holcim lynwood quarry external lighting review report

PREPARED BY:

WEBB AUSTRALIA GROUP (ACT) PTY LTD ABN 14 064 354 776 [email protected] www.webbaustralia.com.au

SUITE 3, 10-12 COLBEE COURT PHILLIP ACT 2606 AUSTRALIA T +61 2 6285 4365 F + 61 2 6285 4253

CONSULTING ENGINEERS ELECTRICAL LIGHTING MECHANICAL SECURITY COMMUNICATIONS AUDIO VISUAL

BRISBANE CANBERRA GOLD COAST MELBOURNE NEWCASTLE SUNSHINE COAST SYDNEY

HOLCIM LYNWOOD QUARRY

EXTERNAL LIGHTING REVIEW

REPORT

L490arep001_C.docx of 26 WEBB AUSTRALIA GROUP (ACT) PTY LTD

7 MAY 2014 ISSUE C ABN 14 064 354 776


EXTERNAL LIGHTING REVIEW

REPORT

Copyright © 2014 Webb Australia Group (ACT) Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.

This report may not be reproduced or transmitted in any

form or by any means in part or in whole without written permission of

Webb Australia Group (ACT) Pty Ltd ABN 14 064 354 776.

Issued As: PRELIMINARY

___________

FINAL

Authorised By: JOHN GRIGGS

Date: 7 MAY 2014


EXTERNAL LIGHTING REVIEW REPORT


7 MAY 2014 ISSUE C ABN 14 064 354 776

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................4

2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................5

3 EXISTING LIGHTING INSTALLATION ................................................................................................5

4 LIGHTING DESIGN – MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................6

5 LIGHTING CONSTRAINTS .................................................................................................................8

5.1 RELEVANT DEVELOPMENT CONSENT CONDITIONS ................................................................................ 8

5.2 AS 4282:1995 CONTROL OF OBTRUSIVE EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING ............................................ 8

6 FINDINGS BY CALCULATION ............................................................................................................9

6.1 RESULTS OF MAINTAINED HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS .............................................. 9

6.2 RESULTS OF INITIAL HORIZONTAL ISOLUX CALCULATIONS ................................................................. 10

6.3 RESULTS OF INITIAL VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS RE. AS 4282 ....................................... 10

6.4 RESULTS OF INITIAL LUMINOUS INTENSITY CALCULATIONS RE. AS 4282 .......................................... 11

6.5 I TABLE EXAMINATION ......................................................................................................................... 11

6.6 RESULTS OF CALCULATIONS WITH 700

TILT ......................................................................................... 12

7 ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................. 13

7.1 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................. 13

7.2 EXTENT OF 1 LUX HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE..................................................................................... 13

7.3 VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE ....................................................................................................................... 13

7.4 LUMINOUS INTENSITY .......................................................................................................................... 13

7.5 HOLCIM DEVELOPMENT CONSENT CONDITIONS .................................................................................. 14

8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 15

APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 16




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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The existing lighting installation at Lynwood Quarry was energised for testing while not having been aimed in

accordance with the design requirements.

At (say) 700

tilt, the visual impact was observed from the surrounding areas. The maximum

recommendations of AS 4282 are estimated to have been exceeded in all directions.

The lighting design has been assessed, based on the luminaires being aimed in accordance with the design

requirements.

Findings confirmed some areas, such as the road ways and parking area are over illuminated, with average

horizontal illuminance levels well in excess of the minimum average design values.

Isolux calculations identified horizontal illuminance (spill light) exceeding 1 lux extends outside the notional

site boundary.

Vertical illuminance at notional vertical planes 100m beyond the furthest luminaire in each direction was

found to be below the maximum value recommended by AS 4282.

Luminous intensity of the site lighting installation at notional vertical planes was found to be below the

maximum value recommended by AS 4282 at 1000m. No dwellings are located within 1000m.

The maximum luminous intensity of the flood light luminaires was found to be below the maximum value

recommended by AS 4282 when viewed from distances less than to the nearest dwelling.

No remedial works are required to achieve compliance with the obtrusive lighting recommendations of AS

4282.

A reduction in the illumination levels of areas identified as over illuminated may be possible by replacement

of luminaires, if considered necessary.

Provision of screening, where required, may limit the visual impact the lighting installation would have on

affected dwellings at elevations below the site.

Provision of screening may prevent or minimise unwanted lighting impacts on the broader community,

consistent with the conditions of the Holcim Development Consent.

Responses to a range of matters arising from the draft issue of this report are provided in Appendix 7.




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2 INTRODUCTION

Residents surrounding the Lynwood Quarry, currently being developed by Holcim, have raised their concerns

regarding the likely impact the external site lighting at the quarry will have on the local environment and the residents

enjoyment of the rural landscape when the quarry commences operations later this year. Encorporate Pty Ltd,

representing the interests of the residents, engaged Webb Australia Group to undertake an independent review of the

current lighting design and to provide an assessment of the following:

Calculated lighting levels achieved against the stated design criteria

Calculated vertical illuminance at the affected dwellings against obtrusive lighting requirements of AS 4282

Luminous intensity of luminaires as viewed from direction of residences against the maximum permissible by

AS 4282

Compliance against the Holcim Development Consent Conditions

Prepare a report on the outcomes of the above assessment

This report addresses the impact the proposed external lighting may have on the surrounding environment and

residents, whether the lighting will comply with Australian Standard AS 4282 and the relevant terms of the Holcim

Development Consent conditions.

3 EXISTING LIGHTING INSTALLATION

From the drawings and information provided, the existing lighting installation consists of the following.

LUMINAIRE DESCRIPTION LOCATIONS

1.

(R)

42W Compact Fluorescent road luminaire with aeroscreen flat

glass lens (Sylvania Urban Eco JA9700) mounted on a timber pole

at 7.5m above finished ground level (FGL) on a 0.3m outreach arm,

tilted up 50

Rail siding

2.

(F)

400W Metal Halide full cut-off flood light (Pierlite Maxi Master

GMRS400 MH) bracket mounted on a timber pole at 12.5m above

FGL, titled 50

. Single and twin arrangements

Car Park

3.

(F1)

2 x 400W Metal Halide full cut-off flood light (Pierlite Tarmac APR-

2X400 MH) bracket mounted on a timber pole at 15m above FGL,

tilted 50

. Single and twin arrangements

Roadways, intersections,

Weighbridges, Rail load-out facility,

Dam Pump stations, and other

vehicle areas

Based on information provided, lighting levels achieved by the luminaires installed and aimed as advised by GHD has

been calculated for the site. GHD advised all luminaires were to be aimed as follows:

Orientation Perpendicular to corresponding roadway

Tilt 50

Holcim advised the luminaires were not aimed when initially installed but were energised for testing with luminaires

tilted to approximately 750

. Subsequently, we have been advised all luminaires have been aimed with 50

tilt, however

they have not been energised or operated subsequent to aiming or the initial testing. The lighting is not expected to

be operated again until commissioning, which is planned for May/ June 2014.




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4 LIGHTING DESIGN – MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

Webb Australia was not party to the client consultation process, however, in the absence of any Australian Standard

specifically applicable to the lighting of quarries, the lighting designers resort to applying principles in International

Standard CIE 129, AS 1680.2.4, accepted industry practice and the development of the brief by consultation with the

client.

The statement provided by the lighting designer (GHD) which identifies the design criteria used, is as follows:

The lights have been designed to point downwards at an angle of 5 degrees from the vertical

The lighting which has been installed to service the road intersections has been designed to produce an

average 40 lux on the ground

The lighting which has been installed to service the infrastructure components (weighbridge, refuelling, truck

wash, etc) has been designed to produce an average level on the ground between 60 lux (minimum) and 80

lux (maximum)

From the information provided by GHD, by the application of Australian Standards and from our investigation of

accepted industry practice, we have summarised the minimum lighting requirements for areas that may be

considered relevant to the site, in the table below.




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Table 4.1: Minimum Illuminance Requirements

Area

Minimum Average Maintained Horizontal Illuminance (Lux)

AS 1680.2.4:

1997

AS 1158.3.1:

2005

CIE129:

1998

BMA –PR01 GHD AS 1680.5:

2012

Railway Freight

track areas

10

Access

roadways

7 (P1) Category 20 10

Intersections 40

Light vehicle

carparks

7 (P11b)

Category

10

Heavy vehicle

areas

30

Stockpile 30

Water Pumping

Stations

40

Materials

handling-

wagon loading

& unloading

40 50

Weighbridge,

refuelling, truck

wash

60-80

Open area,

machines (site

inducted

personnel)

10




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5 LIGHTING CONSTRAINTS

Although the minimum lighting requirements must be achieved for operational and safety reasons, there are also

upper limits that may be applied to outdoor lighting installations, to minimise the obtrusive effects of the lighting on

the surrounding area and the environment. These constraints applicable to the Holcim Lynwood Quarry are as

follows.

5.1 RELEVANT DEVELOPMENT CONSENT CONDITIONS

The relevant terms of the Development Consent conditions for Lynwood Quarry are as follows:

“50. The Applicant shall take all practicable measures to prevent and or minimise any off-site lighting

impacts from the development”; and

“51. All external lighting associated with the development shall comply with Australian Standard AS 4282

(INT) 1995 – Control of obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting”.

5.2 AS 4282:1995 CONTROL OF OBTRUSIVE EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING

The recommended maximum values of light technical parameters (LTPs) for the control of obtrusive light, as

applicable to the Holcim Quarry, extracted from Table 2.1* of AS 4282(for residential areas with dark surrounds

throughout curfewed hours) are summarised as follows:

Illuminance in vertical plane (at windows of dwellings of nearby residential properties) 1 lux

Luminous Intensity emitted by luminaires in direction of residential properties 500 Cd

*Refer to Appendix 1 for replication of Table 2.1 in full.




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6 FINDINGS BY CALCULATION

A series of lighting calculations have been undertaken to assess the existing lighting installation, as follows:

Calculation Assessment Criteria Appendix

1 Maintained horizontal illuminance Assess if over illuminated against

minimum requirements

2

2 1 lux horizontal illuminance (initial values) Provide a rudimentary assessment

of extent of spill light

3

3 Vertical illuminance (initial values) AS 4282 Table 2.1 4

4 Luminous intensity (initial values) AS 4282 Table 2.1 4

5 Vertical illuminance with luminaires tilted to

700

(initial values)

AS 4282 Table 2.1 5

6 Luminous intensity with luminaires tilted to 700

(initial values)

AS 4282 Table 2.1 5

Note: “Maintained values are calculated values at the end of the maintenance cycle.

“Initial” values are calculated values with new lamps and clean luminaires at the beginning of the maintenance cycle.

6.1 RESULTS OF MAINTAINED HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS

Maintained horizontal illuminance calculations were under taken for separate areas where lighting has been installed.

Where the calculation area is clearly defined, calculation average values could be used to assess the lighting against

the light technical parameters (LTPs) recommended by AS 1158.3.1 or other design criteria (Table 4.1).

The findings are as follows:

Area Calculated Average

Value (lux)

Recommended minimum

Average Design Value

range (lux)*

Assessed as over

Illuminated

Entry roadway (1) 44.9 7 – 20 Yes

Access roadway (2) (to

carpark)

24.8 3.5 – 20 No

Railway Siding 2.0 10 No

Weighbridge roadway 64.2 60 – 80 No

Parking Area 33.8 7 – 10 Yes

Intersection (East) 13.4 40 No

Intersection (West) 55.2 40 No

*Minimum average values extracted from Table 4.1.




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For areas where the calculation area could not be defined, average values do not provide a useful measure of

assessment. Therefore, maximum values have been used to provide an indication of lighting performance.

Calculated maximum values of such areas, in descending order of magnitude, include:

Area Maximum (Lux) Assessed as over

Illuminated

Workshop North 139 Potentially

Admin Workshop area 108 Potentially

Workshop East 100 Potentially

N. Crib Room 83 No

Dam I Pump Station 57 No

Dam F Pump Station 53 No

Far East 45 No

Refer to Appendix 2 for more information.

Note: The primary activity of some of the areas above is unclear, consequently the appropriate design illuminance is

uncertain.

6.2 RESULTS OF INITIAL HORIZONTAL ISOLUX CALCULATIONS

A calculation of initial values of horizontal illuminance for the site may be found at Appendix 3. This calculation

includes an isolux plot of the 1 lux value which shows diagrammatically where the 1 lux value extends. Horizontal

illuminance outside the areas shown is below 1 lux.

6.3 RESULTS OF INITIAL VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS RE. AS 4282

In the absence of details of locations of affected dwellings, the limits of AS 4282 compliance have been calculated in

the four directions of the compass from the installation.

Values of initial vertical illuminance were calculated in vertical planes in the north, south, east and west axes, 100m

from the nearest luminaire to that plane. No dwellings are located within the area bounded by the vertical calculation

planes.




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The maximum calculated values are as follows:

Vertical Plane Max Evert

@ 100m

(Lux)

North 0.3

South 0.1

East 0.3

West 0.3

All calculated values of vertical illuminance at 100m are less than 1 lux and are below the maximum recommended

value for vertical illuminance by AS 4282 for residential areas with dark surrounds throughout curfewed hours.

6.4 RESULTS OF INITIAL LUMINOUS INTENSITY CALCULATIONS RE. AS 4282

Values of initial luminous intensity of the site when viewed from the four points of the compass at 100m, 200m and

1000m from the nearest luminaire were calculated. The maximum calculated values are as follows:

Maximum I (cd) Values at

Segment Vertical Plane 100m 200m 1000m

4 North 1912 639 314

2 South 2973 470 298

3 East 2847 639 309

1 West 942 544 308

All calculated values of luminous intensity at 100m and 200m from the nearest luminaire exceed the 500 cd

maximum recommended by AS 4282.

All calculated values of luminous intensity of 1000m from the nearest luminaire are below the 500 cd maximum

recommended by AS 4282 for residential areas with dark surrounds throughout curfewed hours.

There are no dwellings located within the 1000m calculation area.

6.5 I TABLE EXAMINATION

The Luminous Intensity (I) tables for the two flood light luminaires were examined to identify the vertical angle at

which the luminous intensity falls below 500 cd, as follows.

APR2400 2 x HPIT400W

From an examination of the Candela tabulation table for the 2 x 400W Tarmac, the 500 cd threshold occurs between

the vertical angles of 750

and 850

. By interpolation, the 500 cd is estimated to occur at approximately 820

(vertical).

As the luminaires are tilted 50

, the 500 cd threshold is raised to occur at approximately 870

.




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For a mounting height of 15m, luminous intensity of these luminaires would drop below 500 cd beyond 300m.

(Assumes a horizontal topography and luminaires tilted to 50

).

GMRS400MH

From an examination of the Candela tabulation table for the 400W Maxi Master, the 500 cd threshold occurs

between the vertical angles of 650

and 750

. As the luminaires are tilted 50

, the 500 cd threshold is raised to occur

between 700

and 800

.

For a mounting height of 15m, luminous intensity of these luminaires would drop below 500cd in less than 100m.

(Assumes a horizontal topography and luminaires tilted to 50

).

6.6 RESULTS OF CALCULATIONS WITH 700

TILT

Values of vertical illuminance and luminous intensity were calculated, as calculated above, but with the luminaires

tilted to 700

, to enable a comparison of the obtrusive light observed during testing and what may be expected after

aiming with 50

tilt.

The maximum calculated vertical illuminance values are as follows.

Vertical Plane

Max Evert

(Lux)@ 100m

50

TILT 700

TILT

North 0.3 2.3

South 0.1 2.3

East 0.3 2.4

West 0.3 4.7

This calculation confirms vertical illuminance in all four directions exceed the 1 lux recommended maximum value

when the luminaires are tilted at 700

.

The maximum calculated luminous intensity values are as follows.

Seg

Vertical Plane

Max I (cd) Values at

1000m

50

TILT 700

TILT

4 North 314 18650

2 South 298 18650

3 East 309 18639

1 West 308 18646

This calculation confirms the luminous intensity in all four directions exceeds the 500 cd recommended maximum

value when the luminaires are tilted at 700

.




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7 ASSESSMENT

7.1 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

The Standards for minimum illuminance requirements for the various areas are established for operational and safety

requirements (refer Table 4.1). These Standards are primarily concerned with minimum levels being achieved and do

not set any maximum illuminance levels. Exceeding the minimum levels is permissible. It is common design practice

to exceed the minimum requirements by a comfortable margin to ensure the levels do not fall below the minimum

requirements at any time during the luminaire maintenance cycle (i.e. between relamping and/or cleaning intervals).

Set against the minimum requirements, AS4282 provides recommendations on the maximum values of obtrusive light

permitted by the installation.

Upon review of the lighting design, two areas were identified where the illuminance achieved by the design is well in

excess of the minimum requirements (i.e. the entry roadway and the parking area). Although the lighting design

appears to be over-illuminated in these areas, the maximum values of obtrusive light recommended by AS4282 are

not exceeded. The design satisfies the minimum requirements by a substantial margin and still complies with the

obtrusive lighting recommendations of AS4282.

The impact of “over-engineering” of the lighting in these two areas would include marginally higher installation and

operational costs for the quarry and an elevated illuminance level.

It may be possible to replace the luminaires with new fixtures with lower wattage lamps as a remedial measure and

still achieve the minimum illuminance requirements, however, compliance with the lighting design criteria would have

to be confirmed by the lighting designer.

7.2 EXTENT OF 1 LUX HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE

The boundary of the quarry site is unclear, however the 1 lux isolux line appears to extend beyond the western site

boundary and beyond the railway area to the South and East. This incursion is considered marginal. The horizontal

illuminance falls below 1 lux elsewhere within the mine site.

Horizontal illuminance is not a specified LTP used for the assessment of obtrusive light, however this calculation helps

to gain an appreciation of the extent of spill light.

Raytrace images of the horizontal illuminance of the site when viewed from various directions at elevated positions

are included in Appendix 6.

7.3 VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE

The vertical illuminance values calculated in all 4 directions are found to be within the maximum recommendations of

AS 4282 at 100m and therefore, are compliant with code requirements in this respect.

7.4 LUMINOUS INTENSITY

The luminous intensity values calculated in all 4 directions are found to be within the maximum recommendations of

AS 4282 at less than 1000m and therefore, are compliant with code requirements in this respect also.

By examination of the luminaire I Tables, the luminous intensity of the flood light luminaires, when tilted at 50

, falls

below 500 cd beyond 300m (approx.) assuming a horizontal topography, confirming compliance with AS 4282 is

achieved for surrounding areas at or above the elevation of the quarry.

Luminaire tilt must remain fixed at 50

for all luminaires to ensure code compliance is maintained.




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7.5 HOLCIM DEVELOPMENT CONSENT CONDITIONS

The Holcim Quarry Development Consent Condition No. 50 states “The Applicant shall take all practicable measures

to prevent and or minimise any off-site lighting impacts from the development”.

As the quarry lighting will be visible from beyond the boundary of the site, there will be some off-site lighting impacts.

The Development Consent conditions require that such impacts be prevented or minimised by the undertaking of all

practicable measures to do so.

This report has only considered measures employed by the lighting design to control the obtrusive effects of the site

lighting. These include:

The use of aeroscreen luminaires with flat glass lenses

Constrained the tilt to 5 degrees

With a few exceptions, luminaires near the site perimeter are generally facing into the site and away from

nearby dwellings.

These methods are considered responsible approaches by the lighting designer to controlling obtrusive light.

There are other, non-lighting measures that may be employed to further reduce the impacts of the lighting, such as:

The erection of screens

Planting of trees

Formation of earth embankments

Screens may be considered an interim solution until trees can be established to form a dense vegetation barrier

which may provide a more permanent solution.

Identification of locations where further measures are required and the extent and selection of appropriate,

practicable measures, would require further assessment and consultation.




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8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Although the assessment of obtrusive light is the focus of this report it must be viewed in the context of the original

purpose of the lighting installation, i.e.,to provide fit for purpose, functional lighting and a safe night time operational

environment. Safety is the primary function of the lighting installation. In our opinion, by the installation of full cut-off,

aeroscreen (flat glass) luminaires, the lighting design achieves compliance with the obtrusive lighting requirements

without compromising operational lighting requirements or safety.

The concerns of the residents have been vindicated in that the lighting, as observed when turned on for testing, was

well in excess of the maximum recommendations of AS 4282.

Provided the lighting is re-aimed in accordance with the design, i.e. with 50

tilt, the lighting calculations demonstrate

compliance with AS 4282 will be achieved for all surrounding dwellings of the same elevation, or above.

No remedial works are required to achieve compliance with the obtrusive lighting recommendations of AS 4282.

Where dwellings are identified below the elevation of the quarry and with an unobstructed line of site, compliance

with the Standard may need to be reviewed, subject to the proximity and location of the affected dwellings.

The Holcim Development Consent Conditions go further than the recommendations of AS 4282, requiring all

practicable measures be taken to prevent and or minimise off-site lighting impacts.

Additional measures may be required to further reduce the impacts of the lighting on the broader community, areas

zoned for future residential development or for specific dwellings where sensitivities persist, to satisfy the

Development Consent Conditions.

Such measures may include, but not be limited to, the following:

Replacement of selected luminaires with lower wattage fixtures

Relocation/ reorientation of selected light poles and luminaires

Erection of screens

Planting of trees

Formation of earth embankments

Should concerns persist after the lights have been energised, it may be appropriate to conduct on-site assessment to

confirm the extent of the matter and further develop recommendations of practicable measures for consideration, to

control off-site lighting impacts for those specific areas of concern.




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APPENDICES

1. AS 4282: Table 2.1

2. Maintained Horizontal Illuminance

3. Initial Horizontal Illuminance Isolux Plot

4. Obtrusive Lighting Calculations

5. Obtrusive Lighting Calculations (70deg Tilt)

6. Raytrace Images from Elevated Positions

7. Responses to Client’s Questions




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Appendix 1: AS 4282: Table 2.1

RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM VALUES OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

FOR THE CONTROL OF OBTRUSIVE LIGHT

(See Clause 2.7)

1 2 3 4 5

Light

technical

parameter

Application or calculation conditions

(see also Figure 2.1 and Section 5)

Recommended maximum values

In commercial

areas or at

boundary of

commercial

and residential

areas*

Residential areas

Light

surrounds**

Dark

surrounds***

Illuminance

in vertical

plane

(Ev)

Pre-curfew:

Limits apply at relevant boundaries of nearby

residential properties, in a vertical plane parallel

to the relevant boundary, to a height

commensurate with the height of the potentially

affected dwellings. Values given are for the

direct component of illuminance

25 lx

10 lx

10 lx

Curfewed hours:

Limits apply in the plane of the windows of

habitable rooms of dwellings on nearby

residential properties. In the absence of

development (i.e. vacant allotment), the limits

apply on the potentially affected property, in a

vertical plane parallel to the relevant boundary, at

the minimum setback permitted for a dwelling,

to a height commensurate with land use zoning

provisions. Values given are for the direct

component of illuminance

1 lx

2 lx

1 lx

Luminous

intensity

emitted by

luminaires

(I)

Pre-curfew:

Limits apply to each luminaire (irrespective of the

number on a head frame) in the principal plane,

for all angles at and above the control direction,

when aimed in accordance with the installation

design

Limits as determined from Table 2.2.

Alternatively, the limits and method of assessment

associate with curfewed hours may be applied, at

the discretion of the designer (see Clauses 2.7.1

and 2.7.2)

Curfewed hours:

Limits apply in direction where views of bright

surfaces of luminaires are likely to be

troublesome to residents, from positions where

such views are likely to be maintained, i.e. not

where momentary or short-term viewing is

involved

2500 cd

1000 cd

500cd




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AS 4282: Table 2.1 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5

Light

technical

parameter

Application or calculation conditions

(see also Figure 2.1 and Section 5)

Recommended maximum values

In commercial

areas or at

boundary of

commercial

and residential

areas*

Residential areas

Light

surrounds**

Dark

surrounds***

Threshold

increment

(TI)

Limits apply at all times where users of transport

systems are subject to a reduction in the ability

to see essential information. Values given are for

relevant positions and viewing directions in the

path of travel

20% based on

adaptation

luminance (L)

of 10 cd/m2

20% based on

adaptation

luminance (L) of

1 cd/m2

20% based on

adaptation

luminance (L)

of 0.1 cd/m2

*Applies to residential accommodation in commercial areas or at the boundary between commercial and residential

areas. The term ‘commercial’ is used as a generic description for zoning which provides for urban uses other than

residential.

**Where the affected property abuts roads that are lit to Category V5 or higher in accordance with AS/NZS 1158.1.1.

***Where the affected property abuts roads that are lit to Category B1 or lower in accordance with AS 1158.1, or

where there is no lighting.




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Appendix 6: Raytrace images from elevated positions

Viewer Position NNW Viewer Position East

Viewer Position South Viewer Postion SE




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APPENDIX 7: RESPONSES TO CLIENT’S QUESTIONS

Upon review of the draft issue of the report a number of questions/ comments were raised, with reponses being

provided by Webb Australia shown in red, below:

Q1. It sounds like it could be good news. I am reading that you expect no real impact from the quarry lighting?

A. Yes, it is good news. We expect that the impact from the quarry lighting will be noticeable, but not significant

when viewed from the proximity of the surrounding dwellings.

Q2. On what basis do they need such high lighting levels “for operational and safety requirements”? I take it there are

no Standards for such requirements? Does an employee car park need that much lighting? Does a road way need so

much lighting in addition to headlights? It sounds like there are no real set standards here. Is that the case? Then it is

up to GHD to design (and charge for)whatever they think is a good idea. Is this the case? Is it “over-engineered”? Is

Holcim paying more than they need to? Could you elaborate?

A. There are Standards for minimum illuminance requirements for the various areas that are established for

operational and safety requirements (refer Table 4.1 of the report). These Standards are primarily concerned with

minimum levels being achieved and do not set any maximum illuminance levels. Exceeding the minimum levels is

permissible. It is common design practice to exceed the minimum requirements by a comfortable margin to ensure

the levels do not fall below the minimum requirements at any time during the luminaire maintenance cycle (i.e.

between relamping and/or cleaning intervals).

Set against the minimum requirements, AS4282 provides recommendations on the maximum values of obtrusive light

permitted by the installation.

Our review of the lighting design has identified two areas where the illuminance achieved by the design is well in

excess of the minimum requirements (i.e. the entry roadway and the parking area). Although the lighting design

appears to be over-illuminated in these areas, the maximum values of obtrusive light recommended by AS4282 are

not exceeded. The design satisfies the minimum requirements by a substantial margin and still complies with the

obtrusive lighting recommendations of AS4282.

The impact of “over-engineering” of the lighting in these two areas would include marginally higher installation and

operational costs for the quarry and an elevated illuminance level.

As stated in the report, it may be possible to replace the luminaires with new fixtures with lower wattage lamps as a

remedial measure and still achieve the minimum illuminance requirements, however, compliance with the lighting

design criteria would have to be confirmed by the lighting designer.

Q3. Several charts assess the light intensity at 100m, 200m and 1000m. In particular at part 6.4 and 6.6. Is it

possible to assess the intensity/impact at 10,000 – where we are?

A. An assessment of the lighting from a distance of 10,000m could be undertaken, however, the report has

established the impact of the lighting at 1,000m is below the maximum recommendations of AS4282. If the lighting

complies with the requirements of the Standard at 1km away, it will be even better at a distance of 10km.




7 MAY 2014 ISSUE C ABN 14 064 354 776

Q4. You don’t say much about the terms of the Development Consent, in particular s 50 – “take all practicable

measures to prevent and or minimise any off-site lighting impacts” Should we read into this that there won’t be any

off-site lighting impacts? Can you elaborate?

A. The quarry lighting will be visible and be seen from beyond the boundary of the site, so we are not saying there

won’t be any off-site lighting impacts.

To completely eliminate or prevent any off-site impacts of the lighting would require the provision of physical barriers

surrounding the quarry, designed to restrict spill light beyond the boundaries of the site. This could be in the form of

trees, earth embankments or structures forming screens. The necessity and practicability of these methods is open

for discussion, however it is recommended that the decision to proceed with such rectification measures should be

deferred until such time as the impacts of the lighting can be assessed visually.

The lighting design has incorporated the use of aeroscreen luminaires with flat glass lenses and constrained their tilt

to 5 degrees to minimise the upward light component. The drawings provided indicate that where the highest

wattage lights are closest to the site perimeter, with a few exceptions, they are generally facing into the site and

away from nearby dwellings. These methods are considered responsible approaches by the lighting designer to

controlling obtrusive light.

Where areas of sensitivity persist, the erection of screens may provide an effective interim solution, until dense

vegetation (trees) can be established to provide a more permanent solution.

Q5. Could you comment on the application of s. 2 and 3 of AS4282 as noted in my letter to Pru Goward of the 5th

Feb, attached, p. 2. Are you saying that the proposed lighting will not have any “perceived change in amenity of the

night sky, against the ambient lighting prior to the installation of the introduced lights”?

A. AS4282 recommends limits on the levels of obtrusive light that may be applicable to various outdoor lighting

installations, and does so, giving consideration to the ambient lighting existing in that environment. The values that

are permissible by the Standard are more than zero, which means that some (limited) obtrusive light is

permissible. The Standard accepts that some degree of tolerance by those affected may be necessary. The

Standard also accepts that a complying installation will not necessarily receive no adverse reaction from those

affected by the spill light.

In this case, there may be a perception of change in the amenity of the night time view relative to the ambience that

existed prior to the installation of the quarry site lighting, however, this has been quantified and falls within the

acceptable terms of the Standard.

Q6. Much of your report is based on a 5 degree lighting tilt. How can we be certain this will be maintained. Will lights

be locked into this position? Could they move back to a 70 degree tilt again?

A. We understand the lights have been fixed in position with a 5 degree tilt, as required by the lighting

design. General maintenance (cleaning and lamp changes) can occur without the need to adjust the aiming or tilt of

the luminaires.

Whist no guarantee can be provided, there is no expectation that the luminaires are likely to be re-aimed at 70 degree

tilt.

Q7. S. 3 suggests the poles are timber. I think, in fact, they are steel. Does this matter?

A. The type of pole will have no effect on the performance of the lighting installation.




7 MAY 2014 ISSUE C ABN 14 064 354 776

Q8. Can you suggest any reduction in lights for the areas that are “over illuminated”?

A. As stated in the report, it may be possible to replace the luminaires with new fixtures with lower wattage lamps

as a remedial measure and still achieve the minimum illuminance requirements, however, compliance with the

lighting design criteria would have to be confirmed by the lighting designer.

Q9. Are you able to offer a rough guesstimate of the cost of this “over Illumination” ( I know we have touched on this

before)

A. As stated above, the impact of “over-engineering” of the lighting in the two areas identified would include

marginally higher installation and operational costs for the quarry. These costs have not been quantified.

Q10. Can you provide further detail on the Viewtrace Images in Appendix 6. Can we see these for 10kms distance

and from the NNW ( I assume this is to be our view of the quarry?) ?

A. The ray traced images included in the report are not to scale and are indicative only. The elevation and distance of

the viewing positions from the site are not quantified, but they do provide an approximation of what the site may

appear like from a distance, at an elevated position and from the directions noted.

Q11. From the above, you can see that my focus is very much on what we will see at night from approximately

10kms NNW from the quarry. Can you expand on this or provide any more detail?

A. As the apparent brightness diminishes with distance, we can expect that with an unobstructed view of the site

from a distance of 10km to the NNW at night, the site will be discernible. The impact of the site lighting will be

visible against the blackness of the surrounding, unilluminated (dark) countryside. The final assessment of

acceptability will be a personal matter, as perceptions may differ between individuals. The only way to be certain

about one person’s perception of what they will see when the lights are turned on is to allow them to make their own

assessment when the lights are energised.

Q12. How much worse will it be for those at similar or lower elevations and perhaps only 5 Kms way in a more

westerly direction?

A. The view from lower elevations will be different from elevated positions, as the ground illuminated by the lighting

may not be visible from the lower elevations, while the lights themselves may come into view.

The luminous intensity of the luminaires when viewed from such angles is likely to be in excess of 500 cd, the

maximum recommended by AS4282. The precise luminous intensity would depend on the relative elevation of the

view point and the distance from the lights.

This could be further investigated, subject to the provision of survey data of affected dwellings (i.e. dwellings at lower

elevations with unobstructed view of the lights) and of light pole locations.

holcim lynwood quarry external lighting review report

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