tal crop are pre sented in Fig. 1. Thefig ures re veal that the soil mois ture ex pe ri enced acy clic tem po ral vari a tion at all soil depths. Thistrend was ob served ir re spec tive of the level ofir ri ga tion (MAD level). The am pli tude of thiscy clic vari a tion (Fig. 1) was higher in up per lay ersthan in lower lay ers. In ex per i ment 1, there was arapid de cline of soil mois ture in 0-15 cm soil pro file at 82 days af ter trans plant ing (DAS) to the end ofgrowth pe riod. The lower lay ers of 15-30, 30-45,45-60 and 60-90 cm soil pro files also ex hib ited agrad ual de cline in that or der upto the end of thegrowth pe riod. The de cline was quite slow in 60-90cm soil pro file. The am pli tude of cy clic vari a tionwas more in 0-15 cm soil pro file be cause most ofthe ap plied ir ri ga tion wa ter was lost throughevap o ra tion from the soil sur face be side thetran spi ra tion. In ad di tion to this, a por tion of theap plied ir ri ga tion wa ter per co lated to the lowerlay ers also. Since the fre quency of ir ri ga tion was

high un der T1, plants ex tracted more wa ter from the up per lay ers. There fore, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil pro files did not ex hibit much cy clic vari a tion.This trend was ob served in both the ex per i ments.

In re sem blance to the tem po ral vari a tion ofsoil mois ture un der T1, soil mois ture in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil pro files un der 30% MAD(T2) also ex hib ited cy clic pat tern (Fig. 1).Con tin u ous sharp de clines of soil mois ture in allsoil pro files were ob served on 82 DAS. Themag ni tude of cy clic vari a tion was higher in 30-45and 45-60 cm soil pro files as com pared to sim i larlay ers of T1 dur ing both the crop sea sons (Fig. 1).

High am pli tude of cy clic vari a tion was notedin all soil pro files of the root zone un der 45% MAD (T3). Since the ir ri ga tions were sched uled at 45%MAD, the plant roots pen e trated deeper in search of wa ter as it was not ad e quate in the up per soil lay ers. The tem po ral vari a tion of soil wa ter was ob servedto be sim i lar dur ing both the ex per i ments. Thetem po ral vari a tion un der T3 ex hib ited cy clic pat tern upto 84 DAS in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil pro filesdur ing ex per i ment 1, while 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90cm soil pro files showed a grad ual de cline on 68DAS. A sim i lar trend was ob served dur ing otherex per i ment also.

Con sid er able soil mois ture fluc tu a tion wasob served un der 60% MAD (T4) sched ule. All soilpro files ex hib ited dis cern ible cy clic vari a tion, withcon sid er ably low am pli tudes in the lower depths ascom pared to those ob served at up per depths. Thiswas as cribed to the large vol ume of wa ter ap plied at a time dur ing ir ri ga tion.

The 60-90 cm soil pro file tended to re mainsteady upto the last ir ri ga tion ap plied, af ter which it de creased only mar gin ally dur ing the re main inggrowth pe riod. Soil mois ture be low the root zone(60-90 cm soil pro file) of the ex per i men tal plotsex pe ri enced min i mum cy clic vari a tion with time. A slight con tin u ous de cline was ob served whenir ri ga tions were dis con tin ued. This trend wasob served dur ing both ex per i ments, confirming toresults of Kashyap and Panda (6).


Table 2.Water use efficiency (WUE) of Cauliflower crop under different scheduling of irrigation during experiments 1 and 2.

Expt. No. Treatments Fresh yield ET Irrigation Crop-WUE Field-WUEkg/ha mm mm kg/ha/mm kg/ha/mm

1 (2007-08) T1 12320 218 210 76.45 79.37 T2 12300 200 182 75.00 82.42

T3 13220 180 159 78.70 89.10

T4 11980 181 142 69.06 88.032 (2008-09) T1 14800 200 202 75.00 74.26

T2 14600 198 175 68.18 77.14T3 14760 165 156 77.27 81.73

T4 14320 160 121 70.31 92.98

Profile Soil Moistute Content at treatment T1

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100days after sowing

volu

me

tric

mo

istu

reco

nte

nt,

%

0_1515_3030_4545_60

Figure 1: Profile soil moisture content at different soil profiles at 15% MAD (T1)


6

8

10

12

14

16

18


volu

me

tric

mo

istu

reco

nte

nt,

%

0_1515_3030_4545_60


12 Kashyap

Crop wa ter use ef fi ciency The crop wa ter use ef fi ciency was taken as the

ra tio of the fresh yield and the cropevapotranspiration. The re sults per tain ing to wa teruse ef fi ciency of the cau li flower crop un derdif fer ent sched ul ing of ir ri ga tion dur ing cropex per i ments 1 and 2 (Ta ble 2) revealed that thehigh est crop wa ter use ef fi ciency was at tainedwhen the ir ri ga tion was sched uled at 45% de ple tion of ASW (T3). A ris ing trend of crop wa ter useef fi ciency was no ticed from T1 to T3 and af ter that it de creased for T4 and T5 as the ir ri ga tions werede layed. A sim i lar trend was ob served dur ing bothcrop sea sons.

Field wa ter use ef fi ciency

The field wa ter use ef fi ciency was es ti matedin terms of fresh yield ob tained per unit of landused and per unit of wa ter avail able to the field. The re sults (Ta ble 2) re vealed that the high est fieldwa ter use ef fi ciency was at tained when their ri ga tion was sched uled at 45% de ple tion of ASW(T3). Sim i lar to crop wa ter use ef fi ciency, a ris ingtrend of field wa ter use ef fi ciency was no ticed fromT1 to T3 af ter that it de creased for T4 and T5 as their ri ga tions were de layed. This trend was samedur ing both crop sea sons. Field ex per i mentscon ducted dur ing both crop sea sons re vealed thatir ri ga tion sched ule with 45% max i mum al low able


4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


volu

me

tric

mo

istu

reco

nte

nt,

%

0_1515_3030_4545_60



4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


volu

me

tric

mo

istu

reco

nte

nt,

%

0_1515_3030_4545_60


de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter could safely bemain tained dur ing the non-crit i cal stages to savewa ter with out sac ri fic ing the yield.

CONCLUSIONS

The re sults of the study re vealed that un derwa ter scar city con di tions, when soil wa ter stress isim posed dur ing non-crit i cal stages of growth,ir ri ga tion is to be sched uled at 45% max i mumal low able de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter forcau li flower crop grown in silty clay loam soils in asub-hu mid and tem per ate re gion. A soil wa ter stress of 45% MAD gives the high est crop wa ter useef fi ciency as well as field wa ter use ef fi ciency.Only 0-30 cm of soil pro file is to be con sid ered forsched ul ing of ir ri ga tion for cau li flower crop grownin a silty clay loam soils, since most of the wa terused by the crop is ex tracted from this layer.

REF ER ENCES1. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith,

M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration. Guide linesfor com put ing crop wa ter re quire ments. FAOIrrig. and Drain. Pa per No.56. FAO, Rome,It aly. 300pp.

2. Doorenboss, J. and Pruitt, W.O. (1977). Cropwa ter re quire ments. Re vised 1997. FAO IrrigDrain Pa per 24. FAO of United Na tions, Rome. P 144.

3. Doorenboss, J. and Kassam, A.H. (1979). Yieldre sponse to wa ter. FAO Irrig. and Drain. Pa perNo. 33. FAO, Rome, It aly. 181pp

4. Hillel, D. (ed.) 1971. Soil and Wa ter: Phys i calPrin ci ples and Pro cesses. Ac a demic press, New York.

5. Iqbal, M.M., Shah, S.M., Mohammad, W. andNawaz, H. (1999). Field re sponse of cau li flower sub jected to wa ter stress at dif fer ent growthstages. In: Crop yield re sponse to def i citir ri ga tion. Kirda, C., Moutonnet, P., Hera, C.,Niel sen, D.R. (eds.). Kluwer Ac a demicPub lish ers, The Neth er lands.

6. Kashyap, P.S., Panda, R.K. (2002). Ef fect ofir ri ga tion sched ul ing on pro file soil wa ter sta tusand wa ter use ef fi ciency un der scar citycon di tions. Pro ceed ings of the In ter n.con fer ence on Ad vances in civil en gi neer ingheld at IIT, Kharagpur, In dia. Jan u ary 3-5, 2002. Vol I: Pa per No. 144.

7. Musick, J.T. (1994). Gen eral guide lines fordef i cit ir ri ga tion man age ment. Pa per pre sentedat Cen tral Plains Ir ri ga tion Short Course,Feb ru ary, 7-8, 1994. Gar den City, Kan sas, USA.

8. Rangarajan, S. (2000). Cauliflower productionin India. Survey of Indian Agriculture-2000.National Press, Chennai. December, 1999.35-40pp.


PRO DUC TION AND MAR KET ING OF MUSH ROOM IN KANPURNAGAR DIS TRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH

B.S. Sachan1, Keshvendra Singh2, Neeraj Kumar2 and Jitendra Kumar1

Deptt. of Ag ri cul tural Eco nom ics, C.S. Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy, Kanpur Deptt. of Ag ri cul tural Eco nom ics, B.N.V. Col lege Rath, Hamirpur, U.P.

AB STRACT: The pre sent study was con ducted in Kanpur Nagar dis trict of Uttar pradesh with 60 mush room grow ers se lected from five vil lages and cat e go rized as small, me dium and largebased on wheat straw used by them mainly to study the mar ket ing prac tices and chan nelsin volved in the mar ket ing of mush room and to es ti mate the se lect ing costs, mar gins and pricespread. The study re veals that women co-op er a tive so ci ety was the most im por tant agency inthe mar ket ing of mush room. Av er age quan tity sold on per form ba sis was 6.17 quin tals. Half ofthe pro ducer sell ers pre ferred to sell mush room in 1 to 2 quin tals size plot. Mush room quan tity(about 66 per cent) of mush room was sold with in the vil lage by ma jor ity of pro ducer-sell ers(about 70 per cent). Three chan nels were iden ti fied in the mar ket ing of mush room. Pro ducersshare in con sumers ru pee was the high est (98.53 per cent) in chan nel-1 (farmer-con sumer). Re tailer earned to max i mum mar ket ing mar gin (12.89 per cent) in the mar ket ing of mush room.

Keywords: Mush room, pro duc ers, con sum ers, re tail ers, whole saler, paddy straw, wheat straw.The mush room crop is grown prac ti cally all

over In dia with 50,000 tonnes pro duc tion dur ing2009-10. The ma jor mush room grow ing states areUttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,Punjab, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh.

In Uttar pradesh, the work on mush room wasini ti ated in late six ties. The state has con duc tivecli mate for rip en ing but ton, oys ter and paddy strawmush room. At pres ent in Uttar Pradesh mush roompro duc tion is about 750 tonnes per an num due toin stal la tion of some big mush room units nearbyKannauj, Ramabai Nagar, Unnao, Fatehpur andFatehgarh cit ies. Among var i ous dis tricts of UttarPradesh Kanpur Nagar ranks first it ranks the firstin pro duc tion of mush room. In Kanpur NagarDis trict, All In dia Co-ordinated mush roomim prove ment pro ject is also func tion ing. Thoughmush room is an im por tant cash crop of the state.There is no lo ca tion spe cific in for ma tion onmush room. With re gards to its growth and var i ouspro duc tion and mar ket ing as pects like cost ofpro duc tion, dis posal pat tern, cost, mar gin and pricespread in the mar ket ing of mush room, the pres entstudy was un der taken in Kanpur Nagar dis trict ofUttar Pradesh with the ob jec tives of : 1. To studythe mar ket ing prac tices and chan nels in volved in

the mar ket ing of mush room in the se lected area. 2.To study the mar ket ing costs and mar gins inmush room mar ket ing, and 3. To es ti mate thepro duc tion share in con sumers ru pee.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A list of all vil lages where AIMCMIP (AllIn dia Co or di nated Mush room Im prove mentPro ject) is pro vid ing tech ni cal sup port in KanpurNagar dis trict was pre pared and out of these fivevil lages were pur pos ively se lected on the ba sis ofthe high est num ber of mush room grow ers. These lected vil lages were di vided into two zones i.e.zone 1 : vil lages on the road and dis tance of lessthan 15 kms from the mar ket, and zone-II vil lages away from the road and at dis tance of 15 kms andmore from the mar ket. Thus, out of these se lectedfive vil lages, three vil lages viz, Bidhnu, Patara,Kalayanpur were in zone 1 and re main ing twovil lages viz., Singhpur and Sheorajpur were of zone II.

A list of mush room grow ers was pre pared forall the se lected vil lages sep a rately and thepro duc ers were di vided in the three size groups onthe ba sis of wheat straw used for mush roomcul ti va tion.

1. Small size group: Less than one tonneReceived : 9.7.2012 Revised : 12.11.2012 Accepted : 14.12.2012


wheat straw used, 2. Me dium size group: 1-2tonnes wheat straw used, 3. Large size group: Morethan two tonnes wheat straw used.

From each se lected vil lage 12 re spon dentswere ran domly se lected in pro por tion in the num ber of grow ers in each size hold ing. Thus in all 60re spon dents were se lected. Both sec ond ary andpri mary data were col lected for the year 2010-11.To ful fill the stated ob jec tives, tab u lar anal y sis wasused. Mar ket ing ef fi ciency was cal cu lated by us ingAcharysa in dex of mar ket ing ef fi ciency (Acharya1).


The sale of mush room can vary ac cord ing tothe mush room grow ers size groups and the quan tity pro duced. There fore the pro duc tion and sale ofmush room was ana lysed in re la tion to size groupsand size of pro duc tion.

The data pre sented in Ta ble 1 show that about46 per cent of the to tal mush room pro duc tion wascon trib uted by me dium size group and there main ing 54 per cent was al most equallycon trib uted by small and large size groups.Pro duc tion of mush room perfarm in creased withthe in crease in the size of unite. The av er agepro duc tion per farm was 6.52 quin tals. Small,me dium and large size groups pro duced 2.52, 15.00 and 17.50 quin tals of mush room per farm,re spec tively.

Over all quan tity of mush room mar keted byse lected grow ers was 93.33 per cent of the to talpro duc tion. Across the size groups, both small and

me dium grow ers sold 94.34 per cent while largegrow ers sold 97.14 per cent of their to tal mush room pro duc tion. Thus, more than 93 per cent of the to talpro duc tion was sold by dif fer ent size groupsconfirming the findings of Chanda (3).

The av er age quan tity of mush room sold perseller farm was 6.17 quin tals. Quan tity ofmush room sale of per farm by small, me dium andlarge size groups were 2.38, 14.00 and 17.00quin tals, re spec tively. Thus sale of seller in creasedwith in crease in size of unit.

The num ber of sell ers and quan tity ofmush rooms sold ac cord ing to size of lots bydif fer ent size groups (Ta ble 2) clearly indicates that nearly 80 per cent of the to tal quan tity was sold by85 per cent pro ducer sell ers in dif fer ent size of lotsi.e

16 Sachan et al.

quin tals, 4 quin tals and above and in thecom bi na tion of these three lots.

In this size groups also the max i mum quan tity(48.96%) was sold by the max i mumpro ducer-sell ers (41.67%) in the lot size of 1-2quin tals. The pro ducer-seller of large size group did not sell their mush room in small size of lot i.e. lessthan 1 quin tal and 1-2 quin tals, 4 quin tals andabove and the com bi na tion of these two lots. Themax i mum pro ducer-sell ers (66.66%) of this groupsold their max i mum quan tity (54.16%) in the lotsize of 2-4 quin tals. Thus, it can be con cluded thatmax i mum quan tity was sold by max i mum num berof pro ducer sell ers in lot size of 1-2 quin tals andmin i mum quan tity was sold in the lot of size of lessthan 1 quin tal. The min i mum num ber ofpro ducer-sell ers be longed to lot size of 4 quin tals & above. The max i mum pro ducer-sell ers of small andme dium size groups sold their max i mum quan tityof mush room in the lot size of 1-2 quin tals whilethe max i mum pro ducer-sell ers of large size groupsold the max i mum quan tity of mush room in the size of 2-4 quin tals.

Place of sale:

The data pre sented in Ta ble 3 re veal thatmax i mum quan tity i.e. 66 per cent of to talmush room was sold with vil lages while about 25

per cent quan tity was sold in Kanpur Nagar mar ketand the re main ing 9 per cent quan tity of mush roomwas sold in com bi na tion of dif fer ent places of salei.e., sold in more than one place of sale. In the saleof small size of groups the higher num ber ofpro duc ers i.e. 35 (83.33 per cent) sold themax i mum quan tity (83 per cent) with in the vil lagefol lowed by 4 (9.53%). Pro ducer sell ers who sold10 per cent quan tity of mush room in Kanpur Nagarmar ket. The re main ing 7 per cent quan tity ofmush room was sold by 7.14 per cent pro ducer sell ers in both the place of sale i.e. with in thevil lage and sell ers in both the place of sale i.e. within the vil lage and in Kanpur Nagar mar ket.

In me dium size group about 74 per cent of theto tal quan tity was sold by 50 per cent of thepro ducer sell ers with in the vil lage fol lowed by 25 per cent pro ducer sell ers who sold 20 per centquan tity of mush room in Kanpur Nagar mar ket.The re main ing 6 per cent quan tity of mush roomwas sold by 25 per cent pro ducer sell ers in bothplaces of sale.

In the large size group two-third of pro ducer seller (66.67 per cent) sole of the max i mumquan tity i.e. 47.06 per cent of their to tal sale ofmush room in Kanpur Nagar mar ket and one-sixth(16.67 per cent) of pro ducer- sell ers sold (36.27 percent) with in vil lage. The re main ing one sixth

Ta ble 2: Num ber of sell ers and quan tity of mush room sold ac cord ing to size of lots by dif fer ent size-groups.

Particulars Size of lots (quintals)

(16.66 per cent) pro ducersell ers sold there main ing one-sixth quan tity of mush room inboth these place of sale. The findings are inconsonance with Acharya and Agrawal (1) andChauhan and Sood (4).

In all, the max i mum pro duce of 244.32quin tals (66.03 per cent) was sold with in thevil lage by the ma jor ity of pro ducer sell ers i.e. 70per cent, whereas about 92 quin tals (about 25 percent) was sold in Kanpur Nagar mar ket by 18 percent pro ducersell ers. The re main ing 34.08quin tals (9.21 per cent) of mush room was sold by11.67 per cent pro ducer sell ers in both the placesof sale i.e., with in the vil lage and in Kanpur NagarMar ket.

Mar ket ing chan nels:

Mar ket ing chan nels are the routes throughwhich mush room moves from pro ducer to ul ti matecon sumer. In this pro cess, mush room has to passthrough more than one hand, ex cept when it isdi rectly sold to con sumer by pro duc ers. In themar ket ing chan nels for mush room var i ous

agen cies. The fol low ing chan nel were iden ti fied inmush room mar ket ing in the study area.

Channel I:

In this chan nel pro duc ers sold 14.19 per centof to tal mush room di rectly to con sumer orcon sum ers pur chased mush room di rectly frompro duc ers.

Chan nel II:

In this chan nel, pro duc ers sold 60.81 per centof the to tal sale of mush room to so ci et ies with inthe vil lage.

Chan nel III:

Through this chan nel pro duc ers sold 25 percent of the to tal mush room to whole saler inreg u lated mar ket of kanpur Nagar by ar rang ingtheir own trans por ta tion. Thus, it can be con cludedthat chan nel- II was the most im por tant chan nel bywhich max i mum quan tity of mush room (60.81 percent) reached the con sumer fol lowed by chan nel-III (25 per cent).

Chan nel I was less im por tant be cause only

Production and marketing of mushroom in Kanpur Nagar district of U.P. 17

Ta ble 3: Num ber of sell ers and quan tity of mush room sold ac cord ing to place of sale by dif fer ent size group of farms.

Particulars Within village Place of sale TotalKanpur Nagar

marketCombination ofdifferent places

of saleSmall no. of sellers 35

(83.33)4

(9.53)3

(7.14)42

(100.00)

Quantity sold (qtls) 83 (83.00)

10 (10.00)

7 (7.00)

100 (100.00)

Medium no. of sellers 6 (50.00)

3 (25.00)

3 (25.00)

12 (100.00)

Quantity sold (qtls) 124.32 (74.00)

33.60 (20.00)

10.08 (6.00)

168 (100.00)

Large no. of sellers 1 (16.67)

4 (66.66)

1 (16.67)

6 (100.00)

Quantity sold (qtls) 34 (36.27)

48 (47.06)

17 (16.67)

102 (100.00)

Total 42 (70.00)

11 (18.33)

7 (11.67)

6 (100.00)

No. of sellers/quantity sold (qtls) 244.32 (66.03)

91.60 (91.60)

34.08 (9.21)

370 (100.00)

18 Sachan et al.

(14-19 per cent quan tity) of mush room was soldthrough this chan nel.

Mar ket ing cost of mush room in dif fer entmar ket ing chan nels:

The mar ket ing charges of the dif fer entchan nels are sum ma rized in Ta ble 5. Mar ket ingcharges var ied con sid er ably from chan nel tochan nel and were re lated di rectly with the length ofchan nels dis tance of the mar ket), i.e. the lon ger thechan nel and dis tance, more were the charges.

Channel III (producer wholesaler retailer consumer) being the longer channel and in thischannel the highest marketing cost per quintal i.e.Rs. 127.48 were observed. The channel I is thesmallest channel accounting for the lowestmarketing charges i.e. Rs. 97.06 per quintal.

Thus it may be con cluded that as the length ofchan nel in crease the mar ket ing cost also in creasesand vice-versa.

Pro duc ers share in con sumers ru pee inmush room mar ket ing :

A com par a tive view of pro ducers share andthe mar ket ing costs and mar gins of the var i ousin ter me di ar ies in volved in the dif fer ent mar ket ingchan nels it is pre sented in Ta ble 6. It is ev i dent from the ta ble that pro ducers share in con sumers ru pee

de creased with the in crease in the length of themar ket ing chan nels. The pro ducers net share wasthe high est (98.53%) in chan nel- I while the low est(79.23%) in chan nel-III.

Channel-III was the least favourable to theproducers at their share was the lowest inconsumers rupee. The consumers paid the lowestprice when they purchased directly from theproducer (Channel-I) and the highest price paidwhen to intermediaries were involved between theproducer and consumer i.e. wholesaler and retailerin channel-III in the kanpur nagar market. The price paid by the consumer increased with the increase inthe distance to sale of mushroom and the length ofthe marketing channels. In channel-III, where twointermediaries were involved the margin inchannel-I as no marketing intermediary wasinvolved and producer sold their produce directly to consumer. the retailer margin was more comparedto wholesaler in channel-III. The profit of thewholesaler was 5.44 per cent and that of retailerswas 13.99 per cent. The margin of societies was8.91 per cent in channel-II. Findings of Boonlart (2) and Singh and Kalra (5) are also in line of presentanalysis.

Mar ket ing ef fi ciency :

In chan nel-I since no in ter me di ary was

Ta ble 4: Quan tity of mushromm moved through var i ous mar ket ing chan nels.

S. No. Channels Quantity moved (qtls) Percentage of quantity moved1. Producer consumer 52.50 14.19

2. Producer societies consumer 225.00 60.81

3. Producer wholesaler retailer -consumer 92.50 25.00

Total 370.00 100.00

Ta ble 5: Mar ket ing cost of mush room in dif fer ent mar ket ing chan nels. Rs. q/ha

Marketing channel Producer Societies Wholesaler Retailer TotalChannel - I 97.06

(100.00)- - - 97.06

(100.00)Channel - II 7.58

(7.15)98.47

(92.85)- - 106.05

(100.00)Channel - III 85.30

(86.91)- 20.10

(15.77)21.08

(17.32)127.48

(100.00)

in volved and less quan tity was moved frompro ducer to con sumer, mar ket ing ef fi ciency was not es ti mated for the chan nel.

The marketing efficiency presented in Table-7 for the remaining two channels, indicate thatchannel-II (861.61 per cent) was more efficientcompared to channel-III (38.58 per cent).

REF ER ENCES1. Acharya, S.S. and Agrawal, N.L. (2004).

Ag ri cul tural Mar ket ing in In dia. Ox ford & IBHPub lish ing Co. pvt. Ltd. New delhi, p. 390.

2. Boonlart-sa-optisttisak (1989). Pro duc tion and

Mar ket ing of Straw Mush room. MacMillanCom pany, New York 9: 108.

3. Chanda, K.L. (1978). In fra-struc ture formush room re search in In dia. Na tionalsym po sium on mush room, 8-10, April, pp.27-34.

4. Chauhan, S.K. and Sood, R.P. (1992).Eco nom ics of pro duc tion and mar ket ing ofmush room in Kangara distt., HimanchalPradesh. In dian J. Ag ri c. Mar ket , 6: 44-49.

5. Singh, S. P. and Kalra Ashok (1995). Eco nomicanal y sis of mush room pro duc tion in distt.Sonipat of Haryana State, In dian J. Ag ri c.Mar ket, 9: 105-114.

Production and marketing of mushroom in Kanpur Nagar district of U.P. 19

Ta ble 6: Quan tity of mush room moved through var i ous mar ket ing channels.

S.No.

Particular Channel-I Channel-III Channel-IIIRs. q/ha % Rs. q/ha % Rs. q/ha %

1. Net price received by producer/net share

6524.94 98.53 6384.93 89.60 5828.52 79.23

2. Market cost incurred byi. producer 97.06 1.47 7.58 0.11 85.30 1.16

ii. Societies - - 98.47 1.38 - -

iii. Wholesaler - - - - 20.10 0.27

iv. retailer - 1.47 - 20.10 22.08 0.30

Total marketing cost 97.06 1.47 106.05 1.49 127.48 1.74

3. Net margin ofi. Societies - - 635.00 8.91 - -

ii. Wholesaler - - - - 100.00 5.44

iii. retailer - - - - 100.00 13.59Total profit margin - - 635.00 8.91 1400.00 19.03Price paid by consumer 6622.00 100.00 7126.00 100.00 7356.00 100.00

Ta ble 7: Mar ket ing ef fi ciency of mush room for dif fer ent mar ket ing chan nels.

S. No. Particular Channel- II Channel-II

1. Net price received by producers (q/ha) 6384.95 5878.52

2. Total marketing cost (Rs./qtl) 106.05 127.48

3. Total marketing margins (Rs./qtl.) 633.00 1400.00

4. Consumers price (Rs./qtl.) 7125.00 7356.00

5. Marketing efficiency (%) 8.62 3.82

CHANGES IN BAK ING AND SEN SORY PROP ER TIES OF WHEATBREAD AND MUF FINS WITH THE AD DI TION OF GRAPES

Suresh Bhise*, Amarjeet Kaur and Poonam AggarwalDe part ment of Food Sci ence & Tech nol ogy Punjab Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Ludhiana-141004*E-mail: sureshbhise_cft@ya hoo.co.in

AB STRACT: Grape juice res i due i.e. peel and seeds were dried in a cab i net drier at 60oC for 5hours. Dried grape peel and seed pow der were uti lized in the bread and muf fins, which werefound to be rich in to tal phe no lic com pounds, anthocyanins and ascor bic acid. On ad di tion ofgrape peel and seed pow der to the bread at 2 per cent and 4 per cent in each there was in creasein weight, vol ume, spe cific vol ume. The shelf life of bread with grape peel and seed pow der wasmore than con trol. The ap pear ance, col our, tex ture and taste of bread and muf fins with grapepeel and seed pow der was more eye ap peal ing than con trol with higher sen sory scores.

Keywords: Grape juice res i due, to tal phenolics, anthocyanins, ascor bic acid, bak ery prod ucts.Grape (Vitis vinifera), ba si cally a sub- trop i cal

crop, is cul ti vated in an area of 64.3 thou sand hawith a to tal pro duc tion 1,630.7 thou sand tons andpro duc tiv ity of 25.4 tons/ha. Be cause of spe cialar bour train ing sys tems pro vided for grapecul ti va tion in In dia, pro duc tiv ity is high est amongthe grape grow ing coun tries of the world.

Grapes, the ed ible fruit of the grape vine, are aprime ex am ple of a true berry. A berry in bo tan i calterms is a class of fleshy fruit lack ing a stony layer,with the fruit wall be ing fleshy or pulpy (Rob in son,12). Grapes grow in bunches which vary in size and shape de pend ing on the grape va ri ety (Galet, 4)with varying colours from green to yel low, pink,crim son, dark blue, and black, with the ma jor ity ofgrapes be ing yel low or very dark pur ple (Rob in son, 12).

The sig nif i cant parts of the berry are the flesh,skin, and seeds (Rob in son, 12). The flesh or pulp isthe bulk of the berry. The pulp con tains the juice invac u oles of pericarp cells (Mul lins et al., 11). Acen tral core of vas cu lar strands con nects to a meshof veins that en cir cles the outer edge of the fleshlike a chicken-wire cage. The grape skin is atough en vel op ing layer around the grape that holdsit to gether. The out side layer, or bloom, con sists ofwaxy plates and cutin, which re sist wa ter, fun galspore growth and other bi o log i cal in fec tions.

Be low the bloom are the cell lay ers that form theskin and con tained within these lay ers arecon cen trated ca rot en oids, xan tho phylls andanthocyanins (Mul lins et al., 11). Tan nins, alongwith a sig nif i cant amount of the grapes fla vorcom pounds, are also lo cated in the skin. Seedscon tain tan nins, mostly pro-anthocyanidins, whichif crushed, con fer a bit ter taste (Rob in son, 12).

Dis posal of grape pomace, the wastegen er ated dur ing wine mak ing, has posed a ma jorchal lenge for win er ies. Dur ing wine pro duc tion,wine grapes are har vested and pressed to ex tractjuice for fer men ta tion. As a re sult of press ing, theskins, stems, and seeds are left be hind as waste.Re moval of this pomace is costly and if the pomaceis not treated ef fec tively, it can ini ti ate a num ber ofen vi ron men tal haz ards, rang ing from sur face andground wa ter con tam i na tion to foul odours (Bonilla et al., 2).

Win ery waste can also have an en vi ron men talim pact through the in crease of the chem i cal ox y gen de mand (COD) and bio chem i cal ox y gen de mand(BOD) within wastewater streams. The high CODand BOD lev els of the grape pomace orig i nate from their high pol lu tion loads and high con tent of lipidsand other or ganic sub stances such as sug ars,tan nins, polyphenols, poly al co hols and pectins(Schieber et al., 14). Due to the en vi ron men talprob lems that these high COD and BOD cause, it is



ben e fi cial for win er ies to find other ap pli ca tions for their grape pomace waste other than an i mal feeds or fer til iz ers (Inbar et al. 6). To help al le vi ate theis sues as so ci ated with grape pomace, its use inal ter na tive ap pli ca tions has been ex plored.Ap pli ca tions have in cluded the pro duc tion ofvalue-added prod ucts such as di etary sup ple mentsfor dis ease pre ven tion (Shrikhande, 15), grappa(grape pomace al co hol) pro duc tion (Hang andWoodams, 5), laccase (Moldes et al., 10) andpullulan (Israilides et al., 7) pro duc tion. In ad di tionto find ing a pro duc tive use for a waste prod uct,these prod ucts have been pro duced in re sponse to achang ing con sumer de mand for nat u rallypro cessed, ad di tive-free, and safe prod ucts.Con sum ers tend to pre fer safe, tra di tional prod ucts,which are pro moted as nat u ral and with out otherad di tives (Bi anco and Uccella, 1). Thus, thesub sti tu tion of cur rently used syn thetic foodan ti ox i dants by ones pereceived as nat u ral bycon sum ers in ter ests the re search com mu nity. Themar ket de mand for nat u ral an ti ox i dants rather thanchem i cal an ti ox i dants added to baked prod ucts hasdi rectly in creased the de mand for novelpolyphenolic con tain ing in gre di ents. As part of this trend, the for ma tion of an ti ox i dant rich floursmilled from dried grape waste and the sub se quentin cor po ra tion of these flours into baked foods is aprom is ing op tion.

The bak ing mar ket is an im por tant seg mentwithin the food and bev er age in dus try. The ma jorprod ucts mar keted within this in dus try in cludebread, morn ing goods, bis cuits, cakes, and past ries(Gale, 3). Con sum ers are in creas ingly con cernedabout their health and are aware of the re la tion shipbe tween nu tri tious food and op ti mal health.In creas ing con sumer de mand for healthy andcon ve nient food has caused the bak ing in dus try tosearch for in no va tive yet func tional in gre di ents,which will al low them to cap i tal ize on the cur rentmar ket trends.

Var i ous con cerns have caused con sum ers toclosely mon i tor their di etary re quire ments. Theris ing in ci dence of health con di tions such as

obe sity, di a be tes and car diac prob lems, con cernsover phys i cal ap pear ance and the in creas ing priceof health care have all con trib uted to the de mandfor health ier bak ery prod ucts (Lem pert, 9). Oneway to cre ate a health ier bak ery prod uct with anen hanced nu tri tional pro file is through the ad di tionof func tional in gre di ents such as phytosterols,multigrain, prebiotics, mul ti vi ta mins, andpolyphenolics.

Grape seed flour has been shown to be rich inpolyphenolic com pounds and be cause of thispro file, a grow ing de mand ex ists for the in clu sionof this flour into pro cessed foods. Proantho-cyanidins are the ma jor polyphenols found in redwine and grape seeds with grape seeds be ing richsources of monomeric phe no lic com pounds such as (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin-3-o-gallate, and dimeric, trimeric, and oligomericprocyanidins (Saito et al., 13). How ever, there iscon cern that food prep a ra tion pro cesses such asbak ing cause a loss of some of the health ben e fitsthrough phytochemical loss (Wang and Zhou, 17).Thus it is crit i cal to con sider the chem i cal changeswhich oc cur dur ing food prep a ra tion.

The antioxidative prop er ties of grape peel andseed, cou pled with an in creased in ter est bycon sum ers in wheat-based prod ucts con tain ingvalue-added in gre di ents, pres ent a sig nif i cantop por tu nity for re search and de vel op ment with theob jec tives- to de velop bak ery prod ucts by uti liz inggrape peel and seeds, and to study the shelf life ofthe prod ucts


Raw ma te ri als-flour, sugar, salt, yeast andother in gre di ents for prod uct prep a ra tion waspro cured from lo cal mar ket. Grapes (PunjabPurple) variety was procured from Department ofFruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana. Grape juice wasextracted by using mechanical type of juiceextractor. Bread was pre pared af ter in cor po ra tion of grape peel and seed pow der such at lev els of 0-4 per cent and packed in dif fer ent pack ag ing ma te ri als(Low Den sity Poly eth yl ene and Poly propy lene)

Changes in baking and sensory properties of wheat bread and muffins with the addition of grapes 21

22 Bhise et al.

which were stored un der am bi ent (301C)con di tions. De ter mi na tion of physico-chem i calchar ac ter is tics of raw ma te ri als was done us ingstan dard pro ce dures (AACC, 2000). Prod ucts-bread and muf fins were pre pared ac cord ing tostan dard pro ce dures (AACC, 2000) with slightmod i fi ca tion. Prod uct pre pared was eval u ated forsen sory prop er ties by panel of semi trained judges(Larmond, 8). For shelf life de ter mi na tion, breadswere stored for 10 days at am bi ent and re frig er atedtem per a tures and an a lyzed for shelf life study. Physico-chem i cal anal y sis, prod uct qual ity,organoleptic qual ity and shelf life of raw ma te rialand prod uct were ob served and av er age dataob tained were sub jected to tech niques of anal y sisof vari ance (Singh et al., 16).


Grape char ac ter is tics

Grapes had 50 per cent juice yield, 12.7 percent peel, 6.3 per cent seed, 31 per cent wines, 69per cent ed ible part and 19 per cent juice res i due(Ta ble 1). Punjab Pur ple grape juice had 19.67BTSS, 18.2 per cent to tal solids, 0.5 per cent acid ity,8.13 mg/100g ascor bic acid, 5.47 mg/100ganthocyanins and 6.713 mg/100g tan nins. Thegrape peel had 24.5B TSS, 22 per cent to tal solids,0.48 per cent acid ity, 18.09 mg/100g ascor bic acid,15.07 mg/100g anthocyanins and 34.68mg/g to talphe nols. Grape seed con tains 37.5mg/g to talphe nols (Ta ble 2). On an av er age, Red grapescon tain 18.1 B TSS, 0.49 per cent acid ity, 8.06mg/100g ascor bic acid, 5.06 mg/100 anthocyaninsand 3.92 pH (Gale et al., 3). Similarly, the amount

of to tal phe nols from the dif fer ent parts of the redgrape berry were es ti mated to be ~33 per cent in the skins, ~62 per cent in the seeds, ~1 per cent in thepulp, and ~4 per cent in the juice. Grapes (blueva ri ety) have 850.9 per cent mois ture, 2.70.2g/100g fi ber and 239 mg/100g ascor bic acid. They also re ported that grapes con tain ma jor min er als(mg/100g) like Ca (301.8), Mg (400.8), Na(40.8), P (201.8), K (24915) and other tracemin er als like Fe, Zn and Cu.

A grape seed con tains mainly phe nols such asproanthocyanidins (oligomeric proantho-cyanidins). Sci en tific stud ies have shown that thean ti ox i dant power of proanthocyanidins is 20 timesgreater than vi ta min E and 50 times greater thanvi ta min C. Re searches sug gest that grape seed oilhelps to pro tect the body from sun dam age,im prove vi sion, im prove flex i bil ity in joints,im prove blood cir cu la tion, and re duce LDLox i da tion and the oc cur rence of cor o nary heartdis ease. The di etary con sump tion of grape and itsprod ucts is as so ci ated with a lower in ci dence ofde gen er a tive dis eases such as car dio vas cu lardis ease and cer tain types of can cers. Anthocyanins,flavanols, flavonols and resveratrol are the mostim por tant grape polyphenols be cause they pos sessmany bi o log i cal ac tiv i ties, such as an ti ox i dant,cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-in flam ma tion,antiaging and antimicrobial prop er ties. Theycon cluded that the polyphenols from grape could widely be em ployed to pre vent and treat dis eases inas so ci a tion with re ac tive ox y gen spe cies, such asath ero scle ro sis, cor o nary heart dis eases and can cer.

Bak ing qual ity of bread

Sig nif i cant vari a tions were found in weight,height, vol ume and spe cific vol ume of breadpre pared af ter in cor po ra tion of dried grape juiceres i due. Loaf weight in creased with in creas inglevel of dried grape juice res i due. Sim i larly loafheight, vol ume, spe cific vol ume and shelf life ofbread in creased with in creased level of dried grapejuice res i due as com pared with con trol sam ple(Ta ble 3).

Ta ble 1: Per cent re cov ery of var i ous por tions of grape va ri ety Punjab Pur ple.

Portions Percentage Juice Yield 50.0Peel 12.7seed 06.3Wines 31.0Edible part 69.0Juice Residue 19.0

The earlier works reveal that bread with thead di tion of GSE had stron ger an ti ox i dant ac tiv itythan that of blank bread, and in creas ing the level ofGSE ad di tion fur ther en hanced the an ti ox i dantca pac ity of the bread. How ever, ther mal pro cess ingcaused an ti ox i dant ac tiv ity of GSE added to breadto de crease by around 3040 per cent. Also theef fect of GSE on the for ma tion of det ri men talN-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), a fa mousad vanced glycation end prod uct in bread was

stud ied. Ac cord ing to the re sults, GSE could re duce CML in bread and acted in a dose-de pend entman ner. Mean while, ex cept for an ac cept ablecol our change, add ing GSE to bread had only lit tleef fect on the qual ity at trib utes of the bread.Al to gether, find ings in di cated that GSE-for ti fiedbread was prom is ing to be de vel oped as afunc tional food with rel a tively lower CML-re latedhealth risks, yet a high an ti ox i dant ac tiv ity.

Changes in baking and sensory properties of wheat bread and muffins with the addition of grapes 23

Ta ble 2: Physico-chem i cal char ac ter is tics of grape juice and peel.

Parameters Grape juice

Grape peel

Grape seed

Total soluble solids(oB) 19.67 24.5 -Total solids (per cent) 18.2 22.0 -Acidity (per cent) 0.50 0.48 -Ascorbicacid (mg/100g) 8.13 18.09 -Anthocyanins (mg/100g) 5.47 15.07 -Total phenols (mg/g) - 34.68 37.5 Fig. 1: Effect of grape peel and seed on the baking

quality of bread.

Fig. 2: Effect of grape peel and seed on the baking quality of muffins.

Ta ble 3: Ef fect of dif fer ent con cen tra tions of grape juice res i due on the qual ity of bread.

Level(%)

Weight (g)

SD Height(cm)

SD Volume (cc)

SD Specific Volume

SD RoomTemp. (days)

Refrigerator

Temp.(days)

Control 132.98 2.364494 9.47 0.25 677.33 2.52 5.08 0.096 7 272 141.39 1.624856 9.67 0.25 701.66 7.64 4.95 0.087 8 304 137.27 2.927526 10.07 0.25 692.33 2.52 5.03 0.108 8 32

Ta ble 4: Ef fect of dif fer ent con cen tra tions of grape juice res i due on the sen sory qual ity of Bread and Muffins.

Bread Muffins Samples Appeara

nceTexture Taste Overall

acceptability

Appearance

SD Texture SD Taste SD Overallacceptabi

lity

SD

Control 7.75 7.50 7.63 7.63 8.75 0.83 8.50 0.91 8.63 0.97 8.25 0.332 per cent 7.63 7.63 7.88 7.88 8.25 0.56 8.00 0.22 8.32 0.67 8.00 0.554 per cent 8.50 8.33 8.33 8.33 8.50 0.72 8.25 0.51 8.88 0.45 8.50 0.31

24 Bhise et al.

Sen sory eval u a tion of bread and muf fins

Sig nif i cant vari a tions were found in over allac cept abil ity of bread and muf fins pre pared af terin cor po ra tion of dried grape juice res i due atdif fer ent level (Ta ble 4). Over all ac cept abil ity wasmore at 4 per cent grape peel (8.33) as com pared tocon trol (7.63). Over all ac cept abil ity of muf finspre pared af ter in cor po ra tion of dried grape juiceres i due was found more at 4 per cent as com paredto con trol (Ta ble 4).

CON CLU SION

On ad di tion of grape peel and seed pow der tothe bread at 2 per cent and 4 per cent in eachshowed the in crease in weight, vol ume, spe cificvol ume and shelf life. The shelf life of bread withgrape peel and seed pow der was more than con trol.The ap pear ance, col our, tex ture and taste of breadwith grape peel and seed pow der was more eyeap peal ing than con trol with higher sen sory scores

REF ER ENCES1. Bi anco, A. and Uccella N. (2000). Biophenolic

com po nents of ol ives. Food Res. Int.,33(6):475-485.

2. Bonilla, F., Mayen, M. Merida, J. and Me dinaM. (1999). Ex trac tion of phe no lic com poundsfrom red grape marc for use as food lipidan ti ox i dants. Food Chem., 66(2):209-215.

3. Gale (2009). Re tail Bak er ies. In: Group G,ed i tor. En cy clo pe dia of Amer i can In dus tries.On line Edi tion. Farmington Hills, Mich:Busi ness and Com pany Re source Cen ter.

4. Galet, P. (2002). Iden ti fy ing . . . the grapebunches. In: Montalbetti C, ed i tor. HachetteWine Li brar ies Grape Va ri et ies. Lon don:Cassell Il lus trated. p. 32-35.

5. Hang, Y.D. and Woodams, E.E. (2008).Meth a nol con tent of grappa made from NewYork grape pomace. Bioresour. Technol.,99(9):3923-3925.

6. Inbar, Y., Chen, Y., Hadar, Y. and Verdonck O.

(1988). Com post ing of ag ri cul tural wastes fortheir use as con tainer me dia-Sim u la tion of theCom post ing Pro cess. Bi o log i cal Wastes,26(4):247-259.

7. Israilides, C., Smith, A., Harthill, J., Barnett, C.,Bambalov, G. and Scanlon, B. (1998). Pullulancon tent of the eth a nol pre cip i tate fromfer mented agro-in dus trial wastes. Appl.Microbiol. Biotechnol., 49:613-617.

8. Larmond, E. (1970). Meth ods of sen soryeval u a tion of food. Ca na dian DeptartmentAg ri cul tural Pub li ca tions, 1284. Ot tawa: 55-57.

9. Lem pert, P. (2008). Healthy gains in breads.Facts, Fig ures, and the Fu ture. Food Mar ket ingIn sti tute, p 1.

10. Moldes, D., Gallego, P., Ro dri guez-Couto. S.and Sanroman, A. (2003). Grape seeds: the bestlignocellulosic waste to pro duce laccase bysolid state cul tures of Trametes hirsuta.Biotechnol. Lett., 25:491-495.

11. Mul lins, M.G., Bou quet, A. and Wil liams, L.E.(1992). Grape vine Struc ture. Bi ol ogy of theGrape vine. Cam bridge, NY: Cam bridgeUni ver sity Press. p 37-79.

12. Rob in son, J. (2006). The Ox ford com pan ion towine, 3rd ed. Ox ford, NY: Ox ford Uni ver sityPress. 813 p

13. Saito, M., Hosoyama, H., Ariga, T., Kataoka, S.and Yamaji, N. (1998). Antiulcer ac tiv ity ofgrape seed ex tract and procyanidins. J. Agric.Food Chem., 46(4):1460-1464.

14. Schieber, A., Stintzing, F.C. and Carle, R.(2001). By-prod ucts of plant food pro cess ing asa source of func tional com pounds-re centde vel op ments. Trend Food Sci. Technol.,12(11):401.

15. Shrikhande, A.J. (2000). Wine by-prod ucts with health ben e fits. Food Res. Int. 33(6):469-474.

16. Singh, S., Singh, T., Bansal, M.L. and Kumar,R. (1991). Sta tis ti cal Meth ods for Re searchWork ers. Kalyani Pub lish ers, New Delhi.

17. Wang, R. and Zhou, W.B. (2004). Stability oftea catechins in the breadmaking process. J.Agric. Food Chem. 52(26):8224-8229.

EF FECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON PE RI OD I CAL CHANGES INBIO-CHEM I CAL COM PO SI TION OF BER CV. UMRAN

Rachna* and Sukhdev SinghDe part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Fac ulty of Ag ri cul ture and For estry, Khalsa Col lege, Amritsar-143003, Punjab*E-mail: [email protected]

AB STRACT: The pres ent stud ies aimed at eval u at ing the ef fects of vary ing doses of GA3 on thebio-chem i cal changes of ber fruit dur ing de vel op ment. GA3 @ 10, 30 and 50 ppm was ap plied atfruit set stage and then su per im posed one month there af ter. The pe ri od i cal bio-chem i calanal y ses of de vel op ing ber fruits re vealed that to tal sol u ble sol ids con cen tra tion in creasesmax i mum dur ing ini tial stages of fruit de vel op ment i.e. be tween in ter val of 25 to 50 days of GA3ap pli ca tion while to tal sug ars and ascor bic acid in crease and acid ity de creases as the fruitreaches ma tu rity i.e. be tween 75 to 100 days of GA3 ap pli ca tion. The GA3 50 ppm dose re sultedin max i mum ex pres sion of acid ity, to tal sug ars and ascor bic acid at fi nal har vest of ber. Thus it isim pli cated that GA3 ap pli ca tion is ben e fi cial in im prov ing fla vour and taste of ber.

Keywords: Ber, gibberellic acid, bio-chem i cal changes, acid ity, sugar con tent, in ter val. Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) is

dis trib uted through out the trop i cal and sub-trop i calre gions of the world. It is one of the most hardyfruit trees with wider adapt abil ity to ad verse soiland cli ma tic con di tions and thus is rec om mendedfor cul ti va tion on mar ginal land. In dia ranks firstamong the ber grow ing coun tries of the world. Thefruit is equally rel ished by peo ple of all classes. Acom par i son of nu tri tive value of ber and ap plere veals that the ber is richer in the amount ofpro tein, min eral mat ter, cal cium, phos pho rus,car o tene and vi ta min than that of ap ple. Thats whyber is re ferred to as the ap ple of arid zone.

In Punjab, the flow er ing in ber starts from first week of Sep tem ber and con tin ues till first week ofNo vem ber, whereas the fruit set ting starts in sec ond week of Oc to ber. The most ac tive phase of fruitgrowth is first six weeks of fruit set (Bal and Mann,2). Dur ing this time the de vel op ing fruits un dergonu mer ous phys i cal and bio-chem i cal changeswhich in crease the fruit size and im prove the taste.The ap pli ca tion of growth reg u la tors likegibberellic acid (GA3) is re ported to have pro foundef fects on im prov ing the fruit qual ity (Bal et al., 3,Kale et al., 8; Singh and Randhawa, 13; and Singhand Singh, 14). These ef fects are more pro nouncedif the ap pli ca tion is done dur ing ac tive growth

phase. In the pres ent stud ies the pe ri od i cal changesin bio-chem i cal com po si tion of ber fruits asbrought about by vary ing doses GA3 wereeval u ated.


The pres ent in ves ti ga tions were car ried out inthe Fac ulty of Ag ri cul ture and For estry, KhalsaCol lege, GNDU, Amritsar dur ing the year 2007-08and 2008-09. Eight years old trees of ber cv Umranwith uni form size and vig our were se lected for theex per i ment. The trees were sprayed dur ing ac tivegrowth phase in the 3rd week of Oc to ber and againsu per im posed spray was ap plied one monththere af ter. The growth reg u la tor i.e. gibberellic acid (GA3) was ap plied in vary ing con cen tra tions i.e. 10, 30 and 50 ppm in ad di tion to wa ter sprayed con trol. There were three rep li ca tions each with one tree per rep li ca tion. The trees were sprayed uni formly byus ing knap sack sprayer with flood jet noz zle. Fiveuni form branches per tree were se lected and tagged. Af ter sec ond spray at 25 days in ter val (i.e. af ter 25days, 50 days, 75 days, 100 days and then athar vest), the de vel op ing fruits were pe ri od i callyhar vested and the ob ser va tions on fourbio-chem i cal traits viz., to tal sol u ble sol ids (%),acid ity (%), to tal sug ars (%) and ascor bic acid(mg/100g) were re corded to eval u ate changes in



26 Rachna and Singh

chem i cal com po si tion of de vel op ing ber fruits. Tore cord TSS per cent age, the juice of ten ran domlyse lected fruits from each rep li ca tion was ex tractedand strained through a mus lin cloth and TSScon tent of juice was mea sured with the help ofBausch and Lomb hand refractometer. The val uesof to tal sol u ble sol ids were then cor rected to 20 Cwith the help of tem per a ture cor rec tion chart(AOAC, 1). To de ter mine cit ric acid per cent age,10g of fruit pulp was ex tracted and ti trated againstN/10 NaOH so lu tion us ing phenolphthalein as anin di ca tor. The to tal sug ars were es ti mated by Laneand Eynon method (AOAC, 1). The ascor bic acidwas de ter mined by ti tra tion method us ing 10 g offruit pulp mac er ated in 3 per cent meta phos pho ricacid so lu tion and ti trated against 2,6-dichloro-phenol indophenol dye.

RE SULTS AND D

hortflora research spectrum, vol. 2(1) 2013

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