Honors Marine Biology

Module 3: Part 2

Algae, Fungi, Sea Grasses and

Mangroves

Class Challenge

Notebook Checks

Those students who had incomplete work from last week’s notebook check, please have your work recorded before you leave class today.

Quiz # 5

Name the Scientific Classification of Organisms (Table 2.6)

The Scientific Classification of Organisms

Kingdom 7 points Total Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

(King Philip Cried Out For Goodness Sake)

Field Trip Next Week

Permission Slips

Rides: We will be leaving from class and returning back to class by 1:00pm.

Bring: Water-Sun Screen-Towel –

Lab book and pencil/pen

Wear cloths that can get wet

SEAPERCH

AUVSI Foundation

(Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International)

Kingdom Protista: Multicellular Algae

• Seaweeds, multicellular algae are all eukaryotic and have more complex structures and more intricate reproductive strategies than single-cell algae.

• They are found on hard rocky surfaces, depths of 200 meters, and they form forests of kelp.

Seaweeds can influence the environmental conditions for other marine organisms by providing food, wave protection, and even a place upon which to attach.

Structures of Seaweed

They do not have true leaves, stems and roots like plants.

Their body is called the thallus, which is the complete body of an alga, not differentiated into true leaves, stems and roots.

Blades – pneumatocysts – stipe- holdfast

See Figure 3.6 (page 65)

Green AlgaePhylum Chlorophyta

These organisms are widespread, occurring in marine environments, fresh water, and even on land.

Only 10% of the species are marine, yet you can sometimes find dense populations of these in certain ocean environments.

Green Algae have chlorophyll as their main photosynthetic pigment so their thallus appears bright green.

Some of the simpliest green algae

Are planktonic with flagella and can cause blooms in tide pools or salt water marshes in the tropics.

Some form filamentous, growing on many surfaces such as rocks in shallow water, tide pools, and even on other algae.

Ulva, Green Algae

Is found in extremely diverse environments.

It has a thallus that is flattened into a very thin sheet only two cell layers thick and is commonly called “sea lettuce.” The genus Caulerpa has many different species that grow in the tropics, displaying a great assortment of shapes

Halimeda (Figure 3.7, page 66)

Deposits calcium carbonate on their green thalli and are found on coral reefs or in bays. These actually form limestone in the sediment.

Brown Algae (Phylum Phaeophyta)

They are mostly found in marine and inhabit cold waters.

They have chlorophyll, it is often masked by yellowish pigment that results in an olive or brownish color.

The walls of these algae contain algin. If you have ever eaten pudding, ice cream, or bottled salad dressing, you have eaten algin.

Fucus, Sargassum and Macrocystis (or Kelp)

Ficus (or rockweed) is found on rocky shores.

Sargassum: most species of this genus grow on rocks,but two species float off the atlantic coast of North America. They do not attach themselves, but have numerous grape-like pneumatocysts to so they can float. They are called Sargasso Sea and act as floating nurseries.

Macrosystic (or Kelp): This genus contains the largest kelp which can grow to 100 meters. They can grow 2 feet per day and are harvested in many parts of the world for food.

Their forests provide a very productive ecosystem.

Red Algae (Phylum Rhodophata)

There are more red algae species than both green and brown but together.

They are reddish from pigments called phycobilins which mask their chlorophyll. This pigment excel in dimly lit situations to produce photosynthesis at depths below 200 meters.

Red Algae is a source of agar, a substance scientists use to grow bacteria. It is also a source of carrageenan which is an emulsifying agent for food.

Four Basic Life Cycles of Marine Algae (Figure 3.9)

• The Life cycle of Green Algae

• http://youtu.be/0bxK7eXfsAc

Kingdom Fungi

Marine fungi behave life bacteria by decomposing dead organic matter. The other types exist with algae in a relationship known as symbiosis. In this situation a new organism, a lichen results.

Symbiosis: is a close relationship between two species where at least one benefits.

Lichen: An organism that results from the symbiosis between a fungus and an alga.

So how does this work??

• In this symbiotic relationship, the fungus provides the organism’s support with its filamentous structure, and the alga provide food produced from photosynthesis. Both organisms contribute

something to this

association and

both benefit.

Kingdom Plantae

1. Sea grasses are completely marine.

2. Salt water march plants

3. Mangroves

Sea grasses (Figure 3.10)

There are 45 species of seagrasses around the world, many are restricted to the shallow water of the warm tropics.

They looks like vascular plants that reproduce with flowers and seeds. However, they behave differently. Long flat sea grass leaves provide shelter and food for many animals and also help hold the sandy ocean bottom in place.

Most sea grasses sent out horizontal stems that hold them down in the sediment or onto rocks. From these stems they send out vertical leaves.

They do not have to produce large flowers because water currents move the male gamete (pollen).

Eel grass:

Turtle grass:

Salt Water Marsh PlantsThey are not really marine plants, but they are land plants that can

withstand a salty environment.

Only their roots are submerged in seawater, andonly at high tides.These grasses lives in temperate regions of the world in soft, sandy areas along the coast. They have special glands in their leavesto remove the excess salts from their cells.

Mangroves

Like salt water marsh plants, mangroves are salt-tolerant plants. Unlike marsh grasses, they cannot tolerate frost. They are found in the tropics and subtropics.

Red Mangroves

White Mangroves

Black Mangroves

Experiment 3.B: Sea Grass

To Observe the different species of sea grass. To observe the epiphytes on the sea grasses.

Experiment 3.C: Mangrove Identification

• To examine and identify the 3 different kinds of mangroves.

Prop root structure Propagules Leaves

• Red,

• White,

• Black.

Tropical Zonation of Mangroves

Homework

Finish Module 3 OYO and Study guide questions.

Complete Labs 3.B: Sea Grass and 3.C: Mangroves.

Take Module 3 Test

Begin reading Module 4 (pages 77-87)

Field Trip to South Lido Park next week.