honors chem chapters 10, 11, and 12. kinetic molecular theory (kmt) molecules are constantly in...

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Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12

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Page 1: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Honors ChemChapters 10, 11, and 12

Page 2: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)Molecules are constantly in motion and

collide with one another and the wall of a containerParticles move faster with increased

temperatureGases are made of mostly empty space and just

a few fast moving particles.

Page 3: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Properties of GasesLow DensityExpansionCompressibility FluidityDiffusion/Effusion

Page 4: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Nature of GasesDiffusion: spontaneous mixing of gases

Page 5: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Nature of GasesEffusion: gas particles

spontaneously pass through a small opening

Page 6: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Graham’s Law of Diffusion (or Effusion)

Smaller, lighter gas molecules move faster through the air than larger, heavier gas molecules.

“Lighter, faster, farther”

Page 7: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Graham’s Law of Diffusion (or Effusion)

Page 8: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Graham’s Law: Rewrittenr = rate MM= Molar Mass d = distance t = time light = lighter gas heavy = heavy gas

Page 9: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)Molecules are constantly in motion and

collide with one another and the wall of a containerParticles move faster with increased

temperatureGases are made of mostly empty space and just

a few fast moving particles.

Page 10: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Ideal GasIdeal Gas: a gas that perfectly conforms to

assumed gas behavior (doesn’t exist)

Most gases are described using real conditions and variables

Page 11: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Variables of Gases(P) Pressure

(V) Volume

(T) Temperature

(n) Amount of gas in moles

Page 12: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

PressureMeasures: Force exerted by moving gas particle collisions with their container

Page 13: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Pressure UnitsUnits: 1 atm (atmosphere) of pressure is the

average pressure at sea level

Important Conversions: 1 atm = 760 mmHg (millimeters of Mercury)

= 760 torr= 101.3 kPa (kilo Pascals)= 14.7 psi (pounds per square

inch)

Page 14: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

VolumeMeasures: amount of space that a gas

occupies

Units: Liters (L)

Important Conversions: 1 L = 1000mL

Page 15: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

TemperatureMeasures: average kinetic energy of gas

particles.

Units: Kelvin (K)The Celsius scale is NOT used for gases

because gases can still have kinetic energy at negative and 0o C.

Page 16: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Kelvin Scale and Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero = 0 Kelvin represents the

temperature at which a gas has NO kinetic energy

Page 17: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Converting TemperatureImportant Conversions:

oC + 273 = K

K – 273 = oC

Page 18: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

STPSTP = Standard Temperature and Pressure

Exactly 0oC and 1 atm

At STP, one mole of gas (6.02 x1023 particles)occupies 22.4 L If a gas is not held at STP, then volume is

recalculated

Page 19: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gas VariablesA variable is a factor that is liable to change.

Pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas are liable to change.

Pressure, volume, and temperature are interdependent. When variable changes, they all do.

Page 20: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

The Combined Gas Law Relates pressure, temperature, volume, and

moles of a gas Relates initial and final conditionsVariables that do not change are constants

and not included in the equation

Page 21: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

The Combined Gas Law Equation

The left side (1) represents the initial conditions of the gas

The right side (2) represents the final conditions of the gas

Page 22: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Charles’ Law: Volume and Temp

What changes? And How?Volume increases, temperature increases

What stays the same? Pressure and moles are held constant (toss ‘em)

Page 23: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Charles’ Law: Equation

Remember: Temperatures must be in Kelvin

2

2

1

1

T

V

T

V

Page 24: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Charles’ Law: GraphDirect Relationship: both variables increase

together

Page 25: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Charles Law: Simulation

Page 26: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Charles’ Law: Video Demo

Page 27: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Charles’ Law : ExampleA gas sample at 25 oC and 752 mL is heated

to 50 oC, what is the new volume?

Page 28: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Boyle’s Law : Pressure and Volume

What changes? And How? When Pressure increases, Volume decreases

What stays the same? Temperature and moles are held constant (toss

‘em)

Page 29: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Boyle’s Law : Equation

Remember: Pressure units on both sides of the equation must be the same

P1V1 = P2V2

Page 30: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Boyle’s Law: GraphInverse Relationship: an increase in one

variable with a simultaneous decrease in the other

Page 31: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Boyle’s Law: Simulation

Page 32: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Boyle’s Law: Video Clip

Page 33: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Boyle’s Law ExampleQ: A 1.0 L sample of gas is held at standard

pressure, 1.0 atm. The pressure of the gas is reset to 152 mmHg. What is the new volume of the gas?

Page 34: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure and Temperature

What changes? And how? As temperature of a gas increases, the pressure

also increasesWhat stays the same?

Volume and moles are held constant (toss ‘em)

Page 35: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Equation

Pressure units on both sides of the equation must be the same

Temperature must be in Kelvin

2

2

1

1

T

P

T

P

Page 36: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gay-Lussac’s Law: GraphDirect Relationship: Both variables increase

together

Page 37: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Simulation

Page 38: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Video Clip

Page 39: Honors Chem Chapters 10, 11, and 12. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Molecules are constantly in motion and collide with one another and the wall of a

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Example

Q: A gas has a pressure of 0.370 atm at 50.0 °C. What is the pressure at standard temperature?