home work2
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second homeworkTRANSCRIPT
COMPARATIVE HOME WORK 2
DR.FAROQ MOFTI
ADEL BUKHARI 1009228
The development of the city walls
1- Uruk in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia)
- Uruk in ancient Sumer
(Mesopotamia) is one of the
world's oldest known walled
cities
2- the Indus Valley Civilization
mohenjo daro has defensive walls and square bastions of sun dried bricks.
3- the Indus Valley Civilization
The stone and mud brick houses of Kot
Diji were clustered behind massive stone
flood dykes and defensive walls .
Kot Diji
Dholavira
3- Babylon
Babylon was one of the most famous cities of the ancient world,
especially as a result of the building program of
Nebuchadnezzar, who expanded the walls and built the Ishtar
Gate.
4- ancient Sparta and ancient Rome
Exceptions were few ,ancient Sparta and ancient Rome did not
have walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries
for defense instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple
constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by
mixed constructions of stones.
5- Ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean
Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae (famous for the huge
stone blocks of its 'cyclopean' walls).
6- Ancient China
walls were built in ancient China since the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-
1050 BC), as the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in
this fashion. Although stone walls were built in China during the
Warring States (481-221 BC), mass conversion to stone architecture
did not begin in earnest until the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD).
7- The Romans The Romans fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone
walls. The most famous of these are the largely extant Aurelian
Walls of Rome and the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, together
with partial remains elsewhere. These are mostly city gates, like
the Porta Nigra in Trier or Newport Arch in Lincoln.
8- the Middle Ages
the early Middle Ages also saw the creation of some towns built
around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple
stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and
ditches
The development of the city walls (the best
geometric shape has been reached)
9- During the Renaissance era
the Venetians raised great walls around cities threatened by the
Ottoman empire. Among the finest examples are the walled cities of
Nicosia and Famagusta in Cyprus and the fortifications of Candia and
Chania in Crete, which still stand to this day.
Pointed arch
1
2
3
Transformation from square to dome
top 3d
section
section
Anticline crossing
Various elements in the Church
Plan
1- porch
2-Atrium
3-Narthex
4-Tower
5-Nave and Aisles
6- TRANCEPT
7- Chancel and Altar (Bema)
APSE ) ( 8- Sanctuary