honours thesis (consumer preference)
DESCRIPTION
The role of health promoting goals in residential decision making - a study of the Lightsview masterplanned community in Adelaide.TRANSCRIPT
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C h r i s t o p h e r I l l a n e s
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of: Bachelor of Urban and Regional Planning (Honours)
School of Natural and Built Environments
Division of Information Technology, Engineering and
the Environment
THE ROLE OF HEALTH PROMOTING GOALS IN RESIDENTIAL DECISION
MAKING – A STUDY OF THE LIGHTSVIEW
MASTERPLANNED COMMUNITY IN ADELAIDE
08!Fall$
PRINCIPAL SUPERVISOR Ms. Kirsten Potoczky
ASSOCIATE SUPERVISOR Dr. Johannes Pieters
January 2014
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“Above'all,'do'not'lose'your'desire'to'walk.'Everyday,'I'
walk'myself'into'a'state'of'well:being'&'walk'away'from'
every'illness.'I'have'walked'myself'into'my'best'thoughts,'
and'I'know'of'no'thought'so'burdensome'that'one'cannot'
walk'away'from'it.'But'by'sitting'still,'&'the'more'one'sits'
still,'the'closer'one'comes'to'feeling'ill.'Thus'if'one'just'
keeps'on'walking,'everything'will'be'all'right.”'
!Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Danish Philosopher
Kingston'Parade,'Lightsview'–'looking'West
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DECLARATION !!!!
I!declare!that!this!thesis!presents!work!carried!out!by!myself!and!
does!not!incorporate!without!acknowledgment!any!material!
previously!submitted!for!a!degree!or!diploma!in!any!university;!to!
the!best!of!my!knowledge!it!does!not!contain!any!materials!
previously!published!or!written!by!another!person!except!where!
due!reference!is!made!in!the!text;!and!all!substantive!contributions!
by!others!to!the!work!presented,!including!jointly!authored!
publications,!is!clearly!acknowledged.!
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Christopher$Illanes$29th!January!2014!
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IV!
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS !The!opportunity!to!undertake!research!into!aspects!of!health,!planning!and!
consumer!preference!for!housing!and!residential!amenity!has!been!a!challenging!
but!rewarding!experience.!Throughout!the!highs!and!lows!during!this!research,!
there!has!always!been!that!one!person!who!was!continuously!upbeat,!caring,!
supportive!and!driven!to!ensure!that!I!reached!the!light!at!the!end!of!the!tunnel!
regardless!of!what!happened.!This!brilliant!person!was!my!Principal!supervisor!Ms!
Kirsten!Potoczky,!who!as!an!experienced!health!planner!has!been!an!incredible!
source!of!information!and!guidance!through!all!stages!of!this!research.!
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I!was!also!fortunate!to!have!an!associate!supervisor,!Dr.!Johannes!Pieters!who!has!
provided!support!and!direction!from!the!early!stages!and!right!through!to!the!final!
product.!Both!their!academic!guidance!and!enthusiasm!has!motivated!me!to!do!the!
very!best!that!I!can.!It!is!without!doubt,!that!if!I!weren’t!privileged!to!have!had!
either!of!them!as!a!supervisor,!the!end!product!wouldn’t!be!what!it!is!today.!
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I!would!also!like!to!thank!both!the!team!and!residents!of!the!Lightsview!estate!in!
South!Australia,!for!being!hospitable!and!assisting!me!wherever!possible!during!this!
research.!
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Last!but!definitely!not!least,!I!would!like!to!say!thank!you!to!my!family.!They!have!
always!supported!me!in!anyway!that!they!can!during!this!research!and!throughout!
my!studies.!Unfortunately!for!them,!I!will!be!undertaking!a!Masters!of!Marketing!
program!continuing!at!the!University!of!South!Australia!from!2014,!so!they!won’t!be!
able!to!get!rid!of!me!just!yet.!
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ABSTRACT It!is!clear!from!the!relevant!literature!that!the!design!of!the!built!environment!does!
have!a!significant!impact!on!our!mental!and!physical!health.!However!the!literature!
on!housing!markets!has!not!adequately!addressed!whether!access!to!health!
promoting!features!is!an!important!factor!in!residential!location!and!home!
purchase/housing!tenure!decisionTmaking.!To!address!this!gap,!research!was!
undertaken!in!the!Lightsview!development!in!Adelaide,!South!Australia.!!
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The!Lightsview!housing!estate!is!the!first!master!planned!community!in!South!
Australia!which!has!been!developed!using!‘Healthy!by!Design’!principles!in!order!to!
promote!and!encourage!a!healthy!and!active!lifestyle!of!its!residents.!!In!particular!
this!thesis!examines!potential!awareness!(marketing)!strategies!such!as!branding!
for!developments!that!employ!healthTpromoting!guidelines!throughout!its!design,!
so!the!consumer!is!able!to!identify!where!this!has!occurred.!
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In!Australia!there!are!2!rating!tools!that!exist!which!can!be!used!to!evaluate!
community!design:!‘EnviroDevelopment’!and!‘GreenStar!Communities.’!As!the!
Lightsview!estate!is!the!pilot!case!study!site!for!the!latest!Healthy!by!Design!
guidelines,!the!developers!don’t!currently!use!any!branding!in!marketing!the!estate!
in!relation!to!these!features.!!
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A!total!of!215!individuals!were!surveyed,!where!data!was!collected!and!analysed!
with!the!developers!research!data!providing!a!snapshot!of!how!well!health!
promoting!features!are!understood.!This!research!has!found!that!majority!of!
residents!considered!the!idea!of!branding!communities!attractive,!but!had!concerns!
regarding!financial!premiums!that!may!be!added!on!the!development!if!this!was!to!
happen.!The!majority!of!residents!found!the!design!principles!used!as!attractive!and!
recognised!particular!design!features!as!promoting!health!and!reasons!for!why!they!
live!within!Lightsview.!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS $
CHAPTER 1 PAGE NO:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIMS OF RESEARCH ......................................................................................... 3
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................... 3
1.3 CONTEXT .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 4
1.5 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS ............................................................... 5
1.6 SYNOPSIS OF THE CHAPTERS ......................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HEALTH ............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 HOUSING ........................................................................................................ 12
2.3 MASTERPLANNING ........................................................................................ 14
2.4 HEALTHY COMMUNITIES .............................................................................. 16
2.5 WHO BUYS INTO WALKABLE? ...................................................................... 19
2.6 GUIDELINES .................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................ 27
3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................. 27
3.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 28
3.4 CASE STUDY ................................................................................................... 29
3.5 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................. 31
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3.6 ETHICS ............................................................................................................ 33
3.6.1 INFORMED CONSENT AND VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION ................ 34
3.6.2 CONFIDENTIALITY AND ANONYMITY ................................................. 34
3.6.3 RIGHT TO WITHDRAW, DO NO HARM & DEBRIEF ............................. 35
CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS
4.1 SURVEYS ......................................................................................................... 36
4.1.1 QUESTION 1 .......................................................................................... 36
4.1.2 QUESTION 2 .......................................................................................... 38
4.1.3 QUESTION 3 .......................................................................................... 39
4.2 INTERVIEWS .................................................................................................... 40
4.2.1 BREAKDOWN OF RESPONSES ............................................................. 41
4.2.2 SUMMARY OF INTERVIEWS .................................................................. 42
4.3 LIGHTSVIEW POST OCCUPANCY SURVEY .................................................... 45
4.4 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER 5
5.1 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 51
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 52
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 54 - 61
APPENDIX 1 LEED NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT CHECKLIST (V4) . . . . . . . . 62
APPENDIX 2 BREEAM COMMUNITIES TECHNICAL MANUAL 2012 (SD202) . . . 65
APPENDIX 3 QUESTIONNAIRE .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
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ABBREVIATIONS !!$ !ABS$ Australian!Bureau!of!Statistics!
!AIHW$ Australian!Institute!of!Health!and!Welfare!$ !BREEAM$ Building!Research!Establishment!Environmental!Assessment!
Methodology!$ !HBD$ Healthy!by!Design!
!LEED$ Leadership!in!Energy!and!Environmental!Design!
!LEED:ND$ Leadership!in!Energy!and!Environmental!Design!T!Neighborhood!
Development!$ !NHSC$ National!Housing!Supply!Council!$ !SA$ South!Australia!
!WHO World!Health!Organisation ! ! $$$$$$$$$$$$
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L IST OF F IGURES $ $ PAGE$NO:$
FIGURE$1$ HBD!Principles! 1!
FIGURE$2$ Location!of!Lightsview! 2!
FIGURE$3$ Percentage!of!overweight/obesity!by!State!and!Territory! 8!
FIGURE$4$ State!budget!vs.!health!expenditure!(SA)! 10!
FIGURE$5$ HBD!Principles! 17!
FIGURE$6$ LEED!certification! 22!
FIGURE$7$ BREEAM!rating!system! 23!
FIGURE$8$ EnviroDevelopment!Logo! 25!
FIGURE$9$ Heart!Foundation!‘Tick’! 26!
FIGURE$10$ Conceptual!Framework! 28!
FIGURE$11$ Masterplan!of!Lightsview! 30!
FIGURE$12$ Community!Garden! 32!
FIGURE$13$ Survey! 33!
FIGURE$14$ Question!1!of!Survey!(Part!A)! 34!
FIGURE$15$ Question!1!of!Survey!(Part!B)! 34!
FIGURE$16$ Question!2!of!Survey! 38!
FIGURE$17$ Question!3!of!Survey! 39!
FIGURE$18$ Residents!and!NonTresidents! 42!
FIGURE$19$ Question!3!of!Interview! 43!
FIGURE$20$ Question!7!of!Interview! 44!
FIGURE$21$ Heart!Foundation!‘Tick’! 44!
FIGURE$22$ Top!5!reasons!for!living!within!Lightsview! 45!
FIGURE$23$ Other!reasons!for!living!within!Lightsview! 46!
FIGURE$24$ 1st!preference!of!what!they!enjoy!most!about!living!
within!Lightsview!
47!
FIGURE$25$ Eastern!Footpath!–!City!View!Boulevard! 48!
FIGURE$26$ Western!Footpath!–!City!View!Boulevard! 48!
FIGURE$27$ Comment!on!Survey! 49!
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CHAPTER$ONE$Introduction!!In!response!to!declining!health!caused!by!increase!in!obesity!rates!and!lack!of!
exercise,!the!design!of!residential!communities!now!plays!a!pivotal!role!in!
promoting!active!living.!
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In!2006,!the!National!Heart!Foundation!of!Australia!(Victorian!Division)!developed!a!
set!of!guidelines!based!on!new!urbanism!principles!in!response!to!health!concerns!
affecting!our!communities!(Sutherland!&!Carlisle!2007).!The!Healthy!by!Design!
guidelines!(HBD)!are!designed!to!encourage!social!inclusion!and!increase!physical!
activity!leading!to!better!health!of!residents!and!communities.!
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The!7!key!objectives!within!the!latest!HBD!guidelines!are!as!shown!below!(Figure!1).!
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This!set!of!best!practice!guidelines!is!well!respected!and!has!received!numerous!
planning!awards!across!Australia.!In!2012!the!South!Australian!Heart!Foundation!
released!their!own!HBD!guidelines!based!on!their!Victorian!counterparts.!Through!
working!collaboratively!with!Government!and!NonTGovernment!agencies,!a!
bipartisan!approach!to!encourage!people!to!be!more!active!has!contributed!to!a!
FIGURE$1!HBD!principles!
SOURCE!National!Heart!Foundation!of!Australia!(2012)!
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trend!of!good!quality!residential!developments,!which!utilise!this!best!practice!
model!(Brown,!Smith,!Hanson,!Fan,!KowaleskiTJones!&!Zick!2013).!
In!addition!to!guidelines!available!for!built!environment!professionals!to!use,!there!
exist!rating!tools!which!assess!plans!against!guidelines!and!assigns!a!value!which!
can!then!be!for!marketing!and!promotional!purposes.!!!
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Internationally,!there!are!two!wellTrespected!rating!tools!used!by!developers!to!
assess!their!projects.!Both!LEEDTND!(Leadership!in!Energy!and!Environmental!
Design!–!Neighbourhood!Development)!and!BREEAM!(Building!Research!
Establishment!Environmental!Assessment!Methodology)!allocate!branding!
elements!such!as!tiers!and!stars!respectively!to!those!developments!which!meet!
most!or!all!of!their!assessment!criteria.!
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In!South!Australia,!there!is!only!one!development!that!is!known!within!the!planning!
industry!for!utilising!the!HBD!principles!throughout!its!masterplan!(as!of!2013).!For!
this!research,!the!Lightsview!housing!estate!within!Northgate!in!Adelaide’s!North!
East!(Figure!2!below)!will!be!used!as!the!case!study!site!throughout!this!research.!
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FIGURE$2!Location!of!Lightsview!
Adelaide,$South$Australia! Lightsview$Estate,$Northgate!
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SOURCE!Google!Maps!
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1.1 Aims$of$Research$
The!aim!of!this!study!is!to!investigate!whether!and!how!residents!are!
attracted!to!live!in!residential!communities!in!order!to!access!particular!
design!features!that!promote!a!healthy!lifestyle.!In!particular!those!who!
reside!within!the!Lightsview!housing!estate!were!influenced!in!their!decision!
making!as!a!result.!The!second!objective!is!to!understand!public!awareness!
of!the!HBD!principles!used!within!the!Lightsview!estate!and!to!begin!
preliminary!research!into!potential!future!marketing!strategies.!
1.2$ Research$Questions$!
The!research!questions!for!this!thesis!were:!
• What!were!the!reasons!why!people!live!within!the!Lightsview!
housing!estate?!
o And!whether!healthTpromoting!features!were!a!factor?!
• Whether!in!this!decision,!residents!were!aware!of!the!Heart!
Foundation!Healthy!by!Design!guidelines!or!anything!similar?!
o Are!these!attractive!to!the!consumer?!
• Would!the!consumer!like!to!see!improved!marketing!and!potential!
branding!on!estates!which!are!identified!as!being!health!promoting?!
1.3$ Context$
As!the!need!to!promote!a!healthy!and!active!lifestyle!within!the!
communities!in!which!we!live!becomes!more!evident,!guidelines!provided!by!
government!and!nonTgovernment!agencies!continue!to!support!the!need!to!
have!health!promoting!principles!incorporated!into!planning!and!the!built!
environment.!!Some!developments!have!not!used!guidelines!as!such!but!
have!been!assessed!against!design!criteria!contained!in!ratings!tools!–!which!
then!assign!a!value!to!that!development.!
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In!South!Australia!(SA),!there!are!a!few!residential!developments,!which!
have!been!rated!as!‘EnviroDevelopments’!by!the!Urban!Design!Institute!of!
Australia.!These!include!Blackwood!Park!in!Craigburn!Farm!and!Lochiel!Park!
in!Campbelltown.!This!rating!tool!at!this!stage!is!the!only!tool!which!provides!
a!rating!relative!to!livability!within!residential!communities!in!Australia,!
although!a!new!tool!“Greenstar!Communities”!is!currently!being!trialled!
(EnviroDevelopment!2011).!Internationally!there!are!2!other!rating!tools!
known!for!their!assessment!of!masterplans–!LEEDTND!and!BREEAM,!where!
neither!of!the!two!have!any!sites!within!Australia!(Global!SKM!2012).!
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The!use!of!HBD!guidelines!at!Lightsview!by!the!developer!has!not!
constituted!the!use!of!a!rating!as!the!Heart!Foundation!does!not!assess!built!
environment!projects.!The!concept!behind!this!research!is!to!investigate!
consumer!preference!relative!to!particular!housing!communities!and!
whether!health!promoting!features!mandated!by!these!guidelines!have!any!
impact.!!The!Lightsview!housing!estate!within!South!Australia!will!be!used!as!
the!case!study!site!as!the!developers!have!used!the!latest!HBD!principles!
throughout!its!entire!masterplan.!The!HBD!guideline!is!not!a!rating!tool!but!a!
set!of!guidelines,!with!no!current!use!in!the!marketing!materials!of!
Lightsview.!
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1.4 Methodology$
In!order!to!research!whether!healthTpromoting!features!are!attractive!to!the!
consumer,!an!empirical!approach!comprising!both!qualitative!and!
quantitative!methods!and!analysis!was!used.!
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By!following!a!case!study!design!approach,!this!research!was!able!to!review!
concepts!relevant!to!a!specific!location.!By!using!this!model,!it!will!allow!in!
depth!data!to!be!collected!which!will!then!be!analysed!with!the!current!
literature!(May!2011).!As!Lightsview!is!the!pilot!project!for!HBD!guidelines!
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within!Adelaide,!it!presented!as!an!ideal!case!study!site!as!it!allowed!both!
the!objectives!and!aims!of!this!research!to!be!looked!into!greater!detail.!
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Based!on!personal!previous!research!conducted!relating!to!housing!
affordability,!health!and!consumer!preference,!this!helped!to!guide!this!
research.!
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By!undertaking!surveys,!interviews,!personal!conversations!with!relevant!
academics!and!analysis!of!the!current!literature,!a!wide!range!of!primary!and!
secondary!resources!was!used!throughout!this!research.!Through!
interviewing!members!of!the!public!and!having!meetings!with!key!
stakeholders,!to!handing!out!surveys!at!events!within!Lightsview,!there!were!
a!total!of!215!participants!involved!in!the!data!collection.!
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The!findings!of!this!research!will!be!of!interest!to!those!who!developed!
Lightsview,!the!built!environment!professionals!and!healthTorientated!
professionals.!!
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1.5 Limitations$and$Delimitations$
Limitations$
Literature!on!the!effect!of!design!on!health!promoting!behavior!is!
easy!to!find,!however!a!review!of!the!current!literature!into!
consumer!preference!with!regards!to!health!promoting!features,!it!
was!discovered!that!a!small!number!of!studies!looked!into!some!of!
the!areas!of!this!research.!In!particular!the!RESIDential!Environment!
Study!(RESIDE)!project!conducted!in!Western!Australia!by!the!
Department!of!Planning,!the!Heart!Foundation,!Water!Corporation!
and!the!University!of!Western!Australia!which!evaluated!the!impacts!
of!urban!design!on!health,!specifically!the!impact!of!walking,!cycling,!
use!of!public!transport!and!sense!of!community.!Unfortunately!after!
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several!attempts,!I!was!unable!to!obtain!access!to!this!study,!as!it’s!
confidential.!But!there!is!some!research!conducted!on!the!results!of!
their!findings!that!are!available!publically.!
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Another!limitation!was!the!need!for!confidentiality!when!accessing!
data!from!the!developer!based!study!where!additional!data!from!the!
developers!who!were!conducting!a!post!occupancy!survey!of!
residents!which!had!some!overlapping!with!this!research.!!Concerns!
regarding!overlapping!and!survey!fatigue!had!to!be!addressed.!
Another!issue!that!was!faced!was!the!limited!potential!case!study!
sites!that!exist!where!HBD!was!used!during!design!and!development.!
Delimitations$
During!the!interview!stage!with!members!of!the!public!at!Lightsview,!
majority!was!asked!whether!they!were!aware!of!the!HBD!guidelines.!
Where!potentially!those!who!were!interviewed!may!have!been!
aware!of!other!similar!documents!but!I!may!have!appeared!as!
someone!who!was!only!interested!in!HBD.$
As!a!result!of!the!crossTdisciplinary!nature!of!this!topic,!studies!may!
have!been!missed!as!a!result!of!the!search!terms!used!or!differences!
in!terminology!during!the!literature!review.!As!the!studies!found!
were!relating!to!either!consumer!preference!or!health,!these!studies!
used!variables!which!were!significantly!at!variance!from!this!
research,!this!limited!the!use!of!their!findings!and!conclusions.!
Based!on!the!little!literature!that!exists,!and!that!majority!reflects!on!
walkability!rather!than!guidelines!and!consumer!preference,!the!
findings!of!this!research!is!certainly!something!of!significance!to!the!
relevant!stakeholders!(Government!and!nonTGovernment!
organisations).!
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1.6 Synopsis$of$the$Chapters$
This!thesis!is!separated!into!5!chapters!–!the!first!being!the!Introduction!
providing!an!overview!of!the!aims!of!this!research,!its!context,!methodology!
used!and!identifying!the!limitations!faced.!
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The!second!chapter!–!Literature-Review,!analyses!the!existing!literature!that!
relates!specifically!to!how!housing!and!residential!location!decisions!are!
made!and!the!linkages!with!personal!and!family!health!objectives!and!
perceptions.!This!chapter!will!also!look!into!consumer!preference!and!the!
effects!of!branding!on!developments.!
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The!third!chapter!–!Methodology!outlines!the!research!objectives!and!
questions,!the!concept!behind!the!research!(conceptual!framework),!the!
research!design!and!outline!the!ethical!requirements!relating!to!the!
research.!
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The!fourth!chapter!–!Findings-will!discuss!the!results!of!the!data!collected!
through!the!surveys,!interviews!and!the!post!occupancy!data,!analysis!and!
discussion!of!the!results!against!themes!from!the!literature.!
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The!fifth!and!final!chapter!–!Conclusions-and-Recommendations-will!
summarise!the!key!findings!of!this!research!relative!to!the!research!
questions!and!objectives.!It!will!also!outline!the!recommendations.!
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SOURCE!Heart!Foundation!2012$
CHAPTER$TWO$Literature!Review!2.1 Health$
Increasing$population$
As!outlined!in!the!2010!Australian!Intergenerational!Report,!the!National!
government!predicts!the!population!of!Australia!to!increase!to!35.6M!by!
2050.!Where!in!2006,!the!Australian!population!was!21.6!million!people;!
therefore!the!predicted!increase!will!be!58.9%!in!as!many!years!according!to!
the!Australian!Bureau!of!Statistics!(ABS)!2006.!This!figure!raises!the!issue!
that!we!need!to!plan!for!future!population!growth!(Colitis!2007).!
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Obesity$
According!to!Stanton!(2009),!67.4%!of!all!Australians!are!classified!as!either!
being!overweight!or!obese.!Where!the!Heart!Foundation!(2012a)!highlighted!
that!South!Australians!have!the!highest!overweight/obesity!rates!anywhere!
in!Australia!in!2011/12!as!shown!in!Figure!3!below.!
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Those!who!are!either!overweight!or!obese!have!significant!health,!social!and!
economic!consequences!as!a!direct!result!of!their!lack!of!physical!activity!
and!poor!diet.!Where!those!67.4%!are!more!likely!to!suffer!from!health!
illnesses!such!as!heart!disease!and!diabetes!–!two!of!the!biggest!killers!in!
Australia!(Heart!Foundation!2012b).!
!
!
$ S.A$ W.A$ QLD$ TAS$ ACT$ NT$ VIC$ NSW$
Overweight/$
Obesity$67.1%! 65.9%! 65.8%! 65.6%! 63%! 62.4%! 62%! 61.2%!
FIGURE$3$Percentage!of!overweight/obesity!by!State!and!Territory$
!!!
!
9!
In!addition!to!combatting!cancers,!mobility!problems!and!sleep!apnoea,!the!
shift!to!promote!physical!activity!is!vital!to!stop!the!alarming!increase!of!
poor!health!and!to!promote!a!healthy!way!of!life.!
$
Lack$of$physical$activity$
Despite!the!muchTpublicised!benefits!to!ones!health!as!a!result!of!physical!
activity,!people!globally!have!been!reducing!the!amount!of!physical!activity!
they!undertake!(Harvard!School!of!Public!Health!2013).!According!to!the!
World!Health!Organisation!(WHO)!(2011),!across!the!Globe!only!1!in!3!
people!get!little,!if!any!physical!activity.!This!report!also!highlights!that!
people’s!physical!activity!levels!are!declining!not!only!within!wealthy!
countries!such!as!Australia,!but!also!in!low!and!medium!income!countries!
such!as!China!and!India.!
!
The!need!to!support!a!healthy!and!active!lifestyle!is!becoming!increasingly!
more!important.!Chronic!disease!in!Australia!has!a!high!incidence!of!health!
diseases!such!as!cardiovascular!disease!and!diabetes,!often!caused!by!poor!
lifestyles!and!little!physical!activity!(Davies!2011).!The!greatest!component!
of!these!diseases!is!the!lack!of!physical!activity!that!results!in!
overweight/obesity!for!the!individual.!!
!
Costs$to$individual$and$community$health$$
In!South!Australia!(SA),!the!health!budget!represents!$5!billion!dollars!out!of!
the!total!$16!Billion!for!the!state!each!year.!Effectively!1/3!of!the!state’s!
entire!revenue!is!devoted!entirely!to!health!as!reflected!in!Figure!4!on!the!
following!page!(SA!Health!2013).!The!alarming!fact!is!that!this!number!is!
increasing!each!year!to!a!point!that!is!not!justifiable!and!requires!urgent!
attention.!!
!
!
!!!
!
10!
FIGURE$4$State!budget!vs.!health!expenditure!(SA)!
SOURCE$Department!of!Health!2007!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
According!to!Kiviniemi!&!Rothman!(2008),!to!change!ones!perceptions!and!
behaviours!is!a!difficult!task!and!will!not!happen!quickly.!Within!many!
countries!and!jurisdictions,!their!healthcare!system!is!struggling!with!
increasing!costs!and!to!meet!demand!(GilesTCorti!&!Donovan!2003).!
As!well!as!monetary!value!there!is!the!loss!of!the!individuals!quality!of!life!
and!community!potential!from!a!high!burden!of!disease!and!disability.!
!
Children’s$Health$
As!discussed!by!Coulter!&!Woods!2011,!children!were!born!to!be!active.!
Whether!this!was!through!running,!hopping,!skipping!or!jumping,!it!was!vital!
for!children!to!be!physically!active!in!order!to!promote!and!support!their!
muscular,!skeletal,!metabolic!and!neurological!systems!(Esliger!et!al!2010).!
However!studies!have!found!that!today!most!children!are!in!a!sitting!
position!throughout!each!day!(Ngo,!Pquet,!Howard,!Coffee!&!Adams!2013).!
By!sitting!to!type,!study,!watch!TV,!play!sports,!using!gaming!consoles!and!
even!as!a!passenger!in!a!car!–!these!all!contribute!negatively!towards!ones!
lack!of!physical!activity.!Dollman!(2010)!found!that!many!children!replicate!
their!parents’!attitudes!and!behaviour!whilst!growing!up!and!believe!that!
!!!
!
11!
sedentary!behaviour!is!the!norm,!therefore!highlighting!the!need!to!become!
more!active.!
!
Ageing$
South!Australia!has!the!highest!rate!of!ageing!population!compared!to!any!
other!state!or!territory!in!Australia!(South!Australian!Government!2012).!
Where!by!2031,!they!predict!1!in!5!people!will!be!over!the!age!of!65!in!SA.!In!
2007,!the!World!Health!Organisation!released!a!set!of!guidelines!called!
Global-Age=friendly-Cities.!
-
Within!this!document!it!identifies!8!design!principles!similar!to!those!within!
the!HBD!guidelines.!These!include:!
1. Design!and!maintenance!of!public!spaces!and!buildings!
2. Transportation!
3. Housing!
4. Social!participation!
5. Respect!and!social!inclusion!
6. Civic!participation!and!employment!
7. Communication!and!information!
8. Community!support!and!health!service!
!
To!manage!the!rate!of!ageing!population,!4!fundamental!pillars!need!to!be!
adopted!by!both!government!and!nonTgovernment!agencies,!these!include:!
security!(vulnerability),!activity!(inclusion),!education!and!improving!health!
through!built!environments!(WHO!2007).!
!
Social$determinants$of$Health$
According!to!the!South!Australian!Government!(2013),!our!health!and!
wellbeing!is!influenced!by!a!wide!range!of!factors!including!social,!economic!
and!environment,!which!are!referred!to!as!social!determinants!of!health.!
SOURCE$WHO!2007$
!!!
!
12!
As!discussed!by!the!WHO!(2008),!poor!social!and!economic!circumstances!
have!a!negative!effect!on!our!health!throughout!life.!This!is!greater!felt!at!
opposite!ends!of!the!social!hierarchy,!where!within!this!same!report!it!notes!
that!those!who!are!at!the!lower!end!of!this!scale!do!suffer!from!double!the!
risk!of!serious!illness!and!early!death!compared!to!those!on!top.!Other!
disadvantages!include!poor!education,!insecure!employment!and!poor!
quality!housing,!where!these!social!determinants!of!health!exist!within!all!
countries!(Marmot!2007).!!
2.2 Housing$
As!discussed!above,!housing!is!a!key!component!of!the!social!determinants!
of!health.!The!Australian!Institute!of!Health!and!Welfare!(AIHW)!in!their!
Housing!Assistance!Report!(2013)!emphasises!housing!plays!a!crucial!role!in!
the!health!and!wellbeing!of!all!Australians.!By!offering!safety,!security!and!
privacy,!housing!is!seen!as!a!basic!human!right!by!many.!!
!
Owner!occupied!housing!is!the!most!common!form!of!housing!tenure!across!
Australia,!where!in!2011!67%!of!Australians!(5.3!million!people)!owned!their!
own!dwelling!(with!or!without!a!mortgage).!With!25%!(2.3!million!people)!
renting!their!properties!privately,!with!5%!(460,000!people),!renting!through!
public!housing!programs!with!the!remaining!3%!seen!as!unspecified!as!
outlined!in!the!Census.!
!
The!Great!Australian!dream!has!always!been!to!own!a!large!family!home!on!
a!quarter!acre!block,!with!a!huge!backyard!for!the!kids.!But!the!issue!of!
public!and!private!tenure!becomes!more!evident!due!to!the!combination!of!
unaffordability,!dwindling!supply!of!vacant!land!and!our!changing!needs!
(Homelessness!Australia!2011;!Bruce!&!Kelly!2013).!Adelaide!is!often!seen!as!
one!of!the!most!competitively!priced!property!markets!in!Australia,!however!
!!!
!
13!
the!supply!of!wellTlocated!and!affordable!land!fluctuates!as!a!result!of!
population!growth!and!market!demands!(Forster!2006).!
!
Affordable$Land$and$Housing$
In!part!to!address!the!issue!of!wellTlocated!and!affordable!land,!in!2010!the!
South!Australian!Government!released!the!30!Year!Plan!for!Greater!
Adelaide.!This!planning!strategy!identifies!how!to!accommodate!growth,!
transport!and!infrastructure!whilst!still!preserving!our!heritage.!!
!
This!plan!and!the!legislation!also!attempts!to!address!the!issue!of!affordable!
housing!by!amending!the!SA!planning!policy!to!ensure!that!all!large!
developments!were!required!to!include!at!least!15%!of!the!total!number!of!
residences!(including!5%!high!need),!to!be!purchased!by!consumers!whose!
income!falls!within!certain!income!thresholds;!these!properties!are!referred!
to!as!affordable!housing!which!enables!both!public!and!private!investment!
into!the!issue!of!accessibility!(South!Australian!Government!2010).!
!
Housing$access$and$shortfalls$
According!to!the!AIHW!(2013),!housing!accessibility!varies!on!supply!and!
demand,!where!low!accessibility!remains!a!significant!issue!for!all!Australian!
Governments.!!According!to!the!ABS!(2009),!there!were!approximately!7.8!
million!households!living!within!private!dwellings!in!2008!1.!This!has!been!an!
increase!of!10%!since!2006!and!of!34%!since!1991!based!on!the!Census!data!
respectively!(Housing!Assistance!Report!2013).!
The!National!Housing!Supply!Council!(NHSC)!estimated!that!the!shortfall!of!
residential!properties!to!be!approximately!228,000!dwellings!in!between!
2001!and!2011,!where!this!gap!will!increase!to!370,000!dwellings!by!2016!
and!to!492,000!dwellings!by!2021!(NHSC!2012).!The!demand!for!housing!in!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!It!must!also!be!noted,!that!this!number!has!increased!significantly!during!the!Early!2000’s!as!discussed!by!the!ABS!(2009).!2!BASIX!only!exists!in!New!South!Wales!and!is!included!within!the!Environmental!Planning!and!
!!!
!
14!
most!areas!across!Australia!will!always!be!greater!for!private!tenure!
compared!to!public!(rental)!demand!(NHSC!2011).!
!
Price$increases$
Between!2001!and!2011,!the!median!house!price!nationally!increased!by!
147%;!where!in!2001!the!median!was!$169,000!to!$417,500!in!2011.!The!
average!income!nationally!increased!by!57%,!from!$36,000!to!$57,000!in!the!
same!time!period,!where!it!is!predicted!that!a!similar!pattern!will!continue!in!
the!future!(National!Centre!for!Social!and!Economic!Modelling!2011).!!
2.3 Masterplanning$
Much!of!the!new!housing!supply!in!Australia!is!expected!to!come!via!
masterplanned!communities.!!As!discussed!by!Bajracharya!&!Minnery!
(1999),!masterplanned!residential!communities!are!large!scale!projects!
primarily!driven!by!private!sector!investment.!!The!stakeholders!behind!
masterplanned!projects,!such!as!councils,!government!agencies!and!the!
developers!may!have!an!overall!vision!which!they!are!aiming!to!achieve.!
Through!masterplanning!most!variables!can!be!incorporated!to!develop!a!
strategy!to!help!achieve!the!principle!aims!of!the!project!(Madden!2001).!
!
Previous$approach$to$development$
Moran!(2007)!highlights!that!Australia!has!one!of!the!lowest!population!
densities!compared!to!other!countries!with!a!similar!population!globally.!
During!the!Mid!1900’s,!suburbs!were!designed!to!support!the!motor!vehicle,!
as!it!was!a!popular!trend!at!the!time.!As!populations!within!cities!increase,!
urban!sprawl!is!becoming!a!significant!issue.!With!most!areas!of!Adelaide!
being!known!for!its!heritage!listed!buildings!and!mainly!low!density!living!
within!our!urban!growth!boundary!(Allan!2011).!
!
!!!
!
15!
But!now!as!our!needs!change!and!our!cities!continue!to!expand,!new!models!
of!how!we!should!design!our!communities!and!cities!begins!to!become!of!
even!greater!importance!(Wales!2005).!
!
Future$of$masterplanning$
According!to!the!South!Australian!Governments!30!Year!Plan!for!Greater!
Adelaide!released!in!2010,!the!expected!population!of!the!state!will!be!2!
million!people!when!this!plan!is!fully!realised.!That!means!extra!land!will!
need!to!be!made!available!to!accommodate!this!influx.!The!Plan!for!greater!
Adelaide!has!identified!in!order!to!support!this!growth,!expanding!our!urban!
growth!boundary!into!what!used!to!be!classified!as!regional!areas!is!vital!
(Forster!2006).!
!
Within!this!planning!strategy,!the!upgrade!of!the!42km!commuter!rail!line!
from!Gawler!in!the!North!to!Noarlunga!in!the!South!is!vital!to!support!the!
increased!density!envisaged!(Allan!2011).!One!of!the!key!features!of!this!
strategy!and!the!upgrade!of!the!rail!line!are!the!several!strategically!placed!
Transit!Orientated!Developments!(TODs)!that!will!be!established.!These!
developments!are!a!combination!of!residential,!retail!and!commercial!land!
use!located!within!close!proximity!to!community!spaces!and!transportation!
corridors!within!a!medium!to!highTdensity!setting!as!envisaged!in!the!State!
Governments!Transit=orientated-developments-through-a-health-lens-
guideline!document!(2011).!These!guidelines!also!follow!similar!design!
philosophies!as!HBD.!!In!tandem!with!this,!as!discussed!by!Randolph!(2004),!
there!has!been!a!strong!demand!for!housing!within!the!city!core.!Through!
urban!infill!and!the!development!of!Greenfield!sites,!this!has!increased!
densities!across!the!metropolitan!region.!
!
A!local!example!of!where!masterplanning!has!been!heading!is!Fulton!(2006).!
He!discusses!the!primary!amenities!of!Mawson!Lakes!such!as!the!train!
!!!
!
16!
station!and!the!university;!developers!were!able!to!take!into!consideration!
accessibility!to!these!services.!Through!careful!consideration!of!the!layout!of!
neighbourhoods!and!accessibility!for!private!vehicles,!stakeholders!were!
able!to!have!some!influence!and!control!regarding!public!transportation!
usage!and!increasing!pedestrian!activity.!!
2.4 Healthy$Communities$
Town!planners!and!government!officials!play!a!crucial!role!in!designing!and!
implementing!the!urban!environments!in!which!we!live!and!work!(Farrow!&!
Vanderkaay!2011;!Baum!2007;!Capon!2007).!As!discussed!by!WHO!(2010)!
within!urbanised!areas!globally,!children!spend!80T90%!of!their!day!indoors!
within!some!jurisdictions.!Therefore!vulnerable!groups!such!as!children,!
elderly!and!those!with!a!disability!are!at!serious!risks!of!poor!health!as!a!
result!of!the!urban!and!social!environment!in!which!they!live.!
!
In!2004!the!Heart!Foundation!in!Victoria,!Australia!introduced:!Healthy-by-
Design-–-A-planners-guide-to-environments-for-Active-Living!(Heart!
Foundation!2012a).!This!document!has!been!designed!to!be!used!as!a!tool!
for!creating!masterplans,!designing!guidelines,!assessing!development!
applications!and!establishing!visions!and!planning!strategies.!This!document!
is!primarily!aimed!towards!the!planning!profession,!but!also!engineers,!
landscape!architects,!developers!and!health!planners.!Recently!the!Heart!
Foundation!has!also!released!a!range!of!additional!resources!looking!at!
promoting!health!within!communities!by!working!closely!with!the!relevant!
government!stakeholders.!
!
These!resources!include:!Healthy!Spaces!and!places!–!a-national-guide-to-
designing-places-for-healthy-living;!Active!and!Healthy!Communities!–!a-
resource-package-for-local-government-to-create-supportive-environments-
for-physical-activity-and-healthy-eating;!Neighbourhood!Walkability!
!!!
!
17!
Checklist;!Food!Sensitive!Planning!and!Urban!Design!and!Creating!Healthy!
Neighbourhoods.!To!complement!these!new!resources,!the!Government!of!
SA!in!2012!released!its!Streets!for!People!Compendium,!designing-people=
friendly-streets-that-promote-cycling-and-walking.!
!
To!support!the!HBD!guidelines!written!by!the!Heart!Foundation!in!Victoria,!
the!Heart!Foundation!in!SA!in!close!partnership!with!key!Government!and!
nonTGovernment!stakeholders!in!2012,!released!Healthy!by!Design!SA!–!A-
guide-to-planning,-designing-and-developing-healthy-urban-environments-in-
South-Australia.!
!
HBD!refers!to!a!range!of!principles!that!contributes!to!the!propensity!of!the!
individual!being!physically!active!(see!Figure!5!below).!
!
!
Whether!this!is!done!through!creating!higher!densities!and!having!amenities!
nearby,!or!by!providing!aesthetically!attractive!environments!to!promote!
walking!and!promote!physical!activity.!All!of!which!contribute!to!an!
individual’s!tendency!to!be!physically!active!which!will!result!in!improved!
health!outcomes!(Sutherland!&!Carlisle!2007).!
!
FIGURE$5!HBD!principles!
SOURCE!National!Heart!Foundation!of!Australia!(2012)!
!!!
!
18!
Throughout!various!reports!and!journal!articles,!it!was!clear!to!notice!that!
there!were!various!case!studies!found!globally!relating!to!health!and!our!
built!environment,!but!very!few!within!Australia.!Although!the!literature!
from!Australia!commended!the!design!of!developments!which!utilise!the!
HBD!principles!and!how!it!would!work!in!promoting!pedestrian!activity,!but!
there!was!no!research!available!publically!to!prove!that!there!was!an!actual!
effect!locally.!
!
The!HBD!principles!can!be!seen!as!an!‘umbrella’!of!planning!design!and!
policies,!where!transport,!social!integration,!different!housing!types,!
accessibility!to!food!and!employment!are!key!examples!which!must!be!
thoroughly!planned!for!in!order!to!reap!its!benefits.!
!
Currently!the!HBD!guidelines!and!principles!are!simply!a!guide!and!are!not!
legislation,!so!developers!are!not!obligated!to!follow!these!design!principles.!
Whether!legislation!needs!to!change!to!ensure!that!all!developers!are!
required!to!implement!these!wellTrespected!and!recognised!design!
principles;!this!already!appears!to!be!an!observable!recommendation!within!
the!early!stages!of!this!research.!
!
By!strategically!placing!facilities!such!as!schools,!parks,!public!transport,!
shops!and!employment!within!close!proximity;!we!are!able!to!support!a!
healthier!lifestyle,!which!then!supports!an!active!routine!and!therefore!
reducing!ones!car!dependency!as!a!result!of!its!neighbourhood!design!(Rose!
2000).!
!
As!discussed!by!Cleary!&!Mcclintock!(2000),!neighbourhoods!which!feature!
cycling!infrastructure!would!encourage!the!community!to!utilise!these!
facilities!regardless!of!whether!they!were!a!cyclist!or!not.!An!interesting!
point!found!within!research!from!Delaware!in!the!United!States,!was!that!
!!!
!
19!
properties!within!a!close!proximity!to!a!bicycle!path!would!increase!in!value!
by!4%!(Dhanju!&!Racca!2006).!
!
The!HBD!guideline!appears!as!an!important!tool,!particularly!when!
combined!with!achieving!the!goals!of!our!planning!strategy.!However!little!
evidence!could!be!found!of!the!general!public!awareness!of!this!document.!
Although!the!report!itself!recognises!that!it!increases!awareness!and!
involvement!by!both!the!public!and!private!sector!developers.!It!suggests!
that!this!document!is!primarily!used!by!those!professionals!within!the!
planning!industry,!however!public!awareness!of!this!document!which!
identifies!key!principles!relating!to!how!they!live!appears!to!be!lacking.!
2.5 Who$buys$into$walkable?$
As!discussed!by!Mapes!&!Wolch!(2011),!in!the!past!decade!there!has!been!
an!increasing!trend!developing!by!those!marketing!new!residential!
communities!across!the!Globe,!that!claim!their!neighbourhoods!set!them!
apart!from!the!rest.!These!developments!are!often!advertised!as!being!
environmentally!friendly,!high!quality!and!attractive!–!an!address!which!
residents!can!take!‘pride’!of!living!in!(Kriese!&!Scholz!2011).!
!
These!qualities!which!consumers!would!value!would!vary!between!each!
development.!As!discussed!by!Evans!&!Unsworth!(2001),!there!is!a!strong!
focus!on!environmental!qualities!relating!to!consumer!preference.!Other!
amenities!such!as!close!proximity!to!playgrounds!and!feeling!of!safety!are!
equally!as!important!(Lichtenstein!&!Slovic!2006).!
!
From!small!to!large!sized!allotments,!these!qualities!can!be!attributed!to!any!
community.!According!to!research!undertaken!by!Ayturk!&!Fischer!(2011),!
the!size!of!the!property!is!a!critical!factor!when!deciding!where!to!live.!
Where!adaptability!to!ones!changing!needs!as!time!progresses,!namely!
!!!
!
20!
around!family!and!work!commitments!is!a!major!factor!(Dunse,!Thanos!&!
Bramley!2013;!Beer,!Faulkner,!Baker,!Tually,!Raftery!&!Cutler!2009).!
!
In!terms!of!identifying!the!type!of!individual!who!would!live!within!a!
community!which!has!been!designed!to!support!a!healthy!and!active!
lifestyle,!this!remains!unclear.!Although!one!would!likely!assume!that!a!
health!focused!and!active!individual!would!move!into!this!estate,!there!is!no!
evidence!that!supports!this!locally.!There!have!been!studies!from!the!United!
Kingdom!which!looks!into!consumer!preference,!however!these!related!
healthy!communities!to!merely!an!increase!of!density!(Fisher!&!Ayturk!
2011).!
!
In!terms!of!analysing!the!main!features!of!a!healthy!community,!there!are!
various!studies!which!support!elements!such!as!footpaths,!playgrounds,!
parks,!access!to!food!and!cycling!infrastructure!as!being!attractive!(Dunse!et-
al!2013).!In!terms!of!density,!concerns!relative!to!overcrowding,!noise!and!
privacy!act!as!the!main!deterrence!towards!following!similar!modelling!in!SA!
as!outlined!by!Fisher!&!Ayturk!2011.!
2.6 Guidelines$
Across!the!globe,!guidelines!have!been!produced!by!several!bodies!to!
promote!either!health!or!environmental!responsibility!(or!both).!In!Australia,!
these!guidelines!are!limited.!In!the!United!States!there!are!many,!but!the!
most!commonly!used!guidelines!include:!Leadership!in!Energy!&!
Environmental!Design!(LEED),!Living!Building!Challenge,!Green!Globes,!Build!
it!Green,!National!Association!of!Home!Builders!National!Green!Building!
Standard!(NAHB!NGBS),!International!Green!Construction!code!(IGCC)!and!
Energy!Star!(Azhar,!Carlton,!Olsen!&!Ahmed!(2011)).!The!LEED!rating!system!
has!been!applied!to!over!60,000!projects!in!the!United!States!and!across!30!
other!countries!mainly!in!China,!United!Arab!Emirates,!Brazil,!Canada!and!
!!!
!
21!
India.!LEED!is!one!of!the!few!bodies!that!have!established!a!rating!tool!for!
communities!–!LEED!for!Neighbourhood!Development!(LEEDTND).!
!
These!guidelines!take!into!consideration!within!the!assessment;!its!location,!
ecology,!water!and!land!conservation,!remediation!works,!access!to!quality!
transport,!bicycle!facilities,!housing!and!jobs!proximity,!conservation!
management,!walkability,!open!spaces,!density,!affordability,!accessibility,!
community!involvement,!education,!streetscapes!and!local!food!production!
(Kyrkou!&!Karthaus!2011).!!
!
As!discussed!by!Mapes!&!Wolch!2011,!there!has!been!a!strong!push!to!
provide!uniform!guidelines!for!new!community!developments.!The!LEEDTND!
model!was!first!used!in!2007!as!a!pilot!project!based!on!new!urbanism!
concepts.!Where!Forysth!(2005)!pointed!out!that!after!extensive!
negotiations!with!the!relevant!planning!authorities!and!key!stakeholders,!
many!developers!found!the!concept!unattractive!and!‘abandoned’!using!
similar!guidelines!as!it!was!not!required!to!be!used!by!the!relevant!planning!
authorities!in!order!to!obtain!approval!for!their!developments.!All!LEED!
rating!systems!T!including!the!LEEDTND!model,!use!a!point!structure!where!
developments!are!awarded!up!to!110!points!within!the!following!categories:!
Smart!location!&!linkage,!Neighbourhood!pattern!&!design,!Green!
Infrastructure!&!buildings,!Innovation!&!Design!Process!and!Regional!Priority!
Credits!–!with!the!last!two!act!as!bonus!categories!to!increase!the!points!
obtained!(see!Appendix!1!for!LEEDTND!Checklist!pg.!62).!
!
As!shown!in!Figure!6!on!the!following!page,!all!LEED!certifications!are!
awarded!tokens!relevant!to!their!tier,!where!Certified!requires!40T49!points,!
Silver!50T59!points,!Gold!60T79!points!and!Platinum!80+!points!(US!Green!
Building!Council!2013).!As!of!October!2013,!there!are!a!total!of!115!LEEDTND!
certified!projects!throughout!the!United!States!according!to!their!website.!
!!!
!
22!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Within!the!U.S.,!many!federal,!state!and!local!governments!provide!
incentives!to!developers!who!use!LEED!certification.!These!include:!tax!
breaks,!reduced!development!application!fees,!expedited!approvals,!
government!grants!and!low!interest!loans,!with!the!goal!to!promote!uniform!
use!of!this!tool!(Arny!2005).!
!
As!discussed!by!Fuerst!&!McAllister!(2011),!LEED!is!well!recognised!by!
consumers!for!acting!as!the!authority!in!assessing!developments!in!terms!of!
sustainability.!According!to!their!research,!they!discovered!that!sale!prices!
and!occupancy!rates!within!commercial!office!buildings!increased,!as!a!
result!of!using!the!LEED!rating!system!on!its!marketing!material,!where!
rental!properties!attracted!a!9%!increase!and!resale!attracted!an!18%!T!25%!
premium.!Buildings!which!had!more!than!one!certification,!e.g.!LEED!and!
Energy!Star!attracted!an!additional!5T10%!respectively!on!top!of!the!LEED!
premiums!(Cole!&!Valdebenito!2013;!Fuerst!&!McAllister!2011).!However!
nothing!was!found!to!show!whether!residential!property!values!increased!
after!using!the!LEEDTND!tool.!
!
Another!wellTknown!rating!tool!is!the!Building!Research!Establishment!
Environmental!Assessment!Method!(BREEAM).!Similar!to!LEED,!BREEAM!
undertakes!an!assessment!of!developments!based!on!certain!criteria!and!
awards!a!star!rating!as!shown!in!Figure!7!on!the!following!page!(Anderson,!
Sheirs!&!Sinclair!2008).!
FIGURE$6$LEED!Certification!!
SOURCE$Vert!Energy!Group!!
!!!
!
23!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
The!BREEAM!rating!tool!is!primarily!used!within!the!United!Kingdom!and!
over!50!other!countries!mainly!within!Europe!and!Asia,!with!over!200,000!
developments!certified!using!this!tool!(Aspinal!2012).!Similar!to!LEED,!the!
BREEAM!rating!tool!is!mainly!used!to!assess!environmental!sustainability!
within!the!construction!industry.!In!2008!BREEAM!released!its!BREEAM!
Communities!rating!tool,!with!a!restructure!of!the!checklist!in!2012.!The!
main!categories!that!residential!developments!are!now!assessed!under!
include!governance,!social!and!economic!wellbeing,!resource!and!energy,!
land!use!and!ecology!and!transport!and!movement!(see!Appendix!2!for!the!
BREEAM!Communities!checklist!(2012)!pg.!65).!
!
Within!Australia!there!are!several!rating!tools!which!exist:!the!National!
Australian!Built!Environment!Rating!Scheme!(NABERS)!which!assesses!
environmental!impact!and!use;!Building!Sustainability!Index!(BASIX)!which!
aims!to!reduce!water!and!energy!consumption2;!Sustainable!Tools!for!
Environmental!Performance!(STEPS);!Sustainable!Design!Scorecard!(SDS);!
Nationwide!House!Energy!Rating!Scheme!(NatHERS);!Greensmart!which!
supports!builders!in!developing!environmentally!sustainable!housing;!
‘EnviroDevelopment’!which!provides!certification!under!the!elements!of!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2!BASIX!only!exists!in!New!South!Wales!and!is!included!within!the!Environmental!Planning!and!Assessment!Act!(NSW!Government!Planning!and!Infrastructure!2012).!
FIGURE$7$BREEAM!Rating!System!
SOURCE$BREEAM!!!
!!!
!
24!
ecosystems,!waste,!energy,!materials,!water!and!liveability!within!the!
community!and!‘Greenstar’!which!provides!ratings!for!commercial!spaces!
and!communities!(Global!SKM!2012).!
!
The!latter!two!rating!tools:!‘EnviroDevelopment’!and!Greenstar!are!the!only!
ratings!tools!which!exist!within!Australia!to!assess!residential!communities.!
As!the!Greenstar!community!rating!tool!is!still!in!its!pilot!stage,!this!rating!
tool!is!unlikely!to!be!seen!for!sometime!within!private!sector!development,!
as!the!pilot!site!is!the!$6!billion!Barangaroo!urban!regeneration!project!on!
the!Sydney!Harbour!in!New!South!Wales!(Municipal!Engineering!Australia!
2013).!
!
As!with!Greenstars’!other!rating!systems,!communities!will!be!awarded!on!a!
point!system!where!45T59!points!is!seen!as!Best!Practice!(4!Star),!60T74!
points!is!Australian!Excellence!(5!Star)!and!75+!points!is!seen!as!World!
Leadership!(6!Star)!(Green!Building!Council!of!Australia!2012).!The!tool!
assesses!communities!under:!governance,!design!and!liveability,!economic!
prosperity,!environment!and!innovation.!For!communities!to!be!assessed!
using!this!rating!tool!from!the!Green!Building!Council!of!Australia,!as!of!
October!2013!the!fee!is!$60,000!for!each!development!after!the!pilot!project!
is!completed!(Green!Building!Council!of!Australia!2013).!As!this!rating!tool!is!
still!in!the!early!stages,!the!final!checklist!has!not!been!released!to!the!public!
at!this!stage.!However!the!current!draft!is!very!similar!to!that!of!BREEAM!
Communities!(Appendix!2!pg.!65).!
!
Effectively!the!only!rating!tool!which!exists!in!Australia!relative!to!
communities!currently,!is!the!‘EnviroDevelopment.’!As!reflected!in!Figure!8!
on!the!following!page,!these!type!of!developments!are!assessed!under!6!
different!elements!as!mentioned!previously,!where!the!assessment!will!
!!!
!
25!
award!different!symbols!so!the!developer!can!include!them!in!their!
marketing!material!(see!Figure!8!below).!
!
!
!
!
The!community!element!is!assessed!for!safety,!aesthetics,!walkability,!
accessibility!and!design.!Where!developers!can!pay!up!to!$16,500!for!
certification!under!this!rating!tool!(EnviroDevelopment!2011).!Use!of!the!
‘EnviroDevelopments’!rating!tool!is!popular!across!the!eastern!states!of!
Australia!(Municipal!Engineering!Australia!2013).!These!developments!are!
well!respected!and!acknowledged!by!planning!professionals;!however!these!
types!of!developments!primarily!focus!on!environmental!sustainability.!
!
Future$
A!neighbourhood!is!no!longer!defined!by!its!boundary!on!a!map,!but!is!now!
widely!recognised!as!having!its!own!identity.!Where!people!can!live,!work,!
shop!and!interact!with!their!neighbours!within!a!cohesive!manner,!where!
residents!can!walk!the!streets!and!feel!safe!(Slavin!2011).!Essentially!there!
are!many!qualities!which!one!can!find!located!within!a!‘good!quality’!
neighbourhood!as!discussed!by!Duany!&!PlaterTZyberk!(2010),!these!include:!
a!distinct!town!centre,!a!variety!of!different!housing!options,!mixed!use,!
access!to!education,!playgrounds!within!walking!distance!from!all!dwellings,!
connected!streets!for!walkability,!narrow!and!shaded!streets,!pedestrian!
priority!and!good!quality!public!open!spaces!and!facilities.!
!
Studies!have!shown!that!developments,!which!utilise!branding!for!being!
environmentally!conscious!does!attract!a!sales!premium!(Langdon!2007).!
The!real!estate!market!has!identified!higher!financial!returns!on!
FIGURE$8$EnviroDevelopment!Logo!
SOURCE$UDIA!!!
!!!
!
26!
developments!when!branding!by!wellTrespected!rating!tools!such!as!LEED!
and!Green!Star!on!residential!properties!is!used!(Fuerst!&!McAllister!2009).!
Nonetheless,!use!of!these!guidelines!in!branding!of!developments!has!
become!increasingly!popular.!Branding!by!the!Heart!Foundation!is!well!
respected!and!widely!recognised!by!its!
distinguishable!tick!too!most!(Figure!9!
right).!However!it!is!only!used!for!
identifying!healthy!food,!therefore!
restricting!its!potential!use!in!rating!
communities!(Mueller!&!Umberger!2010).!
These!guidelines!aid!in!establishing!a!best!
practice!model!to!help!the!relevant!
stakeholders!in!achieving!a!high!quality!
development!in!terms!of!achieving!environmental!sustainability!and!
improved!quality!of!life!for!its!users.!As!majority!of!the!rating!tools!which!
exist!globally!are!third!party,!there!is!little!requirement!for!developers!to!use!
these!guidelines,!however!particular!branding!allows!developers!to!increase!
their!financial!return!as!a!result!of!its!use!(Cole!&!Valdebenito!2013;!
Philiastides!&!Ratcliff!2013;!Fuerst!&!McAllister!2009).!!!
!
After!an!analysis!of!the!guidelines!which!exist!currently,!the!LEEDTND!
(Leadership!in!Energy!and!Environmental!Design!for!New!Developments)!
appears!to!be!the!most!comprehensive!model!which!includes!health!and!
environmental!aspects.!Where!these!tools!essentially!act!as!a!branding!
element!for!developers!who!are!able!to!use!this!in!marketing!their!
developments!and!within!some!jurisdictions!receive!from!incentives!from!
governments!for!their!use.!Use!of!these!guidelines!are!expensive!with!fees!
varying!on!the!size!of!the!development,!as!of!2013!use!of!the!
‘EnviroDevelopment’!rating!tool!starts!from!$3300,!to!over!$500,000!for!
LEEDTND!certification.!!
$FIGURE$9$Heart!Foundation!‘Tick’!of!Approval!
SOURCE$Wellbeing!
!!!
!
27!
CHAPTER THREE Methodology !Within!this!section!of!the!thesis,!it!will!detail!the!following:!research!objectives,!
research!questions,!conceptual!framework,!research!design!and!ethical!
considerations!as!required!by!the!University.!
3.1$ Research$Objectives$!
The!research!objectives!for!this!thesis!were!to:!
• Investigate!why!people!decide!to!live!within!communities!designed!
with!health!promoting!principles!
• To!understand!the!level!of!awareness!of!the!Healthy!by!Design!
principles!used!within!the!Lightsview!estate!
• And!to!begin!preliminary!research!and!analysis!into!potential!
branding!for!communities!which!promote!a!healthy!and!active!
lifestyle.!
3.2$ Research$Questions$!
The!research!questions!for!this!thesis!were:!
• To!identify!what!were!the!reasons!why!people!live!within!the!
Lightsview!housing!estate?!
o And!whether!healthTpromoting!features!were!a!factor?!
• Whether!people!are!aware!of!the!Healthy!by!Design!guidelines!or!
anything!similar?!
o Are!these!attractive!to!the!consumer?!
• Would!the!consumer!like!to!see!improved!branding!on!estates!which!
are!identified!as!being!‘healthy?’!
!
!!!
!
28!
3.3$ Conceptual$Framework$!
!The!aim!of!this!research!is!to!identify!why!consumers!live!within!a!
masterplanned!housing!estate!and!specifically!whether!health!promoting!
design!features!were!a!reason!why!they!chose!to!live!within!this!
development.!Secondly!to!review!the!current!literature!and!research!that!
looks!into!healthy!communities!and!consumer!demands!both!within!
Australia!and!globally.!This!will!assist!in!identifying!the!amount!of!literature!
which!exists!on!the!topic!to!date!and!where!gaps!currently!exist!within!this!
area!as!shown!in!the!Conceptual!Framework!in!Figure!10!above.!
!
The!amount!of!literature!that!exists!on!consumer!preference!when!
purchasing!property!within!healthy!communities!is!limited.!Although!the!
research!already!assumes!that!consumers!would!likely!find!the!idea!of!living!
within!a!healthy!community!attractive,!research!is!needed!to!identify!what!
could!assist!them!in!identifying!these!developments.!
!
!
!
FIGURE$10$Conceptual!Framework!
Review!the!literature!that!looks!into!developments/communities!and!consumer!preference!within!Australia!
Identify!case!study!
Identify!gap!in!knowledge/research!
Recommendations!for!future!work!
Review!the!literature!that!looks!into!developments/communities!and!consumer!preference!globally-
Significance!of!research!
!!!
!
29!
According!to!May!(2011),!by!using!a!case!study!research!approach!it!allows!
the!researcher!to!obtain!in!depth!data!on!a!specific!site!related!to!the!topic.!
Where!due!to!the!limited!case!studies!that!exist,!there!was!a!narrow!
selection.!Within!South!Australia,!the!only!example!of!a!community!that!has!
used!the!Heart!Foundations!HBD!guidelines!throughout!its!masterplan!
(which!is!known!publically)!is!the!Lightsview!housing!estate!in!Northgate!in!
Adelaide’s!North!East.!
!
As!reviewed!in!Chapter!2,!due!to!the!rising!concerns!around!health!it!is!
expected!that!this!research!will!be!of!great!significance!to!various!
stakeholders.!Ranging!from!the!team!who!designed!Lightsview,!to!town!
planners,!the!Heart!Foundation,!property!developers,!marketing!staff,!
university!academics!and!those!who!have!a!general!interest!within!any!of!
these!areas.!The!findings!of!this!research!will!assist!key!stakeholders!in!
promoting!these!types!of!communities.!
3.4$ Case$study$!
In!order!to!determine!why!people!live!within!the!Lightsview!housing!estate!
and!whether!healthTpromoting!features!are!attractive!to!the!consumer,!an!
empirical!approach!comprising!both!qualitative!and!quantitative!methods!
and!analysis!was!used.!By!using!a!case!study!design!approach,!this!research!
was!able!to!relate!the!current!literature!to!a!selected!site!in!order!to!
investigate!the!objectives!and!aims!of!this!research.!
!
The!Lightsview!housing!estate!is!a!master!planned!development!which!has!
been!developed!on!a!Greenfields!site!and!is!located!8kms!North!East!of!the!
Adelaide!CBD!within!the!suburb!of!Northgate!in!SA.!The!private!and!public!
jointTventure!development!between!the!Canberra!Investment!Corporation!
(CIC)!and!Renewal!SA!(at!the!time!the!Land!Management!Corporation)!used!
HBD!guidelines!to!develop!a!residential!community!that!promotes!a!healthy!
!!!
!
30!
and!active!lifestyle!from!the!initial!concept!in!2007!and!therefore!acting!as!a!
pilot!site!for!the!HBD!guidelines!in!SA!(Heart!Foundation!2012).!!
!
Complemented!by!its!landscaped!parks,!open!reserves,!water!features,!lakes!
and!meticulously!designed!and!located!walkways!and!cycling!trails!found!
throughout!the!development!as!shown!in!the!Masterplan!below!(Figure!11),!
aid!in!establishing!Lightsview!as!a!‘prestigious’!community!in!which!residents!
can!take!‘pride’!in!the!high!quality!community!which!they!call!home,!as!
discussed!on!the!Lightsview!website.!
!
!
!
Lightsview!is!advertised!as!a!‘premium’!development!and!this!is!reflected!in!
their!marketing!material!and!cost!of!land.!According!to!RPData!(2013),!
Northgate!has!a!median!sale!price!of!$517,500!in!2013,!where!the!
metropolitan!region!of!Adelaide!had!a!median!price!of!$355,000!for!the!
same!time!period.!The!HBD!pilot!project!can!be!identified!as!an!expensive!
area,!regardless!of!the!15%!allocation!of!affordable!housing!as!required!by!
the!planning!legislation.!
!
FIGURE$11$Masterplan!of!Lightsview!
SOURCE$Fogarty!2007!!
!!!
!
31!
As!discussed!by!Fogarty!(2011),!the!developers!had!the!aim!of!establishing!a!
new!benchmark!for!masterplanned!developments.!With!input!from!
government!agencies!and!health!organisations,!the!Lightsview!development!
has!been!recognised!to!date!as!a!successful!project!which!has!incorporated!
walkability,!good!quality!open!spaces,!promoting!sustainability!and!
providing!wide!housing!diversity.!Merged!with!what!has!been!discussed!in!
the!Literature!(Chapter!2),!the!Lightsview!estate!can!be!seen!as!an!ideal!case!
study!site,!as!it!strives!to!set!new!industry!standards!and!promote!the!HBD!
guidelines!throughout!its!masterplan.!
3.5 Data$Collection$and$Analysis$!The!research!will!be!of!a!deductive!approach!as!the!observations!and!
findings!was!based!on!theory!obtained!from!the!relevant!literature.!In!order!
to!accomplish!the!research!aims!and!objectives!as!examined!previously!
within!Chapters!3.1!and!3.2,!a!combination!of!surveys!and!interviews!were!
conducted.!
!
Post$Occupation$Survey$
Centred!on!preliminary!discussions!within!the!early!stages!of!this!research!
with!the!developers!(CIC!Australia)!at!their!request,!I!amended!my!questions!
which!I!asked!in!the!surveys,!due!to!their!concerns!regarding!overlapping!
and!survey!fatigue!of!residents!in!their!post!occupancy!survey!and!my!
research.!This!survey!was!sent!to!all!of!those!who!live!within!Lightsview!
where!various!aspects!of!the!development!were!researched.!
!
Surveys$
Fortunately!I!was!provided!unidentified!data!obtained!from!their!post!
occupation!survey!for!the!questions!which!were!relevant!to!this!research.!
However!as!a!result!of!other!reasons,!interviews!were!conducted!as!I!was!no!
longer!expecting!to!receive!this!data!from!their!surveys.!
!!!
!
32!
FIGURE$12!Community!Garden!
SOURCE!Urban!Sprout!Facebook!Page!
Fortunately!I!received!this!data!after!I!had!undertaken!these!interviews,!so!
the!total!number!of!participants!was!greater!which!further!supports!the!
findings!of!this!research.!!
!
In!order!to!obtain!an!adequate!sample!size,!a!goal!of!at!least!20!valid!
responses!from!the!surveys!was!required!in!order!to!make!these!findings!
valid!and!supported!(May!2010).!The!questions!asked!in!my!surveys!looked!
into!what!HBD!principles!were!important!to!the!residents!of!Lightsview!and!
which!ones!they!identified!as!existing!within!the!development.!
!
These!surveys!were!conducted!on!the!25th!of!August!2013!when!Lightsview!
launched!their!‘Community!Veggie!Patch’,!which!is!located!in!front!of!the!
Urban!Lights!Café!within!Lightsview!(Figure!12!below).!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
Within!the!HBD!guidelines,!one!of!the!seven!design!principles!that!underpin!
this!set!of!guidelines!is!the!supply!of!local!food.!As!described!within!this!
document,!developments!should!support!the!ability!to!grow!food!locally!
(Heart!Foundation!2012a).!
As!this!launch!was!during!the!‘Fair!Food!Week,’!OPAL!(Obesity!Prevention!
and!Lifestyle)!teamed!with!Lightsview!to!launch!its!community!vegetable!
garden.!OPAL!is!a!State!Government!initiative!which!works!with!local!
!
!!!
!
33!
councils!to!promote!healthy!eating!and!exercise!within!the!community.!This!
launch!allowed!local!residents!to!meet!each!other!and!to!indulge!in!a!free!
healthy!breakfast.!
This!allowed!me!to!meet!the!local!residents!from!a!wide!range!of!
demographics!who!were!present!and!to!complete!my!surveys.!
An!A5!size!postcard!was!created!to!be!used!in!the!survey!and!outlines!the!
nature!of!my!research!to!the!public!and!the!questions!being!asked,!as!shown!
in!Figure!13!below.!I!have!kept!it!as!short!as!possible!in!order!to!obtain!as!
many!responses!as!I!can!(see!Appendix!3!pg.!69!for!a!larger!size!of!the!
survey).!
Interviews$
For!the!interviews,!a!total!of!15!were!conducted!at!random!locations!
throughout!Lightsview!in!Late!2013.!The!questions!asked!allowed!both!
residents!and!nonTresidents!to!offer!their!opinion!on!potential!branding!and!
identify!what!features!they!enjoy!most!about!Lightsview.!
!
All!of!this!data!is!shown!within!graphs!and!discussions!in!later!chapters.!
3.6 Ethics$!Prior!to!the!commencement!of!this!research,!in!July!2013!Dr!Ian!Clark!–!
Associate!Head!of!the!School!of!Natural!and!Built!Environments,!provided!
FIGURE$13!Survey$
Back!of!Questionnaire!Front!side!of!Questionnaire!
!!!
!
34!
ethics!approval!on!behalf!of!the!University!of!South!Australia’s!Human!
Research!Ethics!committee.!
!
By!using!the!wellTknown!IVCARD!ethics!model!used!in!social!and!medical!
research,!this!guided!the!research!through!each!of!the!requirements!needed!
to!obtain!ethics!approval!from!the!University!(National!Health!and!Medical!
Research!Council!2011).!
3.6.1 Informed$Consent$and$Voluntary$Participation$!
One!of!the!ethic!requirements!is!to!ensure!all!participants!involved!in!the!
data!collection!do!so!at!their!own!will.!!
All!data!collected,!from!interviews!and!surveys!will!be!stored!in!a!locked!
cabinet!for!5!years!as!required!by!the!University!of!South!Australia’s!Human!
Research!Ethics!committee.!All!data!collected!will!be!used!entirely!and!only!
for!those!purposes!necessary!to!complete!this!research.
3.6.2 Confidentiality$and$Anonymity$!One!of!the!major!ethical!requirements!is!to!ensure!confidentiality.!Where!all!
data!collected,!from!interviews!and!surveys!will!be!stored!in!a!locked!cabinet!
as!required.!All!data!collected!was!used!entirely!and!only!for!those!purposes!
necessary!to!complete!this!research.!Both!survey!participants!and!the!
identities!of!those!who!were!interviewed,!will!remain!confidential!at!all!
times.!
Prior!to!commencing!the!interviews,!I!would!advise!them!beforehand,!and!if!
requested,!I!would!not!record!a!transcript!and!or!publish!their!name!and!
occupation!if!it!arose!during!the!interviews.!
!
!!!
!
35!
No!identity!markers!was!used!during!the!data!collection,!to!not!identify!
them!in!any!way!in!order!to!protect!their!identity!as!discussed!by!Matthews!
&!Ross!2010,!pg.!187.!
3.6.3 Right$to$Withdraw,$Do$No$Harm$&$Debrief$!All!participants!involved!had!the!right!to!withdraw!at!anytime!without!
prejudice.!All!data!collection!was!undertaken!in!a!respectful!and!responsible!
manner,!where!their!personal!safety!was!maintained!throughout.!I!also!
ensured!that!I!always!wore!the!University’s!polo!shirt!and!had!my!student!ID!
available!at!all!times!during!the!data!collection!to!confirm!my!identity.!
!
If!requested!by!any!of!the!participants,!I!would!have!been!more!than!happy!
to!provide!them!with!a!summary!of!the!findings!from!this!research!with!all!
confidential!information!omitted!–!however!no!request!was!made.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!!
!
36!
CHAPTER FOUR Findings !The!following!chapter!provides!a!description!of!the!results!obtained!from!the!
surveys!and!interviews!that!were!undertaken!as!described!within!the!previous!
chapters.!Due!to!the!empirical!approach!which!has!been!undertaken,!surveys!and!
interviews!were!decided!to!be!used!to!best!answer!the!aims!and!objectives!of!this!
research.!As!mentioned!within!the!Methodology!(Chapter!3),!I!was!able!to!access!
data!from!the!Lightsview!Post!Occupancy!survey!which!was!distributed!to!its!
residents!in!Late!2013.!
!
4.1$ Surveys$!
The!following!results!came!from!after!attending!the!community!garden!
launch!on!the!25th!of!August!2013.!Where!a!total!of!36!valid!responses!was!
obtained!–!35!from!asking!them!questions!directly!and!filling!out!the!survey,!
and!1!who!completed!the!survey!at!a!table!set!up!next!to!the!café.!
!
Question$1$
The!first!question!asked,!‘Are-you-aware-that-Lightsview-has-been-designed-
to-promote-a-healthy-and-active-lifestyle?’!!
From!these!36!responses,!92%!(n.33)!were!aware!that!Lightsview!has!been!
designed!to!promote!a!healthy!and!active!lifestyle,!compared!to!8%!(n.3)!
who!were!not!as!shown!in!Figure!14!on!the!following!page.!Those!who!were!
not!familiar!therefore!did!not!list!any!features!in!their!response.!
!!!
!
37!
19!18!
10!9!
8!7!
6!6!
3!3!
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14! 16! 18! 20!
Walking!Parks!
Cycling!Paths!Playgrounds!
Tennis!Courts!Gardens!
Community!Garden!Design!Encumbrances!
Community!Events!Water!Recyling!
Number$of$People$
What$features$are$you$aware$of?$
!
!
The!next!part!of!this!question!asked!participants:!if-yes,-what-features-are-
you-aware-of?-From!the!92%!(n.33)!who!answered!yes,!there!was!a!diverse!
range!of!responses!provided.!As!there!were!not!any!hints!on!this!side!of!the!
survey!form,!participants!were!required!to!think!on!what!those!features!
were.!
As!shown!in!Figure!15!below,!there!were!10!different!responses!provided!to!
this!question.!
92%$
8%$
Are$you$aware$that$Lightsview$has$been$designed$to$promote$a$healthy$and$acbve$lifestyle?$
Yes!(33)!!No!(3)!
FIGURE$14$Question!1!of!the!Survey!(Part!A)!
FIGURE$15$Question!1!of!the!Survey!(Part!B)!
!!!
!
38!
As!shown!previously!the!most!common!response!to!this!question!was!
walking!with!57%!of!participants!(n.19)!selecting!this!as!one!of!their!
responses.!Out!of!the!total!33!who!answered,!all!selected!a!range!of!features!
as!their!response!to!this!question.!
4.1.1 Question$2$!
The!second!question!of!the!survey!listed:!Lightsview-has-been-designed-to-
incorporate:-
o an!integrated!network!for!pedestrians!and!cyclists!
o provide!an!attractive!and!safe!streetscape!and!environment!
o local!amenities!which!promote!vibrant!neighbourhoods!
o good!quality!open!spaces!&!infrastructure!
o range!of!good!quality!higher!density!properties!
o and!supply!of!local!sustainable!food!
Are!these!important!to!you?!Please!tick!which!ones!are!most!
important!above.!
As!shown!in!Figure!16!below,!from!the!36!responses!obtained,!good!quality!
open!spaces!and!infrastructure,!was!the!most!important!feature!selected!by!
majority!of!the!participants!(72%!(n.24)).!As!with!Question!1!of!the!survey,!
respondents!were!able!to!select!more!than!one!choice.!
20!22!
19!24!
18!18!
0! 5! 10! 15! 20! 25! 30!
An!integrated!network!for!pedestrians!and!
Provide!an!asractve!and!safe!streetscape!and!
Local!amenites!which!promote!vibrant!
Good!quality!open!spaces!&!infrastructure!
Range!of!good!quality!higher!density!
Supply!of!local!sustainable!food!
Number$of$People$
What$features$are$most$important$to$you?$
FIGURE$16$Question!2!of!the!Survey!
!!!
!
39!
97%$
3%$
Has$Lightsview$supported$a$healthy$and$acbve$lifestyle?$
Yes!
No!
FIGURE$17$Question!3!
It!was!assumed!that!most!residents!would!not!have!recognised!that!these!6!
principles!are!what!underpin!the!Heart!Foundations!HBD!guidelines.!!
From!those!35!who!completed!this!survey!in!front!of!me,!none!alluded!that!
these!belonged!to!a!specific!document!or!anything!similar.!It!is!unknown!
whether!the!one!individual!who!completed!this!survey!at!the!tables,!knew!of!
these!guidelines!as!I!was!not!able!to!observe!their!verbal!and!physical!cues.!
!
Based!on!the!total!of!36!responses,!all!participants!nominated!at!least!two!
principles!which!were!most!important!to!them!T!these!are!discussed!in!
Chapter!4.4!pg.!47.!
!
4.1.2 Question$3$!
The!third!and!final!question!of!the!survey!asked!participants:!‘Do-you-feel-
that-the-design-of-Lightsview-has-supported-an-active-and-healthy-lifestyle?-
Please-briefly-state-your-reasons-why:-’-
!
Out!of!the!36!responses,!97%!
(n.35)!said!Yes!to!this!question!
(Figure!10).!!The!participant!who!
answered!No!to!this!was!one!
who!completed!this!in!front!of!
me.!Where!this!elderly!
gentleman!held!concerns!
regarding!dangers!to!pedestrian!
safety!due!to!the!extra!width!of!
some!footpaths,!promoting!
cycling!and!skateboarding!use.!
!
As!shown!in!Figure!17!above,!out!of!the!97%!who!answered!Yes,!86%!(n.31)!
referred!to!those!features!which!were!listed!in!either!Question!1!or!2.!With!
!!!
!
40!
the!remaining!13%!(n.5)!identified!that!Lightsview!has!encouraged!them!to!
exercise!more!frequently!due!to!the!good!quality!and!attractive!facilities!
which!exist!within!the!estate.!
4.2 Interviews$!
A!total!of!15!interviews!were!conducted!within!Lightsview!on!the!2nd!and!3rd!
of!November!2013.!Those!who!were!interviewed!were!approached!at!
random!locations!throughout!the!estate.!
!
Each!participant!was!asked!7!questions,!where!these!are!shown!on!the!
following!page.
! 41#
4.2.1%% Breakdown%of%Responses%!
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Participant%
number:% Q1%#Are#you
#a#re
siden
t#of#Lightsview?%
Q2%#Are#you
#aware#that#Lightsview#has#
been
#designe
d#to#su
pport#a
#health
y#and#
activ
e#lifestyle?%
Q3#What#a
re#th
e#features#you
#like#abo
ut#
Lightsview
?%
Q4#Are#you#aw
are#of#th
e#He
althy#by#
Desig
n#guidelines?%
Q5%Do
#you
#find
#these#attractiv
e?##
% Q6%Are#you#aw
are#of#anywhe
re#else
#in#
South#Au
stralia#which#has#th
ese#principles#
in#place?%
Q7%Wou
ld#you
#like#to
#see#im
proved
#
branding#on#de
velopm
ents#which#use#
these#He
art#F
ound
ation#de
sign#principles?%
1% Yes# Yes# Parks,#Location#&#Footpaths# Yes# No# Yes# Yes#
2% Yes# No# Parks#&#Aesthetics# No# No# No# Yes#
3% Yes# Yes# Parks#&#Aesthetics# Yes# No# Yes# No#
4% Yes# Yes# Parks,#Location#&#Aesthetics# Yes# Yes# Yes# Yes#
5% No# No# Parks#&#Aesthetics# No# No# Yes# No#
6% Yes# No# Location#&#Aesthetics# Yes# Yes# Yes# No#
7% Yes# No# Location#&#Aesthetics# Yes# No# Yes# Yes#
8% Yes# Yes# Aesthetics# Yes# Yes# Yes# Yes#
9% Yes# Yes# Parks,#Location#&#Aesthetics# Yes# No# Yes# No#Preference#
10% Yes# No# Parks# No# Yes# Yes# No#
11% Yes# Yes# Location# Yes# No# Yes# No#Preference#
12% No# No# Parks#&#Aesthetics# No# No# Yes# Yes#
13% Yes# Yes# Aesthetics# Yes# No# Yes# No#Preference#
14% No# No# Parks,#Location#&#Footpaths# No# No# Yes# Yes#
15% Yes# Yes# Location#&#Parks# Yes# No# Yes# No#
!!!
!
42#
4.2.2 Summary*of*Interviews*#
Question*1*
Based#on#the#15#interviews#that#were#conducted#within#Lightsview,#86%#(n.13)#
were#residents#and#the#remaining#14%#(n.2)#were#those#who#lived#locally#within#
surrounding#areas#(Figure#18).#
#
Those#who#were#interviewed#
ranged#from#people#who#
appeared#to#be#within#the#age#
bracket#of#20#–#70#years#old,#
therefore#representing#as#a#
comprehensive#demographic#for#
interviews.#
#
Question*2*
From#these#15#people,#10#were#aware#that#Lightsview#has#been#designed#to#
support#a#healthy#and#active#lifestyle,#therefore#demonstrating#that#66%#of#
interviewees#were#aware#of#its#design#–#compared#to#the#34%#(n.5)#who#was#
not.#
#
Question*3*
As#show#in#Figure#19#on#the#following#page,#the#most#popular#amenity#that#the#
interviewees#appreciated#about#Lightsview#was#the#aesthetics#of#the#estate,#
with#73%#(n.11)#selecting#this#as#one#of#their#choices.#As#those#who#were#
interviewed#were#able#to#nominate#multiple#reasons#as#to#what#they#enjoy#
about#Lightsview,#33%#(n.5)#selected#three,#40%#(n.6)#selecting#two#and#27%#
(n.4)#selecting#one#reason.#
87%#
13%#
Interviews*
Residents#
NonPresidents#
FIGURE*18*Residents#and#NonPresidents##
!!!
!
43#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
With#46%#(n.7)#of#those#who#were#interviewed#selecting#both#parks#and#the#
overall#aesthetics#of#the#estate,#as#there#most#preferred#features#of#Lightsview.#
#
Questions*4*and*5*
With#only#20%#(n.3)#knowing#of#the#HBD#guidelines,#compared#to#80%#who#
were#not#familiar#aware#of#them#(n.12).#None#of#those#who#were#interviewed#
could#identify#any#of#the#HBD#principles.#I#briefly#went#through#these#principles,#
with#93%#(n.14)#of#respondents#seeing#these#as#being#attractive#and#would#look#
upon#communities#which#employ#these#guidelines#and#principles#more#
favourably,#compared#to#7%#(n.1)#who#felt#otherwise#due#to#safety#concerns#as#
a#result#of#parks.#
#
Question*6*
Based#on#those#who#were#familiar,#66%#(n.2)#believed#that#Mawson#Lakes,#
Blakes#Crossing#and#Seaford#Meadows#were#housing#communities#which#were#
similar#to#Lightsview#as#these#were#newer#forms#of#development.#
#
#
11#
10#
7#
2#
0* 2* 4* 6* 8* 10* 12*
General*AestheEcs*
Parks*
LocaEon*
Footpaths*
Number*of*people*
What*features*they*admire*within*Lightsview?*
FIGURE*19*Question#3#of#Interview#
!!!
!
44#
Question*6*
#
##
As#shown#in#Figure#20#above,#40%#(n.6)#would#
support#branding#and#improved#marketing#from#
the#Heart#Foundation#on#communities#that#utilise#
these#design#principles.#From#those#33%#(n.5)#
who#would#not#support#improved#branding,#held#
concerns#over#the#use#of#the#well#known#and#
respected#Heart#Foundations#tick#as#they#are#
most#commonly#known#for#working#with#food#
and#not#residential#communities#(Figure#21#right).#
#
Where#the#27%#who#held#no#preference#were#cautious#with#potential#branding#
as#they#felt#it#would#likely#contribute#towards#a#financial#premium#being#added#
on#living#within#this#development.#
#
!#
40%#
33%#
27%#
Interviewees*who*would*support*improved*branding*
Yes#
No#
No#preference#
FIGURE*20*Question#7#of#Interview##
*FIGURE*21*Heart#Foundation#Tick#
SOURCE*Wellbeing#
!!!
!
45#
4.3* Lightsview*Post*Occupancy*Survey*#
As#mentioned#within#previous#chapters,#I#was#able#to#obtain#access#to#some#of#
the#data#from#the#Lightsview#Post#Occupancy#survey#which#was#distributed#to#
everyone#who#lives#within#the#development.#
#
From#the#thousands#who#were#emailed,#there#were#a#total#of#190#responses#
received.#As#the#survey#allowed#users#to#skip#questions,#there#are#some#
discrepancies#with#the#sample#size#in#each#question.#
#
#
# #
# #
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Similar#to#those#questions#which#I#asked#in#my#surveys#and#interviews,#those#
who#participated#in#the#Post#Occupancy#Survey#were#able#to#select#more#than#
one#response.#As#shown#in#Figure#22#above,#based#on#the#164#responses#P#
82.3%#(n.#135)#selected#that#the#estates#close#proximity#to#the#CBD#was#one#of#
the#most#popular#reasons#for#living#within#the#estate.#
#
82.30%#
60.40%#
49.40%#
47.00%#
36.60%#
Proximity#to#CBD#
Look#and#feel#of#Lightsview#
Parks#and#Recrea_on#Spaces#
Overall#Lightsview#Vision#
Quality#of#exis_ng#development#
Top*5*reasons*for*living*within*Lightview*(%*of*responses)*
NOTE#164#Respondents#
FIGURE*22*Top#5#reasons#for#living#within#Lightsview**##
!!!
!
46#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
As#shown#in#Figure#23#above,#there#was#a#wide#range#of#different#reasons#
received#for#this#survey#as#to#why#people#live#within#Lightsview.##It#is#reflected#
above#that#the#aesthetics,#public#spaces#and#overall#vision#of#Lightsview#were#
the#main#reasons#why#people#live#within#the#estate.#Comparing#to#the#other#
popular#reasons#such#as#its#short#proximity#to#amenities#and#the#variety#of#
housing#on#offer#P##these#reasons#relate#to#the#HBD#principles.#
#
#
#
#
FIGURE*23*Other#reasons#for#living#within#Lightsview**##
32.9%#
32.3%#
28.7%#
28.7%#
27.4%#
24.4%#
15.2%#
13.4%#
10.4%#
9.8%#
7.3%#
1.8%#
Encumbrance#
Affordability#
Proximity#to#Shops#
Access#to#high#speed#internet#
Close#to#where#they#previously#live#
Sense#of#Community#
To#be#close#to#family#and#friends#
Variety#in#housing#choice#
Recommenda_on#
Close#to#schools#
Other#(Unknown)#
Sales#process#
Other*reasons*for*living*within*Lightsview*
!!!
!
47#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Within#this#survey,#residents#were#able#to#select#what#their#first#preference#was#
of#what#they#enjoy#most#about#living#within#Lightsview#(Figure#24#above).#From#
the#76#responses#received#for#this#question,#47.3%#(n.36)#selected#that#
walkability#was#what#they#enjoyed#most#about#being#a#resident.#
#
4.4 Discussion**Survey*
As#shown#previously#within#this#chapter,#walkability#and#aesthetics#are#the#most#
attractive#features#based#on#those#surveyed#at#the#community#garden#launch.##
#
Where#visual#elements#were#easier#to#identify#as#opposed#to#things#one#
couldn’t#visualise#such#as#safety,#healthy#food#availability,#housing#tenure,#etc.#
From#the#participants#who#undertook#the#surveys,#all#acknowledged#a#range#of#
features#that#they#identified#as#existing#within#Lightsview.#The#most#popular#
combination#being#both#walking#and#parks#which#was#answered#by#48%#of#
respondents.##
36#
17#
8#
7#
6#
2#
Walkability#
Mix#of#Housing#
Sense#of#Community#
Quality#of#Parklands#
Level#of#Security#
Encumbrances#
1st*Preference*of*what*they*enjoy*most*about*living*within*Lightsview**
NOTE#76#Respondents#
FIGURE*24*1st#preference#of#what#they#enjoy#most#about#living#within#Lightsview#
#
!!!
!
48#
#
These#responses#showed#that#the#participants#held#a#comprehensive#
understanding#on#what#healthPpromoting#features#exist#within#Lightsview.#
However#the#only#gap#in#the#responses#provided#was#Safety#which#is#a#feature#
commonly#discussed#in#literature#but#not#marketed#as#health.#As#discussed#
within#the#HBD#guidelines#(Heart#Foundation#2004),#the#feeling#of#safety#has#a#
significant#impact#on#our#health#and#affects#how#we#are#involved#within#our#
communities.#
#
During#the#completion#of#the#surveys,#there#were#a#lot#of#verbal#cues#from#the#
participants#with#most#praising#the#design#of#Lightsview.#The#only#complaint#
from#the#36#surveyed,#was#of#an#elderly#gentleman#who#complained#that#the#
design#of#Lightsview#attracted#too#many#‘bad#eggs’#due#to#the#width#of#the#
footpath#and#the#danger#this#presents#to#other#pedestrians#–#although#a#wide#
and#narrow#footpath#is#provided#on#opposite#sides#of#the#street#as#shown#in#
Figure#25#and#26#below.#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# #
The#other#complaint#by#the#same#participant#was#that#due#to#the#amount#of#
construction#which#is#currently#taking#place,#there#is#a#lot#of#rubbish#dumped#
along#the#footpaths#and#nature#reserves#which#make#it#difficult#to#use.#
FIGURE*25*Eastern#footpath#on#Cityview#Boulevard#(Wide)# FIGURE*26*Western#footpath#on#
Cityview#Boulevard#(Narrow)#
!!!
!
49#
#
However#in#opposing#views,#75%#of#participants#went#out#of#their#way#to#
compliment#key#features#within#Lightsview#when#they#were#filling#out#these#
surveys.#These#features#included#the#wide#footpaths,#many#parks#and#good#
quality#infrastructure#that#exist#within#Lightsview.#
#
Where#one#participant#even#went#to#the#effort#of#writing:#‘There%needs%to%be%
more%urban%planning%and%design%like%Lightsview%available%in%all%areas%of%
Adelaide’#(Figure#27#below).#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Interviews*
Surprisingly#the#data#obtained#from#these#interviews#were#similar#to#that#of#the#
surveys.#From#the#interviews,#93%#would#look#upon#communities,#which#
engage#with#the#HBD#principles#within#its#design#more#favourably.#However#in#
terms#of#potential#branding#there#was#mixed#results.#The#strong#verbal#cues#
from#those#interviewed#suggest#that#most#would#welcome#the#idea,#but#held#
FIGURE*27*Comment#on#Survey#
!!!
!
50#
reservations#about#price#increases#on#the#development#as#a#result#of#its#use#and#
how#this#would#work.#
#
An#interesting#point#to#highlight#during#the#interviews#was#that#those#who#were#
familiar#only#knew#so#after#the#sales#staff#from#Lightsview#pointed#out#the#main#
design#features.#Similar#to#those#who#were#surveyed#earlier#in#the#research,#
participants#were#able#to#define#those#features#that#were#HBD#related#as#these#
were#visuals#(footpaths,#cycling#trails#etc.).#Where#again#only#20%#was#aware#of#
the#HBD#guidelines#and#93%#found#this#attractive.#
#
As#Lightsview#is#a#new#development,#those#who#were#interviewed#saw#
Lightsview#as#being#similar#to#other#new#developments#that#are#currently#taking#
place#across#the#state.#
#
However#only#20%#were#aware#of#the#HBD#guidelines#existence,#and#those#who#
were#aware#of#its#existence,#66%#associated#other#new#housing#estates#as#being#
similar#to#that#Lightsview#in#terms#of#design#features.#
#
Post*Occupancy*Data#
An#interesting#point#that#is#evident#in#this#data#is#the#estates#close#proximity#to#
the#CBD#proved#to#be#the#most#popular#reason#why#people#live#in#Lightsview.#
However#other#features#such#as#aesthetics#and#the#amount#of#parks#provided#
proved#as#also#very#important#amenities#to#the#consumer.#Where#47.3%#
selected#that#walkability#was#what#they#enjoyed#most#about#being#a#resident#of#
Lightsview.#
#
As#with#both#the#surveys#and#interviews,#the#residents#identified#that#the#
features#they#enjoy#about#Lightsview#were#qualities#which#promote#a#healthy#
lifestyle#and#likely#unaware#that#these#features#all#relate#to#the#HBD#principles.#
!!!
!
51#
CHAPTER F IVE Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion*#
After#a#thorough#literature#review,#it#was#evident#to#note#that#a#lack#of#
literature#and#research#exists#relating#to#health#promoting#communities#and#
why#people#live#within#those#particular#developments.#After#talking#with#
numerous#university#academics#across#Australia,#researching#what#is#available#
within#the#current#literature,#it#became#clear#that#there#was#a#lot#of#research#
discussing#the#importance#of#communities#which#support#a#healthy#and#active#
lifestyle,#but#very#little#on#consumer#preference#relating#to#this#area.#
#
I#believe#that#this#thesis#is#the#first#research#of#its#kind#which#looks#at#a#South#
Australian#example#of#a#healthy#community.#After#researching#the#thoughts#of#a#
total#of#215#participants,#I#feel#the#findings#of#this#research#are#significant#and#
important#to#the#team#which#designed#Lightsview,#the#Heart#Foundation,#town#
planners,#property#developers,#marketing#staff,#university#academics#and#those#
who#have#a#general#interest#within#these#fields.#
#
Complemented#by#the#estates#close#proximity#to#the#CBD,#walkability,#quality#
public#spaces#and#aesthetics#of#the#estate,#these#acted#as#the#primary#reasons#
for#why#people#live#within#Lightsview,#where#these#reasons#reflect#on#the#HBD#
guidelines#and#principles.#
#
As#shown#in#the#data#within#the#previous#chapter,#walkability#is#an#important#
quality#about#living#within#the#development.#Based#on#the#surveys#and#
interviews,#84%#(n.43)#were#aware#that#Lightsview#has#been#designed#to#
support#a#healthy#and#active#lifestyle#but#mainly#associate#the#visual#elements#
!!!
!
52#
such#as#bike#and#walking#facilities#as#examples.#Of#those#who#were#interviewed,#
20%#were#aware#of#the#Heart#Foundations#HBD#guidelines,#where#66%#
recognised#other#housing#estates#across#SA#as#being#similar#to#that#of#
Lightsview,#which#is#likely#as#a#result#of#these#being#newer#types#of#
development.#
#
As#a#brand#the#Heart#Foundation#is#well#respected,#however#they#are#known#for#
food#and#not#for#urban#development#projects.#Those#who#were#interviewed#
found#the#idea#of#branding#attractive#on#estates,#however#they#held#concerns#
over#the#likely#financial#premiums#being#added#for#entry#into#the#development.#
During#the#data#collection,#there#was#overwhelming#praise#of#the#design#and#
quality#of#the#Lightsview#estate#where#after#my#surveys#and#interviews,#it#was#
likely#that#the#participant#would#now#look#at#Lightsview#from#a#different#
perspective.#
5.2 Recommendations*#
Based#upon#the#research#conducted,#the#following#recommendations#are#
suggested:#
#
• The#wellPknown#and#respected#Heart#Foundation#to#partner#with#
GreenStar#and#develop#a#scoring#system#similar#to#that#of#LEEDPND#in#
the#United#States,#but#with#a#strong#focus#on#the#respected#HBD#
principles#and#use#Lightsview#as#the#pilot#project.#This#tool#can#then#be#
used#during#the#design#of#a#developments#masterplan#in#future#projects#
and#to#promote#the#development#during#the#sales#phase.#
#
• Although#a#widely#recognised#and#respected#trend,#the#need#to#design#
communities#which#promote#a#healthy#and#active#lifestyle#is#not#a#legal#
requirement#for#developments.#Therefore#potential#lobbying#should#be#
!!!
!
53#
undertaken#to#encourage#the#Government#to#introduce#legislation#
requiring#developments#to#be#assessed#using#this#tool,#particularly#as#
our#planning#system#is#undertaking#a#reform.#
#
• By#ensuring#that#all#developments#are#required#to#use#this#tool,#this#
would#aid#in#establishing#a#new#norm#and#demand#for#high#quality#
health#promoting#communities#and#would#reduce#the#concern#regarding#
financial#premiums#on#entry#as#all#developments#are#required#to#use#this#
tool#and#publically#display#their#rating#during#the#sales#phase,#in#order#to#
obtain#approval#for#the#masterplanned#development.#
#
• A#longPterm#research#recommendation#is#to#examine#how#much#of#an#
effect,#HBD#principles#has#had#on#residents#health#as#was#initially#
suggested#by#the#Healthy#Places#and#Spaces#Case#Study#on#Lightsview#in#
2009.#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
!
!!!
!
54#
References #
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61#
79. World#Health#Organisation#(2008).#Closing%the%gap%in%a%generation:%health%equity%through%action%on%the%social%determinants%of%health.#Final#Report#of#the#Commission#on#Social#Determinants#of#Health.#Geneva.##
80. World#Health#Organization#1998,#The#World#Health#Report#1998.#Life#in#the#21st#century.#A#vision#for#all.#Report#of#the#DirectorPGeneral,#Geneva.##
81. World#Health#Organisation#2007,#Global%Age:friendly%Cities%A%Guide,#World#Health#Organization,#Geneva.#
#82. World#Health#Organisation#2011,#Global%recommendations%on%physical%activity%
for%health,%Geneva.##
83. Yates,#J.,#(2008)#Policy#forum:#housing#affordability:#What#are#the#policy#issues?#The%Australian%Economic%Review,#41,#200–214.#
##All#unsourced#work#is#authors#own.##########################!
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!
62#
Appendix 1 !LEED#Neighborhood#Development#Checklist#(v4#–#current)#
!Smart Location & Linkage 28
Prereq 1 Smart Location Required
Prereq 2 Imperiled Species and Ecological Communities Required
Prereq 3 Wetland and Water Body Conservation Required
Prereq 4 Agricultural Land Conservation Required
Prereq 5 Floodplain Avoidance Required
Credit 1 Preferred Locations 10
Credit 2 Brownfield Remediation 2
Credit 3 Access to Quality Transit 7
Credit 4 Bicycle Facilities 2
Credit 5 Housing and Jobs Proximity 3
Credit 6 Steep Slope Protection 1
Credit 7 Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and Water
Body 1
Credit 8 Restoration of Habitat or Wetlands and Water
Bodies 1
Credit 9 Long-Term Conservation Management of Habitat
or Wetlands and Water Bodies
1
Neighbourhood Pattern & Design 41
Prereq 1 Walkable Streets Required
Prereq 2 Compact Development Required
Prereq 3 Connected and Open Community Required
Credit 1 Walkable Streets 9
Credit 2 Compact Development 6
Credit 3 Mixed-Use Neighborhoods 4
Credit 4 Housing Types and Affordability 7
Credit 5 Reduced Parking Footprint 1
Credit 6 Connected Circulation Network 2
!!!
!
63#
Credit 7 Transit Facilities 1
Credit 8 Transportation Demand Management 2
Credit 9 Access to Civic & Public Space 1
Credit 10 Access to Recreation Facilities 1
Credit 11 Visitability and Universal Design 1
Credit 12 Community Outreach and Involvement 2
Credit 13 Local Food Production 1
Credit 14 Tree-Lined and Shaded Streetscapes 2
Credit 15 Neighbourhood Schools 1
Green Infrastructure & Buildings 31
Prereq 1 Certified Green Building Required
Prereq 2 Minimum Building Energy Performance Required
Prereq 3 Indoor Water Use Reduction Required
Prereq 4 Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required
Credit 1 Certified Green Buildings 5
Credit 2 Optimize Building Energy Performance 2
Credit 3 Indoor Water Use Reduction 1
Credit 4 Outdoor Water Use Reduction 2
Credit 5 Building Reuse 1
Credit 6 Historic Resource Preservation and Adaptive
Reuse 2
Credit 7 Minimized Site Disturbance 1
Credit 8 Rainwater Management 4
Credit 9 Heat Island Reduction 1
Credit 10 Solar Orientation 1
Credit 11 Renewable Energy Production 3
Credit 12 District Heating and Cooling 2
Credit 13 Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1
Credit 14 Wastewater Management 2
Credit 15 Recycled and Reused Infrastructure 1
Credit 16 Solid Waste Management 1
Credit 17 Light Pollution Reduction 1
!!!
!
64#
Innovation & Design Process 6
Credit 1 Innovation 5
Credit 2 LEED® Accredited Professional 1
## ## ## ##
Regional Priority Credits 4
Credit 1 Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined 1
Credit 2 Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined 1
Credit 3 Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined 1
Credit 4 Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined 1
Project Totals (Certification estimates) 110
Certified: 40-49 points
Silver: 50-59 points
Gold: 60-79 points
Platinum: 80+ points ## ## ## ##
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SOURCE#US#Green#Building#Council#(2013)#
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!
65#
Appendix 2 BREEAM#Communities#Technical#Manual#2012#(SD202)#
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!
66#
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!
67#
!!
!
!!!
!
68#
!!
!!!!!
SOURCE#BREEAM#(2013)#
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!
69#
Appendix 3 Questionnaire*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Front#side#of#Questionnaire#
Back#of#Questionnaire#