Honors Biology summer assignment

Review the notes and study them. There will be a test on this

information the 1st week of class

There are 4 molecules that make up life!

• All of them are organic molecules• They contain the atom carbon.

• Contain carbon-to-carbon bonds

• Molecules that do not have carbon in them are considered inorganic.

• Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids are all organic molecules.

BiomoleculesMolecules that make up living things.

Carbohydrates• These are sugars.

• They provide cells with energy.

• They also have structural roles- for example they make up the cell walls of plants and the exoskeletons of insects.

Carbohydrates• The subunits of carbohydrates are called

simple sugars or monosaccharides.

Lipids• These are fats.

• They store energy, provide protection and insulate organisms.

• A special kind called a phospholipid also makes up the membrane that surrounds all cells.

Many kinds have subunits called

fatty acid tails

Proteins• Make up the structural components of organisms such as hair, nails,

horns, fur, feathers, and scales.

• Also are enzymes that make reactions happen in an organism, such as digesting your food in your stomach.

• Help to fight infections (antibodies).

• Help to transport stuff into and out of cells.

• Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids.

Nucleic Acids • Are molecules that store

information for cells.

• Examples include DNA and RNA (which helps the DNA tell the cell what to do)

Nucleic Acids• The subunits of

nucleic acids are called nucleotides.

• Nucleotides have three parts:

• a sugar

• a phosphate• a nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids

Ecology

We started the course here.

The middle was skipped.

Or we will get to it at the end

We’ll finish at the top end with

ecology.

Organization levels of biology.

•The cells are the smallest working unit of living things.

•All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

•All cells come from pre-existing cells through division.

Modern Cell Theory

5 traits of life• All living things are made of cells.

• All living things respond to their environment.

• All living organisms use energy (from food or light).

• All living organisms have DNA.

• All living organisms grow and reproduce.

Are viruses alive?

Cell Diversity•Not all cells are the same•We have over 200 types of cells in our body

•Cells come in a variety of shapes dependent on their function

Atoms

Molecules

Organelles

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Smallest

Biggest

Only 2 divisions of cells Organs

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic• the most primitive forms of life on earth.

• 1st living organism

• (evolutionarily oldest & less sophisticated)

Types of Cells• Prokaryotic

• these organisms lack membrane-bound organelles.

• Do not contain a nucleus but has DNA

• Usually small• Usually Single celled • Ex. Bacteria

Types of Cells

•Eukaryotic: plants, animals, and fungi which contain membrane bound organelles.

Types of Cells•Eukaryotic

• Organisms that have a nucleus

• Usually larger cells

• Organisms are usually multi-cellular

Prokaryote v. EukaryoteProkaryote

• No nucleus

• No true organelles

• Unicellular

• Small cells

• Bacteria

• simple

Eukaryote• Has nucleus

• Has organelles

• Multicellular

• Large cells

• Plants and animals

• complex

Organelles• Tiny structures (organs) within the cell that carry on the functions necessary for the cell to survive.

Animal cell plant cell

Nucleus•Is where DNA is located.

•The brain of the cell, controls all cell activity

Cell Membrane• separates the cell from its surroundings

• controls what enters and exits the cell, selectively permeable.

• helps to protect and support the cell

• Made of lipids

Cytoplasm•the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane, filling the interior of the cell

•Is gel-like “jello”•It suspends all other organelles

Mitochondria•converts chemical energy from food into useful compounds more easy for the cell to use as energy

•powerhouse of the cell!

Mitochondria• Converts glucose into more usable forms of energy for the cell (ATP)

• Site of cellular respiration

• Has own DNA

Ribosomes• roughly spherical

•main function is to synthesize (make) proteins

•Found in ER and in cytoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum“Packaging”•there are two types:•Rough – has ribosomes

•Smooth –makes lipids (fats)

Types of E.R• Rough ER has many ribosome's attached

• Smooth ER is free of ribosome's

Golgi Apparatus“Shipping”•Packages and transports wastes and nutrients into and out of the cell

Lysosomes• small sacs filled with chemicals and enzymes required for the digestion of materials in the cell

• involved in the breakdown of old organelles/molecules that are no longer useful and foreign matter

• Recycles the parts for other uses

Centrioles• Found only in animal cells

• Function in cell division by attaching fibers that “pull apart” chromosomes

• 2 in each cell

Cytoskeletoncellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton"

• contained within the cytoplasm

• present in all cells• maintains cell shape, • protects the cell, • enables cellular motion

• Flagella and cilia

Cilia and Flagella• Extensions of the plasma

membranes

• Both used for movement

• Cilia: hair like structures• Respiratory epithelium in

the lungs• Cilia can be used for

capturing food for bacteria

• Flagella: Tail like structures

• Found on sperm cells

Vacuole• saclike structures

• store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

• Central Vacuole –in plants, stores water.

Plant cells

•Organelles specific to plants

•Chloroplasts•Cell wall•Central Vacuole

Chloroplasts• found in leaves and other green organisms

• main function is to trap solar energy and to use it to form carbohydrates

• the site of photosynthesis, which is the basic food source for the organism

Cell wall• The rigid structure yet flexible found surrounding plant cells

• Provide support for the plant, gives the plant shape

• Located outside the cell membrane

Cell Specialization• In multicellular organisms,

such as animals and plants cells within the organisms body become specialized to do different jobs.

• The cell’s DNA stores the information that tells the cell what kind of a cell to become.