honors chem chapters 10, 11, and 12. kinetic molecular theory (kmt) molecules are constantly in...
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Honors ChemChapters 10, 11, and 12
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Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)Molecules are constantly in motion and
collide with one another and the wall of a containerParticles move faster with increased
temperatureGases are made of mostly empty space and just
a few fast moving particles.
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Properties of GasesLow DensityExpansionCompressibility FluidityDiffusion/Effusion
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Nature of GasesDiffusion: spontaneous mixing of gases
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Nature of GasesEffusion: gas particles
spontaneously pass through a small opening
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Graham’s Law of Diffusion (or Effusion)
Smaller, lighter gas molecules move faster through the air than larger, heavier gas molecules.
“Lighter, faster, farther”
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Graham’s Law of Diffusion (or Effusion)
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Graham’s Law: Rewrittenr = rate MM= Molar Mass d = distance t = time light = lighter gas heavy = heavy gas
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Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)Molecules are constantly in motion and
collide with one another and the wall of a containerParticles move faster with increased
temperatureGases are made of mostly empty space and just
a few fast moving particles.
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Ideal GasIdeal Gas: a gas that perfectly conforms to
assumed gas behavior (doesn’t exist)
Most gases are described using real conditions and variables
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Variables of Gases(P) Pressure
(V) Volume
(T) Temperature
(n) Amount of gas in moles
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PressureMeasures: Force exerted by moving gas particle collisions with their container
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Pressure UnitsUnits: 1 atm (atmosphere) of pressure is the
average pressure at sea level
Important Conversions: 1 atm = 760 mmHg (millimeters of Mercury)
= 760 torr= 101.3 kPa (kilo Pascals)= 14.7 psi (pounds per square
inch)
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VolumeMeasures: amount of space that a gas
occupies
Units: Liters (L)
Important Conversions: 1 L = 1000mL
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TemperatureMeasures: average kinetic energy of gas
particles.
Units: Kelvin (K)The Celsius scale is NOT used for gases
because gases can still have kinetic energy at negative and 0o C.
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Kelvin Scale and Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero = 0 Kelvin represents the
temperature at which a gas has NO kinetic energy
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Converting TemperatureImportant Conversions:
oC + 273 = K
K – 273 = oC
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STPSTP = Standard Temperature and Pressure
Exactly 0oC and 1 atm
At STP, one mole of gas (6.02 x1023 particles)occupies 22.4 L If a gas is not held at STP, then volume is
recalculated
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Gas VariablesA variable is a factor that is liable to change.
Pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas are liable to change.
Pressure, volume, and temperature are interdependent. When variable changes, they all do.
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The Combined Gas Law Relates pressure, temperature, volume, and
moles of a gas Relates initial and final conditionsVariables that do not change are constants
and not included in the equation
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The Combined Gas Law Equation
The left side (1) represents the initial conditions of the gas
The right side (2) represents the final conditions of the gas
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Charles’ Law: Volume and Temp
What changes? And How?Volume increases, temperature increases
What stays the same? Pressure and moles are held constant (toss ‘em)
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Charles’ Law: Equation
Remember: Temperatures must be in Kelvin
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
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Charles’ Law: GraphDirect Relationship: both variables increase
together
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Charles Law: Simulation
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Charles’ Law: Video Demo
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Charles’ Law : ExampleA gas sample at 25 oC and 752 mL is heated
to 50 oC, what is the new volume?
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Boyle’s Law : Pressure and Volume
What changes? And How? When Pressure increases, Volume decreases
What stays the same? Temperature and moles are held constant (toss
‘em)
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Boyle’s Law : Equation
Remember: Pressure units on both sides of the equation must be the same
P1V1 = P2V2
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Boyle’s Law: GraphInverse Relationship: an increase in one
variable with a simultaneous decrease in the other
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Boyle’s Law: Simulation
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Boyle’s Law: Video Clip
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Boyle’s Law ExampleQ: A 1.0 L sample of gas is held at standard
pressure, 1.0 atm. The pressure of the gas is reset to 152 mmHg. What is the new volume of the gas?
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Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure and Temperature
What changes? And how? As temperature of a gas increases, the pressure
also increasesWhat stays the same?
Volume and moles are held constant (toss ‘em)
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Gay-Lussac’s Law: Equation
Pressure units on both sides of the equation must be the same
Temperature must be in Kelvin
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
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Gay-Lussac’s Law: GraphDirect Relationship: Both variables increase
together
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Gay-Lussac’s Law: Simulation
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Gay-Lussac’s Law: Video Clip
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Gay-Lussac’s Law: Example
Q: A gas has a pressure of 0.370 atm at 50.0 °C. What is the pressure at standard temperature?