hmww˛ {io-zv- b-iwk-iƒ-...vol. 28 issue 2 fortnightly september 15, 2016 page 24 ` 10 psc...

$: HmWw˛ {Io-Zv- B-iwk-Iƒ-...Vol. 28 Issue 2 Fortnightly September 15, 2016 Page 24 ` 10 PSC Bulletin, Official Publication of Kerala Public Service Commission SINCE 1985 HmWw˛_{Io-Zv-$
website: www.keralapsc.gov.in E-mail: [email protected] Circulation : 0471-2546270

Hm¨sse≥ t]bvsa‚vkwhn-[m-\-Øn\v Kwòc hc-th¬]v

]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n-\n\v ]pXp-Xmbn G¿s∏-Sp-ØnbHm¨sse≥ t]bvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-I-fpsS Kwòc hc-th¬]v. \nc-h[n t]cmWv s]mss^-en-eqsS s\‰v _m¶nßv hgn _p≈-‰n-\ns‚ hcn-kw-JyAS-bv°p-∂-Xv. At∏mƒØs∂ k_vkvssI_¿enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sXm´-SpØ e°w apX¬_p≈-‰n≥ X]m-en¬ e`n-°pw. Pn√m-Xe tkm¿ńßv\SØn t]mÃp sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsX_p≈-‰n≥ hcn-°m¿°v In´p∂p-≠v. CtXm-sSm-∏w Xs∂\nc-h[n ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb GP≥kn-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v _p≈-‰n≥ e`y-am°p-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym-`-ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, dkn-U≥kv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ, bqØv ¢_p-Iƒ, DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n Iq´m-bva-Iƒ apX-em-b-hbv°pw P\-]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw ]cn-]q¿W ]n¥p-Wbpw kl-I-c-Whpw ]ªnIvdnte-j≥kv hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂v \¬In-h-cp-∂p-≠v.GP≥kn kw_-‘-amb hnhc-ßƒ°v 0471 2546270

tIc-f-N-cnXhpw h¿j-ßfpw

C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ

tIcfobw

C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hyhÿ

Poh-imkvXw

temI-cm-Py-ßƒ

Practice Questions

Test Your GK

Confusing Facts

Vol. 28 Issue 2 Fortnightly September 15, 2016 Page 24 ` 10

PSC Bulletin, Official Publication of Kerala Public Service Commission

SINCE 1985

HmWw˛_Io-Zv-B-iwk-Iƒ

-

2 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

hm¿-jn-I hcnkwJy ˛ $ 200aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn Abt°≠ hnemkw:

]ªn-Iv- dn-tej≥-kv- Hm-ô-k¿,-tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩnj≥,-

]´w- ]m-ekv- ]n.-H., Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw-˛695004 h-cn-°m¿- _p-≈-‰n-≥ kw-_-‘n-®v- I-sØ-gp-Xp-tºm-gpw-

t^m- - sN-øp-tºm-gpw- _p-≈-‰n-\n-s‚- te-_-en-ep-≈ k-_v-kv-ssI-_¿- \-º¿- Ir-Xy-am-bn- kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.-

Pn-√m- X-e- tkm¿-ń-Mn-\m-bn- h-cn-°m¿- hn-em-k-Øn¬- Pn-√-bp-sS- t]-cpw- ]n-≥tIm-Upw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.-

Im-em-h-[n- Xo-cm-dm-Ip-∂- h-cn-°m¿-°v- A-Xp- kw-_-‘-am-b- A-dn-bn-∏v- B-dp- e-°w- ap-ºv- ap-X¬- dm-∏-dn-se- hn-em-k-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-≠v.-

h-cn-kw-Jy- Hm¨-sse\m-bpw- hn-hn-[- ]n-F-kv-kn- Hm-ô-kp-I-fn¬- t\-cn- pw- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Un-.-Un,- sN°,v-t]m-kv-‰¬- Hm¿-U¿- kzo-Im-cy-a√.-

hcn°mcpsS i≤bv°v

]Xm[n]kanXn A[y-£≥-

io.- Atim-I≥- Ncp-hn¬saw-_¿-, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

]Xm[n]kanXn Aw-Kßƒ-

tUm.- sI Djsaw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

io.- ]n- in-hZm-k≥-saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

io-aXn.- kn-an- tdm-kv-s_¬- tPm¨-saw-_¿, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

AUz.- C cho-µ\m-Y≥-saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

FUn-‰¿

km-Pp -tPm¿-Pv-

skI´dn-,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn-j≥ -

]ªnIv dntej≥kv Hmôk¿

sI.- B¿.- a-t\m-PvIpam¿ ]n-≈

t^m¨ : 0471 2546368 OR 9446412483k¿°ptej≥ (]n.B¿.bqWn‰v): 0471 2546270

Bÿm\ Hmôkv F≥Iz-b-dnP\-d¬ F≥Iz-b-dn 0471 2546400,0471 2546401(]h¿Ø\ kabw cmhnse 8 apX¬ sshIp-t∂cw 6 aWn-h-sc).

tImƒ sk‚¿tImƒ sk‚¿: 0471 2444428, 0471 2444438,04712555538(]h¿Ø\ kabw cmhnse 10.15 apX¬ sshIp-t∂cw 5.15 aWn-h-sc).

taJem Hm- o-kp-IƒsIm√w: 0474 2745674, F-d-Wm-Ipfw: 0484 2317435,tImgn-t°mSv: 0495 2371500

Pn√m Hm- o-kp-IƒXncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-: 0471 2448188/ 0471 2546402,sIm√w: 0474 2743624, ]Ø-\w-Xn´: 0468- 2222665,-B-e∏pg: 0477 2264134, tIm´bw: 0481 2578278,-C-Sp°n: 04868 272359,- F-d-Wm-Ipfw: 0484 2314500,Xr»q¿: 0487 2327505, ]me-°mSv: 0491 2505398,ae-∏pdw: 0483 2734308, tImgn-t°mSv: 0495 2371971,hb-\mSv: 04936 202539, IÆq¿: 0497 2700482,Imk¿tKmU:v 04994 230102

t^mt´m kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ01˛01˛2012 apX¬ ]m_-e-y-Ønep≈ h - ssSwcPn -kvtS -j≥, IΩo-js‚ HutZ-ym -KnIsh_vssk-‰mb www.keralapsc.gov.in hgn \S-Øn-b-ti-j-am-Wv- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- hn-hn-[- X-kv-Xn-Iƒ-°m-bn- A-t]-£- k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.-t^m-t´m- A-]v-tem-Uv- sN-øp-tºmƒ- ]-co-£m¿-∞n-Iƒ- Xm-sg-]-d-bp-∂- Im-cy-ßƒ- ]-tXy-Iw- i-≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.-1.- -t^m-t´m-bn¬- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-bp-sS- t]-cpw- t^m-

t´m- F-Sp-Ø- Xo-b-Xn-bpw- ]-Xn-®n-cn-°-Ww.-2.- -01˛-08˛-2014 ap-X¬- I-Ωo-j-≥ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-

∂- hn-⁄m-]-\-ßƒ- ]-Im-cw- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- A-t]-£- k-a¿-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- A-t]-£-k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂- Xo-b-Xn-°v- H-cp- h¿-j-Øn-\-Iw- F-Sp-Ø- t^m-t´m- B-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-]v-tem-Uv- sN-tø-≠-Xv.- A-]v-tem-Uv- sN-øp-∂-t^m-t´m-bv-°v- ]-Øv- h¿-j-tØ-bv-°v- ]m-_-ey-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-

3.- -]-co-£m¿-∞n-bp-sS- ap-J-hpw- tXm-fp-I-fp-sS- ap-Iƒ- m-K-hpw- hy-‡-am-bn- ]-Xn-™n-cn-°-Ø-°-

hn-[-Øn-ep-≈- ]m-kv-t]m¿- v- -ssk-kn-ep-≈- I-f¿-/-ªm-°v- &- ssh-‰v- t^m-t´m-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

4.- -sh-fp-Ø-tXm- C-fw- \n-d-Øn-tem- D-≈- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬- C-fw- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈- h-kv-Xw- [-cn-®v- F-Sp-Ø- t^m-t´m-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

5.- -ap-Jw- t\-sc-bpw- ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw- t^m-t´m-bp-sS- a-[y-`m-K-Øv- ]-Xn-™n-cn-°-Ww.-

6.- -I-Æp-Iƒ- hy-‡-am-bn- Im-W-Ø-°- hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

7.- -A-]v-tem-Uv- sN-øp-∂- t^m-t´m-Iƒ- 200 ]n-Ivsk¬ h x 150 ]nIvsk¬ w D≈Xpw JPGt^m¿am-‰n-ep-≈Xpw 30 KB ^b¬sskkn¬ A[n-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xpambncn°Ww.

8. k¨•m-kv, sXm∏n F∂nh [cn®v FSp-ØXpw apJ-Øns‚ Hcp hiw amXw ImW-Ø-°-hn-[-ap-≈Xpw apJw hy-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb t^mt´m-Iƒ kzo-Im-c-y-a-√.

9. aXm-Nm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn sXm∏n/intcm-hkvXw [cn®v FSpØ t^mt´m a‰v \n¿t±-i-ß-f\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n¬ kzo-Im-cy-am-Wv.

hnc-an-°p∂ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. AwK-ßƒ°v

bmX-b-b∏v \¬In

H.-Fw.-B¿. ]co£: ]pXnb XobXnIm‰-Kdn \º¿ 539/2014 ]-Imcw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-ym- -ymk hIp-∏n¬ Akn-Ã‚ v s]m -k¿ C≥Iº-yq- ¿ kb≥kv B‚ v F©n-\o-b-dnwKv XkvXn-I-bn-te°v 2016 sk]vXw-_¿ 29 \v \S-Øp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ H.-Fw.-B¿. ]co£ ]pXp-°nb XobXn ]Imcw sk]vXw-_¿ 27 te°vam‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ka-b-I-a-Øn¬ am‰-an-√.

Imem-h[n ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip∂Xns\-Øp-S¿∂v hnc-an-°p∂ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. AwK-ß-fmb sI.-sI.-c-a-Wn, bp.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿, F.-hn.-h-√- ≥ F∂n-h¿°v sk]vXw-_¿ A©n\v ]n.-F-kv.-kn. Bÿm-\sØ ]co£mlmfn¬h®v HutZ-ym-KnI bmX-bb∏v \¬In.sNb¿am≥ tUm. sI.-F-kv.-cm-[m-Ir-jvWs‚ A[-y-£-X-bn¬ \S∂ NS-ßn¬ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. AwKws]m^. (tUm.) F≥.-sk¬h-cm-Pv, ]co£m I¨tSm-f¿ F≥.\mcm-bW i¿Ω F∂n-h¿ ]kw-Kn-®p. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. skI-´dn kmPp -tPm¿÷v kzm-K-XhpwFÃm-ªn-jvsa‚ v hn`mKw tPmbn‚ v skI- dn F≥kµo]v \µnbpw ]d-™p. IΩn-j-\w-K-ßfpw Poh-\-°mcpw NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

sI.-sI.-c-aWntI-c-f- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- I-Ωn-j-\n¬- sk-£-≥ Hm-ô-k-dm-bn-1978 ¬- tPm-en-bn¬- ]-th-in-®p.- 1982 ¬- K-h-

-sa-‚ v- sk-I-t -dn-b-‰n¬- A-≠¿- sk-I- -dn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-X-bm-bn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- B- y-¥-c-h-Ip-∏n¬- A-Uo-j-W¬- sk-I- -dn- h-sc-bm-bn.- tI-c-f- A-_v-Im-cn- sh¬- -b¿- t_m¿-

Uv,- A-Kn-°ƒ-®-d¬- sh¬- -b¿- t_m¿-Uv,- lm-≥Uv-eqw- h¿-t°-gv-kv- sh¬- -b¿- t_m¿-Uv- Xp-S-ßn-b- t£-a-\n-[n- t_m¿-Up-I-fp-sS- sN-b¿-t]-gv-k- - B-bn-cp-∂p.-kw-ÿm-\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ω-n-j-≥ sk-I- -dn-bm-bpw-h-\n-Xm- I-Ωn-j-≥ Aw-K-am-bpw- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®n- p-

≠v.

bp.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^vSmh≥Iq-dn¬ DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-\mbn 1981 ¬k¿∆o-kn¬ ]th-in-®p. Fkv.-_n.-Sn.amt\-P-cm-bn-cns°kzbw hnc-an®v P\-bpKw ]X-Øns‚P\-d¬ amt\-P-cm-bn. B\p-Im-enI]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Xm-dp-≠v.A¥-y-\m-fp-I-fnse

PohnX XpSn-∏p-Iƒ, kvt\lm-Z-c-ß-tfmsS kz¥w,_m¶nßv Ipń-Iƒ°v F∂o ]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. hnhn[ kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambn_‘-s∏´v ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Hmƒ tIcf ªUvtUmtWgvkv skmssk‰nbpsS skI- -dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

F.-hn.-h-√- ≥Xr»q¿ Pn√-bnseNq≠¬ kz-tZ-in-bm-Wv. Nq≠¬ Kma]©m-bØv sshkv]k n -U‚m -b p w ,Xr»q¿ Pn√m ]©m-bØv AwK-ambpw]h¿Øn-®n- p-≠v.

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 3

h¨ ssSw shcn- n-t°-j\pw DtZym-Km¿Yn-Iƒ

i≤n-t°≠ Nne ][m\ Imc-y-ßfpw- 2

tIcf- k¿-°m-cn-\p- Io-gn¬- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-h¿- Hm-¨-sse-≥ A-t]-£-bp-sS- ]n-‚u-´v- k-ln-Xw- Hm- o-kv- ta-e-[n-Im-cn-sb- A-dn-bn-®v- ]-kv-Xp-X- A-t]-£- ]n.-F-kv.-kn- \n-›-bn-®n- p-≈- A-h-km-\- Xo-b-Xn-°p-ap-ºm-bn- e-`n-®n-´p-≠v- F-∂p- Im-Wn-°p-∂- \n-›n-X- am-Xr-I-bn-ep-≈- c-ko-Xv- hm-ßn- kq-£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- (A-t]-£m- k-a¿-∏-Ww- kw-_-‘-am-b- sd-ko-]v-‰v-).- C-Xn¬- Hm-ô-kv- X-e-h-s‚- t]-cv,- D-tZym-K-t∏-cv,- Hm- o-kv- ko¬- F-∂n-h- \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw- D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

RECEIPT

(To be obtained from the Head of Office)

Certified that a copy of application/print out page of theonline application for selection to the post of ..................... onRs. ........... in the ....... (here enter the name of Department/Cor-poration/Company/Local Authority/Co-operative Institution)notified in the gazette dated ............................... has been re-ceived in this office on ................ ie, on or before the last datefixed for the receipt of application for the post from Sri/Smt....................... (here enter the name and designation of the ap-plicant) and that objections if any to the entertainment of theapplication will be communicated to the Head Office/RegionalOffice/District Office of the KPSC within one month from thelast date fixed for receipt of application.Place:Date: Signature,

Name and Designation of theHead of Office.(Seal of Office)

P\-d¬ tUmIyp-sa‚ vkv F∂ en¶n¬ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw CtaPv A]vtemUvsNbvXv IΩnj≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØv Hdn-Pn-\¬ lmP-cm-t°≠XmWv. C]-Imcw ckoXvka¿∏n-°m≥ km[n-°msX t]mb DtZym-Km¿∞n-IƒAt]£ ka¿∏n-t°≠ Ah-km\ Xob-Xn-°p-apºvcko-Xn\v At]-£n-®n- p≠v F∂v ImWn®v \n›nXamXr-I-bn¬ Hmôkv tae-[n-Im-cn-bn¬ \n∂v k¿ń-^n-°‰v hmßn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ ka-bØv A]vtemUvsNbvXv Hdn-Pn-\¬ lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. (At]£mka¿∏Ww kw_-‘-amb k¿ń-^n-°-‰v)

CERTIFICATE

(To be obtained from the Head of Office, In lieu of theReceipt)

Certified that a copy of request for receipt, in the form givenin the General Conditions of the Gazette notification invitingapplication for the post, dated ............... has been received inthis office on ............ie, on or before the last date fixed for re-ceipt of application for the post, from Sri/Smt........................................... (here enter the name and designa-tion of the applicant) applying for selection to the post of................ on Rs. ....................... in the ..........................................Dept/Corporation/Company/Local Authority/Co-operative In-stitution notified in the gazette dated ..........................

Place: Signature,

Date: Name and Designation of theHead of Office.

(Seal of Office)

GXv Xob-Xn-hsc BsW-∂p-≈Xv k¿ń-^n-°-‰n¬hy‡-am-°n--bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

`n∂-ti-jn-bp≈ DtZym-Km¿Yn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS n∂-tijn sXfn-bn-°p∂ \n¿ZnjvS amXr-I-bnep≈Unk-_-en‰n k¿ń-^n-°‰v _‘-s∏´ saUn-°¬AtXm-cn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v hmßn shbvt‰Pv en¶n¬A]vtemUv sNtø-≠Xpw shcn- n-t°-j-≥ ka-bØvHdn-Pn-\¬ lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

Hcn-°¬ shcn- n-t°-j\v lmP-cmbn h¨ ssSwcPn-kvtS-j≥ k¿ń- n-°‰v hmßn-b-h¿ ]n∂oSv at‰-sX-¶nepw tbmK-yX tN¿°m≥ lmP-cm-Ip-tºmƒ\ne-hn-ep≈ k¿ń- n-°‰v kd-≠¿ sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.Ah¿°v AtX ]n.-kn.-F≥. (s]¿a-\‚ v Im≥Un-tU‰v \º¿) tN¿Øv ]pXnb k¿ń-^n-°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, ]pXp-Xmbn t\m¨ Ioan-se-b¿k¿ń-^n-°‰v/Iayp-Wn‰n k¿ń-^n-°-‰v, t\m H_vP-£≥ k¿ń-^n-°‰v F∂nh amXta A]vtemUvsNbvXn-´p-≈p-sh-¶n¬ DtZym-Km¿Yn-Iƒ ssIh-i-ap≈ h¨ ssSw shcn-^n-t°-j≥ k¿ń-^n-°‰vkd≠¿ sNtø-≠-Xn-√.

]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n® DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ H.-Sn.-B¿.]cn-tim-[-\bv°v ho≠pw htc-≠-Xn-√

H‰-Ø-hW kq-£va-]-cn-tim-[\m \S-]-Sn-IawA\p-k-cn®v kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ \SØn ]n.-kn.-F≥.

e`n-°pIbpw Sn XkvXn-I-bpsS tbmK-y-X-Ifpw A\p-_‘ hnh-c-ßfpw AtXm-sSm∏w kq£v-a-]-cn-tim-

[\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-s≠-¶n¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ ho≠pw H‰-Ø-hW kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v

lmP-cm-tI-≠-Xn-√. ]Icw Sn XkvXn-Ibv°v th≠tbmK-y-X-Ifpw A\p-_‘ hnh-c-ßfpw kq£va-]-

cn-tim-[\ \SØn CXn-t\m-SIw ]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n-®n-´p≠v F∂v kX-y -hm -Mvaqew s]mss^-en¬

tN¿Øm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. t\m¨ Ioan-se-b¿/PmXn k¿ń-^n-°‰v, saUn-°¬ k¿ń-^n-°-‰v,

k¿∆okv k¿ń- n-°-‰v, At]£m ka¿∏Ww kw_-‘-amb sdko]v‰v/At]£m ka¿∏Ww kw_-‘-

amb k¿ń-^n-°‰v, Sn XkvXn-I-bpsS tbmK-y-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v GsX-¶nepw ]am-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-

bh shcnss^ sNtø-≠-Xp-s≠-¶n¬ Cu hy-hÿ_m[-I-a-√.

Kk‰v hnPvRm]-\-Øn¬ \njv°¿jn-®n- p≈ tbmK-y-X-bpsSDb¿∂/XØp-ey tbmK-y-X-bp-≈-h¿ H‰-ØhW cPn-kvtS-j≥

aptJ\ At]£ ka¿∏n°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§ \n¿t±-iwH‰-Øh-W- c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\n-eq-sS- X-kv-Xn-I-I-fp-sS- A-t]-£-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- ]-kv-Xp-X-X-kv-Xn-I-I-fp-sS- kv-s]-jy¬- dqƒ- \n-jv-°¿-jn-®n-´p-≈- tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ- B-Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- hn-⁄m-]-\-Øn¬- \n-jv-°¿-jn-®n-´p-≈- tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ- C-√m-Ø- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- A-t]-£-k-a¿-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- ineligible button B-bn-cn-°pw- Zr-iy-am-hp-I.- ]-kv-Xp-X- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-ineligible- _-´-Wn-\v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- why I am ineligible - F-∂- en-¶n¬- ¢n-°v- sN-ø-Ww.- A-t∏mƒ- Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂- Have Equivalent or higher button ¢n-°v- sN-øp-tºmƒ- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n- s]m-ss^-en¬-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tbm-Ky-X- H-cp- h-i-Øpw- hn-⁄m-]-\-Øn-se- tbm-Ky-X- a-dp-h-i-Øpw- e-`y-am-Ipw.-D-tZym-Km¿-∞n- A-bm-fp-sS- tbm-Ky-X-I-fn¬- \n-∂pw- _-‘-s∏-´- tbm-Ky-X-bv-°v- X-Øp-ey- tbm-Ky-X-sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- A-t]-£- k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n- ]-am-W- ]-cn-tim-[-\m-th-f-bn¬-Xp-ey-X- sX-fn-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

_nFkv]n

tIµ k¿°m¿ DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. hgnAt]-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v tae-[n-Im-cn-bn¬ \n∂v ta¬∏-cm-a¿in® amXr-I-bn-ep≈ ckoXv As√--¶n¬t\m H_vP-£≥ k¿ń -^n -°‰v (F≥. -H. -kn)hmßnbncn-t°-≠Xpw \n¿t±-in-°p∂ ka-bØvA]vtemUv sNbvXv Hdn-Pn-\¬ lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xpam-Wv.

k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ Xm¬°m-en-I tPmen-bp-≈-hcpw s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ/k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ/FbvUUv ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hcpw At]£ ka¿∏n-°p∂ka-bØv Un¢-td-j-\nse k¿°m¿ tPmen-bpt≠mF∂ tImf-Øn¬ sbkv F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.

k¿hokv k¿ń-^n-°‰v Bh-iy-amb kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ AXv A]vtemUv sNtø-≠Xv Fwtπm-bvsa‚ vUo‰-bn¬kv F∂ en¶n-em-Wv.

kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fnse skmssk‰n hn`m-K-Øn¬ At]-£n-°p-∂-h¿ At]£m ka¿∏Wwkw_-‘n® sdkn]v‰v lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xn-√. F∂m¬,k¿hokv k¿ń-^n-°‰v kw_-‘-amb hnh-c-ß-ƒFwtπm-bvsa≥dv Uo‰-bn¬kn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbpwCta-Pv A]vtemUv sNøp-Ibpw sNbvX-tijw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂ ka-bØv shcn-^n-t°-j\v lmP-cm-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. ]kvXpX ske-£\v AXXv saw_¿skmssk‰n Poh-\-°m¿amXw lmP-cm-bm¬ aXn.ss]adn skmssk-‰n-bn-ep-≈-h¿ htc-≠-Xn-√.

]cn-Nb k¿ń-^n-°‰v k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≈tXm sI.-F-kv.-B¿.-Sn.-kn., sI¬tSm¨ apX-emb s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈tXmBsW-¶n¬ Hmôkv Xe-h\n¬ \n∂v hmßn-bm¬aXn-bm-Ipw. ]h¿Øn]cn-Nbw cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXkzImcy ÿm]-\-ß-fnemsW-¶n¬ \n¿±njvS amXr-I-bn¬ k¿ń-^n-°‰v, Hmôkv Xe-h≥ CjyqsNbvXn-cn-t°-≠Xpw N´-]-Imcw/\nb-a-]-Imcw]kvXpX ÿm]-\-Ønse Poh-\-°m-cpsS tkh\thX\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Ønb DtZym-K-ÿ≥ AXv km£y-s∏Sp-Øn-bncn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

]cn-NbØns‚ Imem-h[n GXv Xob-Xn-ap-X¬

4 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

Adn-bm≥...-Hm¿Øn-cn-°m≥....

IpSn-»nI Dug-ßƒ (Pending Uncompensated Turns)F∂m-se-¥m-Wv?

\nb-a\ in]m¿ibv°p≈ Dug-ßƒ \n›-bn-°p∂sdmt´-j≥ Hcp XpS¿ ]In-b-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv HmtcmXkvXn-Ibv°pw ]pXnb dm¶v enÃv \nehn¬ hcp-tºmƒIgn™ dm¶v enÃv Imem-h[n Ah-km-\n® L´-Øn¬sdmt´-j≥ FhnsS Ah-km-\n-®pthm AXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-´mWv ]pXnb dm¶v enÃn¬ \n∂v sdmt´-j≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ap≥Im-eØv h∂p IqSnb IpSn-»nI Dug-ßƒ (Pending Uncompensated) ]pXnb dm¶v enÃns‚sdmt´-j-\n¬ ho´m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. NJD, TPO, NCA F∂n-h-bmWv IpSn-»nI Dug-ßƒ.

NJD Vacancy, TPO, NCA Turn Ch XΩn-ep≈ hy-X-ymkw F¥mWv?

\nb-a\ in]m¿i sNø-s∏´ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in-°m-Ø-Xp-aq-e-ap-≠mIp∂ Hgn-hmWv NotJoined Duty Vacancy (NJD). tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in-°m-Ø-bmsf \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNbvX AtX Dug-Øn¬Xs∂ ]I-c-°m-cs\ NJD Hgn-hn¬ \nb-a\ in]m¿isNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. IpSn-»nI Dug-ß-fn¬ ap≥K-W\ \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw NJD tSWn-\m-Wv.

Hcp ske-£≥ h¿j-Øn¬ \nI-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ BsIHgn-hp-I-fn¬ kwh-cWw 50% Øne-[n-I-am-I-cp-sX∂v KS& SSR N«w 15 (d) hy-h-ÿ-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ kwh-cW Dug-ßƒ Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn am‰nshbv°m-dp-≠v. CXn-s\-bmWv Temporary Pass Over(TPO) F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. 50% hy-hÿ ]men-®p-s-Im≠vkwh-cW Dugw \nI-Øm≥ In´p∂ G‰hpw ASpØ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ Cßs\ am‰n shbv°-s∏´ kwh-cWDug-ßƒ \nI-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kwh-cW Dugw \nI-Ø-s∏-tS≠ ka-bØv B hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n dm¶v enÃn¬ C√msXh∂m¬ sdmt -j≥ Nm¿ńse sXm -SpØ kwh-cW hn`m-K-Øn\v B Dugw IS-ambn ssIam-dp∂ coXn apºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu A[nI t\´w ssIh-cn® hn`mKw G‰hpwASpØ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ (]p-Xnb dm¶v enÃv \ne-hn¬ hcp-tºmƒ) \jvS-s∏´ hn`m-K-Øn\v XncnsI \¬I-W-sa∂hy-h-ÿ-bn-emWv Cu ISw sImSp-°¬. CXn-s\-bmWvNCA (No Candidate Available) F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ G.O.(P) 7/2006/P & ARD dtd 08-03-2006DØ-chv ]Imcw KS & SSR N´w 15(a) t`-Z-K-Xn- h-cp-Øn- k¿-°m¿- Cu- k-º-Zm-bw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®p.- A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- H-cp- H-gn-hn-te-°v- H-cp- kw-h-c-W- Du-gw- \n-I-tØ-≠- k-a-b-Øv- hn-`m-K-Øn-se- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n- dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬-C-√m-sX- h-∂m¬- B- H-gn-hv- (^-jv- H-gn-hm-sW-¶n¬- 50%-hy-h-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn-®v OC:BC IW-°n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \nI-Øn-b-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xpw/NJD Hgn-hm-sW-¶n¬ Hgnhv \nIØn-b-Xmbn IW-°m°p-∂XpwF∂m¬) B hn`m-K-°m¿°v amX-ambn ]tX-y-XIhn⁄m-]\w (NCA hn⁄m-]-\w-)- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bpw-sN-øp-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv- \n-e-hn-se- co-Xn.- N-´w- 15 A-\p-k-cn-®v- ]- n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cp-sS- Du-g-ß-fn¬- A-h-cp-sS- A- m-h-Øn¬-]-ń-I-h¿-§-Øn¬-s∏-´-h-sc-bpw- Xn-cn-®pw- in-]m¿-i- sN-ø-∂-Xm-Wv.- F-∂m¬ KS & SSR N´w 15 (b) A\p-k-cn®vap≥Im-e-ß-fn-ep-≠mb NCA IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ (Pending un-compensated NCA Turns) XncnsI hot -≠-XmWv F∂vt`Z-K-Xn-h-cp-Ønb N´w 15 (a) bpsS Ipdn-∏n¬ hy-hÿsNbvXn-´p-≠v.

ske-£≥ Cb¿ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂XvF¥m-Wv?

KS & SSR N´w 15(a) bpsS kv]-jvSo-I-cWw A\p-k-cn®v Hcp dm¶v enÃv \ne-hn¬ h∂ XobXn apX¬AXv d±m-°p∂ XobXn hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hns\ Se-lection year F∂v hnh-£n°p∂p.

km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Hcp dm¶v enÃns‚ Imem-h[nFX-bm-Wv? F≥.-kn-F. dm¶v enÃns‚ Imem-h[nkw_-‘n® hy-hÿ F¥m-Wv?

Hcp dm¶v enkv‰v ]m_-e-y-Øn¬ hcp∂ XobXn apX¬G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv Hcp h¿jhpw G‰hpw IqSn-bXv 3h¿jhpw Imem-h[n D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Nne kmlN-c-y-ß-fn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ A -y¿∞\ ]cn-K-Wn®v IΩn-j≥dm¶v enÃns‚ Imem-h[n \o´m-dp-≠v. AX-\p-k-cn®v dm¶venÃns‚ Imem-h[n ]cam-h[n 4½ h¿jw hsc Zo¿Ln-

∏n-°p-hm≥ IΩn-j\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp dm¶venÃv \ne-hn¬ h∂v Hcp h¿j-Øn\p tijw CtX XkvXn-Ibv°v Hcp ]pXnb dm¶v enÃv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B XobXn apX¬ ]gb dm¶v enÃn\v ]m_-e-y-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√. Hcp dm¶v enÃv \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂]cam-h[n 3 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ B enÃn¬ \n∂pw Bcpw\nb-a-\-Øn\v in]m¿i sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F¶n¬ Aß-s\-bp≈ enÃns‚ Imem-h[n Hcp h¿jw IqSntbm Hcm-sf-sb-¶nepw \nb-a-\-Øn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-h-tctbm GXmtWm B-Zyw AXp-hsc D≠m-bn-c-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

F≥.-kn.-F. dm¶v enÃns‚ Imem-h-[n: Hcp dm¶venÃn¬ kwh-cW tS¨ \nI-Øp-hm≥ DtZym-Km¿∞n-Iƒe`-y-a-√m-Ø-Xp-aqew ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® F≥.-kn.-F. hn⁄m-]-\-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ dm¶v enÃv, amXr dm¶v enÃn¬ \n∂vD¤-hn® F√m F≥.-kn.F. Hgn-hp-Ifpw in]m¿i sNbvXv\nI-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc (advised and appointed) \ne-hn-en-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Thrown out candidates \v ]p\¿ \nb-a\w \¬Ip-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv?

H∂n-e-[nIw hIp-∏p-I-fnse s]mXp XkvXn-I-I-fn-tebv°v ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ dm¶v enÃn¬ \n∂pw(Ranked list for common posts) Hcp Hgn-hntebv°vin]m¿i sNø-s∏´ DtZ-ym-Km-¿∞n tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬, B Hgnhv \ne-hn¬ C√m-Xm-hp-ItbmImem-h[n Ig-nbp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Sn DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nThrown out BIp-∂p. Sn DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n hIp-∏n¬ \n∂pw\n¿±njvS md-Øn-ep≈ hnSp-X¬ k¿ń- n-°-‰p-ambn \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNbvX IΩn-js‚ Hmô-kn¬ dnt∏m¿´vsNøp∂ Znhkw Snbms\ Register of Thrown out candi-dates Znhkw As√-¶n¬ AXn\p tijw e -y-am-Ip∂ BZ-ysØ Hgn-hp-Iƒ (Fresh/NJD) Sn DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nsb \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.

IpSn-»nI Dug-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ap≥K-W\ \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw NJD -°m-sW-¶nepw Register sNbvX Thrownout candidates ¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. Thrown outDtZ-ym-Km¿∞n do cPn-kvtS-j≥ \S-Ønb e -y-amsW¶n¬ap≥K-W\ Re-register sNbvX DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-°mWv.H∂n-e-[nIw thrown out DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ SnDtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Isf \nb-a\ in]m¿i \¬Inb ko\n-tbm-dnń A\p-k-cn-®mWv ]p\¿\n-b-a\w \¬Ip-∂Xv (KS &SSR Rule 7 (b)). Re-register sNbvX Hcp DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n°v ho≠pw \nb-a\w \¬Ip-tºmƒ tPmen-bn¬]th-in-°msX NJD Bbm¬ Sn Hgnhv s^jv Hgn-hmbn]cn-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

\nba-\- in-]m¿-i- sN-ø-s∏-´- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-°v- h-Ip-∏n¬- H-gn-hn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- \n-b-a-\- D-Ø-c-hv- \¬-Im-sX- h-cp-∂- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- (I-Ωn-j-s‚- D-Ø-c-hv- t\-Sn-)- Sn- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-sb Deemed Thrown out Bbn ]cn-K-Wn®vThrown out cPn-Ã-dn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Re-registra-tion \S-Ønb Znh-k-sØtbm AXn-\p-tijw e -y-am-Ip∂BZ-ysØ Hgn-hntem \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNøp-∂-XmWv.F∂m¬, Deemed Thrown out Bbn Re-register cPn-Ã¿ sNbvX Hcp DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n ]p\¿\n-b-a\ DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in-°msX F≥.-sP.-Un.Bbm¬ Sn Hgnhv F≥.-sP.-Un. Hgn-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°pw.Cu c≠v-A-h-k-c-ß-fnepw Sn DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Isf t\csØin]m¿i sNbvX XobXn apX-ep≈ ko\n-tbm-dnń _m[-I-am-sW-¶n¬ EEA (Earliest Effective Advice) \¬Ip-∂XmWv.

do cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXv (Thrown out candidate) DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nsb Hcp F≥.-sP.-Un. Hgn-hn-te-°mWp ]p\¿ \nb-a\w \¬Ip-∂-sX-¶n¬ Sn F≥.-sP.-Un. Dugw ]n-∂oSv\nbam-\p-krXw \nI-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. F≥.-sP.-Un. Dug-ßƒapgp-h≥ \nIØn Ign™ tijw amX-amWv dKp-e¿sdmt´-j≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.

Thrown out Bb DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n°v AtX hIp-∏n¬Xp-S-cp-∂-Xn-\v- B-K-l-ap-≈- ]-£w- do- c-Pn-Ã¿- sN-øm-sX-A-tX- h-Ip-∏n¬- A-tX- X-kv-Xn-I-bn¬- D-≠m-Ip-∂- B-Zy-sØ Hgn-hn¬ \n-b-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p A¿l-X-bp-≠v.

Thrown out Bb- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-°v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-sb- in-]m¿-i- sN-bv-Xn- n-s√-¶n¬- Sn- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-sb- dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬- b-Ym-ÿm-\-Øv- Xn-cn-sI- tN¿-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. (Restore in the Ranked List)

dm¶v enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-´-bmƒ Xs‚ t]cv enÃn¬ \n∂v\o° sNøm≥ BK-ln-°p-s∂¶n¬ AXp kw_-‘-amb \S-]-Sn-Iaw F¥m-Wv?

dm¶v- en-Ãn¬- Dƒ-s∏-´- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-°v- X-s‚- t]-cv-dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬- \n-∂pw- \o-°w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- I-Ωn-j-t\m-Sv-B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-te-°m-bn- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-bp-sS- t]-cpw- ta¬-hn-em-k-hpw- H-∏pw- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn- A-t]-£- k-a¿-∏n-°-Ww.- Sn- A-t]-£-bn-se- H-∏v- tI-µ-/-kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m¿- k¿-∆o-kn-se- H-cp- K-k-‰-Uv- D-tZym-K-ÿ-≥ km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- th-Ww.- K-k-‰-Uv- D-tZym-K-ÿ-s‚- t]-cpw,- D-tZym-K-t∏-cpw,- Hm-ô-kv- ko-epw- \n¿-_-‘-am-bn- A-t]-£-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- ta¬-∏-d-™-]-Im-cw- km-[p-hm-b- A-t]-£- ]-cn-K-Wn-®v- dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬-\n-∂v- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-bp-sS- t]-cv- \o-°w- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-In-bsb Relinquishment F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nsb sdmt´-j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- H-gn-hv- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈- A¿-∞-\m- ]-Xw- Hm-ô-kn¬-e-`n-°p-∂- Xo-b-Xn-bn-tem,- A-Xn-\p- ap-tºm- th-Ww- t]-cv-\o-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-t]-£- k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.- A-Xn-\p- ti-jw- e- n-°p-∂- A-t]-£- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-X-√.- dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬-\n-∂pw- t]-cv- \o-°w- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-sb- c-Pn-kv-tS-Uv- X-]m-en-eq-sS- hn-h-cw- A-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-

-F-∂m¬- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬- \n-∂v- sdm-t´-j-≥X-øm-dm-°p-tºmƒ- dm-¶v- en-Ãn¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-cp-∂- Xo-b-Xn-bn-tem,- A-Xn-\p- ap-≥t]m- A-dn-bn-°p-∂- H-gn-hp-I-fn-se-sdm-t´-j-\n¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v- X-ß-fp-sS- t]-cv- \o-°p-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn- dm-¶v- en-Ãv- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv- ap-X¬- 15 Zn-h-k--Øn-\Iw Relinquishment \p≈- A-t]-£- k-a¿-∏n-®m¬- Sn- A-t]-£-Iƒ- ]-cn-K-Wn-®v- dm-¶v-en-kv-‰n¬- \n-∂p- t]-cv- \o-°w- sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv.- B-b-Xn-\m¬- H-cp- dm-¶v- en-Ãv- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂v- 15 Zn-h-k-Øn-\p- ti-jw- am-X-ta- sdm-t´-j-≥ F-gp-Xn- Xp-S-ßp-I-bp-≈q.

Bÿm\ Hgnhv (Headquarters Vacancy) F∂m¬F¥v?

tIc-f-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- hn-hn-[- `-c-W- h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\- Hm-ô-kp-I-fn¬- Pn-√m-X-e- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øp-∂- X-kv-Xn-I-I-fn-se- H-gn-hp-I-sf-bm-Wv- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hp-I-fm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv.- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hp-Iƒ- \n-b-a-\m-[n-Im-cn- ]n.-F-kv.-kn.- sk-I-´-dn-°v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv.- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hp-Iƒ- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- ap-X¬- Im-k-d-tKm-Uv- h-sc- tdm-t´-j-≥ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- 14 Pn-√-Iƒ-°p-am-bn- ho-Xw- h-®v- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\-d¬- Hm-ô-kv-˛-F-d-Wm-Ip-fw,- P-e-K-Xm-K-X- h-Ip-∏v- U-b-d-Iv-S-td-‰v-˛-B-e-∏p-g,- In¿-Øm-Uv-kv-˛-tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- Xp-S-ßn-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\v- ]p-d-Øv- B-ÿm-\- Hm- o-kp-I-fp-≈-h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬-/-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- A-dn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-H-gn-hp-I-fpw- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hp-I-fm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- H-gn-hv- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hm-tWm- Pn-√m-X-e- H-gn-hm-tWm-F-∂v- H-gn-hv- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-øp-∂- A¿-∞-\m-X-Øn-s‚- 7 mw-tIm-f-Øn¬- hy-‡-am-°n-bn-ń-s√-¶n¬- tc-Jm-aq-ew- kw-i-b- \n-hr-Øn- h-cp-Øn-b- ti-jw- am-X-ta- Sn- H-gn-hn¬- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-sb- \n-b-a-\- in-]m¿-i- sN-øm-hq.- G-sX-¶n-epw- \n-b-a-\m-[n-Im-cn- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hv- sX-‰m-bn- Pn-√m- Hm-ô-kn-te-bv-°p- \n-b-a-\- in-]m¿-i-bv-°m-bn- A-b-®p-X-cp-∂- ]-£w-A-h- ]n.-F-kv.-kn.- sk-I- -dn-bv-°p- ssI-am-td-≠-Xm-Wv.- B-ÿm-\- H-gn-hn¬- in-]m¿-i- sN-ø-s∏-´- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n- A-bm-sf- in-]m¿-i- sN-bv-X- Pn-√-bn-te-bv-°p- ÿ-ew- am-‰-tam,-A-tX- Pn-√-bn-se- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- h-Ip-∏n-te-bv-°p- ÿ-ew-am-‰-tam (Interdepartmental Transfer) aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Hgn-hns\ ]kvXpX DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n in]m¿i sNø-s∏´ AtXPn√-bn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ \nI-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. (Compensa-tion). Sn Hgnhv BZy \nb-a\w in]m¿i sNbvX Pn√bv°pXs∂ dnt∏m¿´v sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

Bÿm\ Hgn-hn¬ in]m¿i sNø-s∏´ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nsb in]m¿i sNbvX Pn√-bn-e-√msX as‰mcp Pn√-bn-tebv°v ÿew am‰n-bm-tem, sU]-yq-t -j≥ hy-h-ÿ-bn¬as‰mcp tPmenbv°p t]mbmtem, as‰mcp DtZ-ymKw kzo-I-cn-®mtem, emh-W-ap≈ (Lien) DtZ-ym-K-Øn-tebv°v Xncn®pt]mbmtem D≠m-Ip∂ Hgnhv ]pXnb Bÿm\ Hgn-hmbn]n.-F-kv.-kn. skI- -dn°v dnt∏m¿ v sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

Bÿm\ Hgn-hp-Iƒ 14 Pn√-Iƒ°v Atem´v sNøp∂Iaw C]-Im-c-am-Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm√w, ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, tIm´-bw, CSp-°n, Be-∏p-g, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xr»q¿,]me-°m-Sv, ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, IÆq¿, Imk-d-tKm-Uv.

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 5

Xm¬Im-enI Poh-\-°m-cmbn kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ vk¿ho-kn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-´p-≈-h¿°v Db¿∂]mb-]-cn-[n-bn¬ Cf-hp-t≠m?

1958 se tIcf tÃ‰v B‚ v kt_m¿Un-t\‰vk¿∆okv dqƒkv ]m¿´v c≠nse dqƒ 9 (F) A\p-k-cn®vkwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v k¿∆o-kn¬ Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn(Provisional) \nb-a\w e`n-®n-´p-≈-h¿°v (k¿∆o-kn¬XpS-cp-∂-htcm ]ncn-®p-hn-S-s∏- n- p-≈-htcm Bbn- p-≈-h¿)Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bmsX k¿∆o-kn-ep-≈-]£w Xß-fpsS Xm¬°m-enI k¿∆o-kns‚ ssZ¿L-y-tØmfw ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn¬ Cfhv \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu B\p-Iq-eywh¿°v XkvXnI-I-fnepw (Work Establishment Posts)]m¿´vssSw XkvXn-I-I-fnepw (Part-time Posts) Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn tkh\w A\pjvTn-®n-´p-h¿°pw Ct∏mƒtkh\w A\p-jvTn-®vsIm≠n-cn-°p∂-h¿°pw e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcn-°¬ ÿnc-ambn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (RegularBasis) \nb-a\w e`n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ta¬∏-d™ B\p-Iq-eyw e`n-°p-∂-X-√. tIc-f-Ønse sk≥kkv Un∏m¿´p-sa‚n¬ 1971 tem 1981 tem 1991 tem Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn\nba\w e`n® dnsS-©p-sa‚ v (Retrenchment)- aqewsXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-´-h¿°pw ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-ep≈ CuB\p-Iq-eyw e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS Xm¬°m-enI k¿∆o-kns‚ ssZ¿L-yhpw dnsS-©p-sa‚paqewsXmgn¬ sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p≈ hkvXp-X-bpwImWn-°p∂ k¿ń- n-°‰v tIc-f-Ønse sk≥kkv Hm∏-td-j≥kv Ub-d-IvS-dn¬ \n∂pw hmßn IΩo-j≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØv lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬sk≥kkv Un∏m¿´p-sa‚n¬ \n∂v dnsS-©p-sa‚p-aqewsXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏- -h¿°v ]cm-am-h[n A©p-h¿j-Øn¬IqSp-X¬ Cfhv e`n-°p-∂-X-√. Xt±i kzbw- -cW ÿm]-\-ß-fn-te-°p≈ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v Sn ÿm]-\-ß-fn-te-Xn-se-¶nepw Ipd™Xv Hcp h¿j-sa-¶nepw Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn tPmen t\m°n-bn-´p-≈-h¿ BZ-ysØ Xm¬°m-enI \nb-a-\-Im-eØv \n›nX ]mb-]-cn[n Ign-™n-ń-√m-Ø-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS Xm¬°m-enI k¿∆o-kns‚ssZ¿Ly-tØmfw Db¿∂ ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn¬ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-ep≈ Cu Cfhv]c-am-h[n A©p h¿j-°m-e-tØ°v amXta e`n-°p-I-bp-≈p. ]kvXpX ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ dKp-e¿ DtZ-ymKw hln-°p-∂-h¿°v ho≠pw as‰mcp \nb-a-\-Øn\v Cu B\p-Iq-eyw e`n-°p-∂-X-√. s]m-hn-j-W¬ k¿∆oknep-≈-h¿ IΩn-j≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØv k¿∆o-kns‚ssZ¿Lyw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp k¿ń-^n-°‰v lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ Xt±i kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fnsedKp-e¿ k¿∆o-kn¬ BZy tPmen t\m°n-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v

k¿ń- n-°-‰n¬ ]tX-yIw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww. (X-t±i kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ°p≈ hb- n-f-hns\ kw`_‘n® Sn B\p-Iq-eyw28˛11˛1993 apX¬ hn⁄m-]\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ XkvXn-I-Iƒ°p-am-Xta e`n-°p-I-bp-≈p)`mcXv tkhIv kamPn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®n-´p≈Poh-\-°m¿°v ]n.-F-kv.-kn. \nb-a-\-ß-fn¬ Cf-hp-t≠m?

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ n -s‚tbm tIµKh¨sa‚n-s‚tbm kmº-ØnI klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn`mcXv tkhIv kamPv Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ GsX-¶nepw ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS (Schemes) \n¿∆-l-W-Øn-\p-th≠n`mcXv tkhIv kamPv \nb-an-®n-cp∂ ap≥ Poh-\-°m¿°v\nb-a-\-Øn\v \n›-bn-´p≈ a‰v tbK-y-X-I-sf√mw D≈]£w Db¿∂ ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn¬ Xmsg kqNn-∏n-®n-°p∂hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn `mcXv tkhIv kam-Pns‚Iogn¬ Ah-cpsS ta¬∏-d™ tkh-\-Øn\v Xpe-y-ambIme-tØmfw Cfhv \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.(1) \nb-a-\-Øn\v At]-£-Iƒ £Wn-°p∂ h¿jw P\p-hcn H∂mw XobXn 40 hbkv Ign-™n´p-≈-h¿°v CuA\p-Iq-eyw e`n-°p-∂-X-√.(2) Cu B\p-Iq-eyw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂vBK-ln--°p∂ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ `mcXv tkhIv kam-Pns‚ Iogn¬ ta¬∏-d™ GsX-¶nepw ]≤-Xn-I-fp-sS\n¿∆l-W-Øn-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏´ tPmen sNbvXn-cp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p F∂v ImWn-°p∂ Hcp k¿ń-^n-°‰v `mcXvtkhIv kam-Pns‚ ]tZiv sNb¿am-\n¬ \n∂pw hmßnIΩo-j≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØv lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

`n∂-ti-jn-bp-≈-hcpw ]n.-F-kv.-kn. \nb-a-\hpwhnI-emw-K¿°v (A-Xm-bXv A‘¿, _[n-ccpw

aqI-cpw, imco-cn-I-ambn a‰v sshI-eyw D≈-h¿) ]mb-]-cn[n Hgn®v as‰√m \n›nX tbmK-y-X-Ifpw Ds≠-¶n¬At]-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hmtcm At]-£bpw tbmK-y-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. At]-£n-®n-´p≈ tPmen Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn\n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-s≠∂v ImWp-∂-]£w Ah¿°v\n¿±njvS ]c-am-h[n ]mb-]-cn[n Db¿Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]mb-]-cn-[n-bnep≈ Cu Cfhv A‘¿, _[n-c¿, aqI¿ F∂n-h¿°v ]Xn-\©v h¿j-tØm-fhpw (15Years) a‰v AwK-ssh-I-eyw kw`-hn-®-h¿°v ]Øp-h¿j-tØm-fhpw (10 Years) A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cß-s\-bp-≈-h¿ 30˛06˛2012 se Pn.-H.(-]n) \º¿ 39/2012/Fkv.-U-ª-yp.-Un. \º¿ DØ-chv ]Imcw \njvI¿jn-®n-´p≈

kwi-b-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn

]n.-F-kv.-kn. bnsehnhn[ ôkp-Iƒ

hnhn[ XkvXn-I-fn-te-°p≈ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-\mbn \S-Øp∂ H.-Fw.-B¿. ]co-£-I-fpsSbpwhIp-∏p-Xe ]co-£-I-fp-sS-bpw (H.-Fw.-B¿.) DØ-c-°-S-em-kns‚ ]I¿∏n-\m-bp≈ ôkv 300 cq]BWv. (23˛09˛2014 se Pn.-H.(-]n) \w. 409/2014/^n≥ DØ-chv) CXn-\mbn ôk-S-bvt°≠A°u≠v slUv ‘0051-PSC- 800 State PSC 99-Copy of OMR Answer Script’’ BWv.

hnhn[ XkvXn-I-fn-te-°p≈ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-\mbn \S-Øp∂ H.-Fw.-B¿ ]co-£-I-fpsSbpwhIp-∏p-Xe ]co-£-I-fp-sS-bpw (H.-Fw.-B¿.) DØ-c-°-S-em-kns‚ ]p\:-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°p≈ okv75 cq] BWv. CXn-\mbn ôkv HSp-t°≠A°u≠v slUv 0051-PSC-105 State PSC 99-Rechecking of answer script BWv.

Un∏m¿- v-sa-‚ v- sS-Ãn-\v- t]-∏-sdm-∂n-\v- 75 cq-]-bpw- H-cp- sS-Ãv- k¿- n- n-°-‰n-\v- 100 cq-]-bp-am-Wv-ô-kv.- B-b-Xv- ]-co-£m¿-Yn-I-fp-sS- s]m-ss -en-eq-sS- C- -s]-bv-sa-‚ v- B-bn- th-Ww- H-Sp-t°-≠--Xv.

Uqπn-t°‰v k¿ń- n-°-‰n\v okv 500 cq]-bm-Wv. CXn-\mbn 0051 PSC-800 State PSC 99-Other Receipts F∂ A°u≠v slUn-emWvôkv HSp-t°-≠-Xv.

]co£m ]mkm-b-Xn-\p-tijw c≠p h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ At]£ \¬In k¿ń- n-°‰v hmßm-Ø-h¿ ]n∂oSv k¿ń-^n-°-‰n\v At]-£n-°p-tºmƒ ]n∂o-Sp≈ Hmtcm h¿-j-Øn\pw 150 cq]F∂ \nc-°n¬ sk¿®v o HSp-°-Ww. CXn\mbnôkv HSp-t°≠ A°u≠v slUv 0051-PSC105-State PSC 99- Search Fee BWv.

am\z-embn At]-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v AUvan-j≥Sn°‰pw ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AUvan-j≥ Sn°‰v\jvS-s∏´ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ Hcp AUvan--j≥Sn°‰n\v 150 cq] F∂ \nc-°n¬ 0051-PSC-105State PSC 99- Fee for Affidavit F∂ A°u≠vsl-Un¬ XpI HSp-t°-≠--Xm-Wv.

h¨ ssSw shcn-^n-t°-j≥ k¿ń-^n-°-‰v\jvS-s∏-´m¬ Uyqπn-t°‰v e`n-°m≥ 500 cq]-bmWv okv. BZyw e`n® k¿ń- n-°‰v \nb-a-\m-[n-Imcn°v ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-ep≈ tbmKy-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ as‰mcp DtZymKw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX DtZym-Km¿Yn-Ifpw h¨ ssSwshcn- n-t°-j≥ k¿ń- n-°-‰n\v tISp-]mSv kw -hn-®Xn\m¬ ]pXn-bXv Bh-iy-amb DtZym-Km¿Yn-Ifpw c≠m-a-sXmcp k¿ń- n-°‰v e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v100 cq]- okv HSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn 0051PSC 800 State PSC 99 Other Receipts F∂

A°u≠v slUn-emWv XpI HSp-t°-≠-Xv.

hnap‡ `S-∑m¿°v ]n. -F-kv. -kn.\nb-a-\-ß-fn¬ ]mb-]-cn -[n -bn¬

Cf-hp-t≠m?hnap‡ `-S-≥am-sc- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Hm-tcm- D-tZym-K-Øn-\pw- \n-›-bn-®n-´p-≈- ]-c-am-h-[n- ]m-b-]-cn-[n-bn¬- A-h-cp-sS- ]-Xn-tcm-[-tk-\-bn-ep-≈- tk-h-\-Øn-\v- Xp-ey-am-b- Im-e-tØm-f-hpw- ]-Xn-tcm-[- tk-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-cn-™p-t]m-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw- sXm-gn¬- C-√m-sX- \n-∂- Im-e-Øn¬- ]-c-am-h-[n- A-©p-h¿-j-tØm-f-hpw-C-f-hv- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Cu- B-\p-Iq-eyw- P-\-d¬- dn-k¿-hv- F-©n-\o-b¿-t^m-gv-kn¬- tk-h-\w- A-\p-jv-Tn-®-ti-jw-]n-cn-™p- t]m-∂-h¿-°pw- do-k¿-∆o-kv- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-´-h¿-°pw- ]-Xn-tcm-[- tk-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- s]-≥j-≥]-‰n- ]n-cn-™-h¿-°pw- ap-≥ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm-®n- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se- te-_¿- bq-Wn-‰p-I-fn¬-tk-h-\w- A-\p-jv-Tn-®n- p-≈-h¿-°pw- F-≥.-kn.-kn.- bn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-›n-X-Im-e- tk-h-\-Øn-\v- ti-jw- ]n-cn-®-b-bv-°-s∏-´- F-≥.-kn.-kn.- tI-U-‰v- C-≥kv-S-Iv-‰¿-am¿-°pw-\n-›n-X- Im-e-Øn-\v- ti-jw- ]n-cn-®-bv-°-s∏- - tlmƒ-ssSw- C-≥kv-S-I¿-am-cn¬- \n-

\n›nX A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \n¿±njvS amXr-I-bn¬A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xpw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ GsX-¶nepw hn`m-K-Øntem H∂n-e-[nIw hn`m-K-ß-fntem s]Sp∂ AwK-ssh-I-eyw Ds≠∂v km£-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmamb k¿ń-^n-°‰v IΩn-j≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØv lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

hnI-emw-K¿ F∂m¬ \m¬-∏-Xv iX-am\-Øn¬ Ipd-bmsX sshI-e-y-ap-≈-hcpw 1995 se t]gvk¨kv hnØvUnkv-F-_n-en-‰okv (Cu-I-z¬ Hm∏¿®-yp-Wn-‰okv s]m´-£≥ Hm^v ssd‰vkv B‚ v ^pƒ ]m¿-ń-kn-t∏-j≥) \nb-a-\-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°\p-kr-X-amb Xmsg-]-d-bp∂hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-≈-h-cp-am-Wv.(k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-I-fpsS amXrI ]n.-F-kv.-kn. sh_vssk-‰n¬ tlmw -B-∏n-t°-j≥kv- -k¿ń- n-°‰v t^m¿am‰vkvF∂ en¶n¬ e`-y-am-Wv.)

∂v- ]n-cn-®v- A-b-bv-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- Ip-d-™- ]-£w- 6 am-k- Im-e-sa-¶n-epw- tk-h-\w- A-\p-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≈-h¿-°pw- sS-dn-t´m-dn-b¬- tk-\m-hn- m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ]n-cn-®v- A-b-bv-°--s∏- -h¿°pw (Disembodied Ter-ritorial Army Pesonnel) e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ssk\nI tkh-\-ImewsXfn-bn-°p-∂Xn\v UnkvNm¿Pv k¿ń- n-°-‰ns‚ icn-]-I¿∏pw sXmgn-en-√msX \n∂ Imew sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Pn√m ssk\nI sh¬s^-b¿ Hmô-k-dn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p≈ k¿ń-^n-°-‰ns‚ ]I¿∏pw IΩn-j≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ kabØv lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

6 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

1. GXv `mj-bnse kmln-X-y-Im-c-\mWv \nc-⁄-\?(F) Xangv (_n) sXep¶v(kn) I∂S (Un) sIm¶nWn

2. H∂mw tIcf \nb-a-k- -bn-tebv°v \ote-i-zcw Zz-bmwKaWve-Øn¬ \n∂v C.-Fw.-Fkv s\m∏w Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- -Xv:(F) F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e≥ (_n) I√-f≥ sshZ-y¿(kn) NmØ≥ amÃ¿ (Un) Dtajv dmhp

3. tIc-f-Ønse FX Pn√-Iƒ°mWv A¥¿kw-ÿm\AXn¿Øn-bp-≈-Xv?(F) 5 (_n) 9 (kn) 11 (Un) 10

4. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hen-®p-\o- m≥ Ign-bp≈ temlw:(F) kz¿Æw (_n) sh≈n(kn) Aep-an-\nbw (Un) πm‰n\w

5. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ \nd-ap-≈Xv GXn-\m-Wv?(F) hPw (_n) sslU-P≥(kn) Hmtkm¨ (Un) Pew

6. Kym-tkm-sse≥ F∂ A]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) Uok¬ (_n) s]tSmƒ(kn) F¬.-]n.-Pn. (Un) kn.-F≥.-Pn.

7. cXn-km-am-Pyw cNn-®-Xv:(F) h’-ym-b-\≥ (_n) F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿a(kn) k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw.-]-Wn-°¿(Un) \me-∏m´v \mcm-bW tat\m≥

8. Izn-‰n-¥ym ka-csØ A\q-Iq-en-°m-Xn-cp∂ ]apJtIm¨Kkv t\Xm-hv:(F) auem\m BkmZv (_n) Phm-l¿em¬ s\lp(kn) almflm Km‘n (Un) kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn

9. Fhn-sS-bmWv Izn-‰n-¥ym ka-c-Im-eØv \m\n ]mó¬kam-¥c k¿°m-cn\v t\Xr-Xzw X¬In-b-Xv?(F) _enb (_n) _wKmƒ(kn) kØmd (Un) Xmweq°v

10. 1928 \hw-_¿ 17 \v A¥-cn® t\Xm-hv:(F) emem ePv]-Xvdmbn (_n) kn.-B¿.-Zmkv(kn) tamØn-em¬ s\lp (Un) `KXv knwKv

11. sIm®n-bn¬ ASna hym-]mcw \ntcm-[n® Znhm≥:(F) B¿.-sI.-jäpJw sNń(_n) kn.-]n.-I-cp-I-Wm-I-c-tat\m≥(kn) i¶-c-hm-c-y¿ (_n) sh¶nS kp∫-ø¿

12. C¥-y-bn¬ BZ-y-ambn ae-bmfw ]pkvXIw A®-Sn-®XvFhn-sS-bm-Wv?(F) tKmh (_n) tIm´bw(kn) sIm√w (Un) apwss_

13. ss] Zn\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂-Xv:(F) am¿®v 13 (_n) am¿®v 14(kn) am¿®v 15 (Un) am¿®v 16

14. A[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xnsc Icp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-I, AXv Zpjn-∏n-°pw- -F∂p ]d-™-Xv:(F) BIvS¨ ]`p (_n) NmW-I-y≥

(kn) alm-flm-Km‘n (Un) amthm -tk-Xpßv15. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ dkn-U‚ v, Znhm≥ F∂o ]Z-hn-Iƒ

Hcp-an®v hln-®-Xv:(F) sa°msf (_n) a¨tdm(kn) tPm¿Pv ]uWn (Un) Fw.-C.-hmSvkv

16. _nójv ]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-fn-°p∂ aµn-cw:(F) _°nßvlmw sIm´mcw(_n) \º¿ 10, UuWnßv kvSo‰v(kn) shÃvan≥Ã¿ sIm´mcw(Un) kvtImSve≥Uv bm¿Uv

17. \mb¿ k¿∆okv skmssk‰n cq]w \¬Inb cmjvSob

]m¿ń:(F) \mb¿ sUtam-Im-‰nIv ]m¿ń(_n) \mj-W¬ t]mK-kohv ]m¿ń(kn) \mj-W¬ sUtam-Im-‰nIv Ae-b≥kv(Un) \mj-W¬ sUmtam-Im-‰nIv ]m¿ń

18. HmkvI-dns‚ Ncn-X-Ønse G‰hpw henb t\´w ssIh-cn-®-Xmbn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ kn\n-a:(F) s_≥l¿ (_n) ssS‰m-\nIv(kn) Ztem¿Uv F_u´v Cuhv(Un) Z tem¿Uv Hm^vZ dnMvkv: Z dnt´¨ Hm^v Z InMv

19. Z tab¿ Hm^v ImÃ¿ _nUvPv BcpsS cN-\-bm-Wv?(F) tXmakv lm¿Un (_n) Nmƒkv Un°≥kv(kn) tjIvkv]n-b¿ (Un) dpUvbm¿Uv InπnMv

20. BZ-y-sØ Xnam\ Ne-®n-Xw:(F) ssaUn-b¿ Ipń-®m-Ø≥ (_n)_m\zm sUhnƒ(kn) Z tK‰v sSbn≥ tdm_dn (Un) Z tdm_v

21. kz-X¥ C¥-y-bnse BZ-ysØ tIm¨Kkv CXck¿°m¿ Fhn-sS-bmWv A[n-Im-c-Øne h∂-Xv?(F) B‘ (_n) s]]vkp(kn) bpssW-‰Uv s]mhn≥kv(Un) t`m∏m¬

22. lnµnsb C¥-y-bpsS tZiob mj-bmbn kzo-I-cn-°pIF∂v \n¿t±-in® kmln-X-y-Im-c≥:(F) ssaYnen ic¨ Kp]vX(_n) Cui-zc Nµ hnZ-ym-km-K¿(kn) `ptZh apJ¿Pn (Un) c_o-µ-\mYv SmtKm¿

23.c≠mw ]mh-iyw tIcf apJ-y-a-¥n-bmbt∏mƒ C.-Fw.-F-kv. GXv aWvU-e-sØ-bmWv ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv?(F) \ote-i-zcw (_n) Be-Øq¿(kn) Xncq¿ (Un) ]´mºn

24. dnk¿∆v _m¶v Hm v C¥-y-bpsS kmº-ØnI h¿jwBcw`n-°p-∂-Xv:(F) P\p-hcn 1 (_n) G]n¬ 1(kn) Pq¨ 1 (Un) Pqsse 1

25. h\-\-io-I-cWw \ntcm-[n® BZy cmP-yw:(F) kzo-U≥ (_n) t\m¿th(kn) bp.-F-kv.-F. (Un) P∏m≥

26. Hfn-ºnIv KoXw cNn-®Xv Bcm-Wv?(F) tImÃnkv ]em-akv(_n) kv]cn-tUm¨ kam-ckv(kn) ^mZ¿ UnU¨ (Un) Ip_¿ń≥ ]`p

27. GXv cmP-y-Øn-emWv _m¿ktem-W?(F) P¿a\n (_n) kvs]bn≥(kn) kzo-U≥ (Un) t\m¿th

28. Ãm≥Uv A]v C¥y ]≤Xn e£-y-an-Sp-∂Xv GXv hn`m-K--°m-cpsS D∂-a-\-am-Wv?(F) h\n-X-Iƒ (_n) Kmao-W¿(kn) bphP-\-ßƒ(Un) ]ń-I-PmXn˛]ń-I-h¿Kw

29. Izm-Kn¿ F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) Fh-dÃv (_n) \µm-tZhn(kn) tKmUvhn≥ HmÃn≥ (Un) Im©≥PwK

30. ta°v C≥ C¥y ]≤-Xn-bpsS temtKm-bn-ep≈ arKw:(F) ISph (_n) knwlw(kn) ]ip (Un) B\

31. s]m -£≥ Hm^v knhn¬ ssd‰vkv BIvSv C¥-y-bn¬\ne-hn¬ h∂ h¿jw:(F) 1976 (_n) 1986 (kn) 1977 (Un) 1978

32. Pq´v tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥-y-bpsS Bÿm-\w:(F) \yq-U¬ln (_n) apss_(kn) `ph-t\-i-z¿ (Un) sIm¬°Ø

33. BZn-i-¶c Io¿Øn-kvXw`w Fhn-sS-bm-Wv?(F) ImeSn (_n) h¿°e(kn) ae-bm-‰q¿ (Un) Xncp-s\√n

34. hqƒ tkm¿t´gvkv UnUokv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) FbvUvkv (_n) Ct_mf(kn) B¥mIvkv (Un) `m¥n-∏ip tcmKw

35. tZiob ]Xm-I-bpsS Ccp-h-iØpw hy-X-ykvX Nn”-ßƒ Bte-J\w sNbvXn- p≈ cmPyw:(F) ^nen-ss∏≥kv (_n) ]cm-tKz(kn) tImwtKm (Un) samkmw-_nIv

36. kvXokp-c-£bv°v tIc-f-Øn¬ BZ-y-ambn ]n¶v]tSmƒ kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂ \K-cw:(F) tImgn-t°mSv (_n) sIm®n

(kn) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw (Un) IÆq¿37. h\n-X-I-fnse sPkn Hmh≥kv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:

(F) ^vtfmd≥kv Kn^n-Øv tPmbv\¿(_n) ImØn ôam≥

(kn) hn¬a dptUmƒ^v (Un) acn-b≥ tPm¨kv38. tIc-f-Ønse GsX√mw Pn√-I-fn-eqsSbmWv s]cn-bm¿

Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv?(F) CSp-°n, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xr»q¿(_n) CSp-°n, ]me-°m-Sv, Xr»q¿(kn) CSp-°n, ]Ø-\w-Xn- , Fd-Wm-Ipfw(Un) CSp-°n, tIm -bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

39. t]mfm¿ kwKoX kΩm\w tPXm-hn\v ka¿∏n-°p-∂XvFhn-sS-h-®m-Wv?(F) Hmkvtem (_n) \yq-tbm¿°v(kn) tÃm°vtlmw (Un) ]mcokv

40. tIcf h¿a sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]pe-t∏-SnbpwaÆmt∏-Snbpw \ntcm-[n® h¿jw(F) 1696 (_n) 1666(kn) 1684 (Un) 1678

41. \ap°v PmXn-bn√ F∂ io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hns‚]kvXm-h\ 1916 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv GXn-em-Wv?(F) hnth-tIm-Zbw (_n) tIcf IuapZn(kn) anXhmZn (Un) ]_p-≤-tI-cfw

42. tIm¨Kkv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ t]mbn F∂Imc-W-Øm¬ kz-k-ap-Zmbw `jvSv I¬]n® kmaq-lnI]cn-jvI¿Øm-hv:(C) C.-Fw.-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv(_n) hn.-Sn.- - -Xn-cn-∏mSv(kn) Fw.-B¿._n. (Un) a∂Øv ]Zva-\m- ≥

43. ssa°¬ tPm¿Zm≥ GXv kvt]m¿Svkp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p?(F) t_kvt_mƒ (_n) _mkvI‰vt_mƒ(kn) ^pSvt_mƒ (Un) thmfn-t_mƒ

44. ]n≈-ØSw Kpl-bn¬ X]- -\p-jvTn® kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hv:(F) sshIp-WvT-k-zm-an-Iƒ(_n) ssX°mSv Aø(kn) N´ºn kzm-an-Iƒ (Un) io\m-cm-bW Kpcp

45. kz-X¥ C¥-y-bpsS BZy Hfn-ºnIv saU¬ GXn-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p?(F) jqńßv (_n) d…nßv(kn) sS∂okv (Un) tlm°n

46. sX°-t\-j-ybn¬ P\-kw-J-y-bn¬ C¥-y-bpsS ÿm\w:(F) c≠v (_n) H∂v(kn) aq∂v (Un) \mev

47. km¿kv tcmKw BZ-y-ambn ImW-s∏´ ÿew:(C) tlmt¶mßv (_n) Kym-MvtZmMv(kn) tImwtKm (Un) tKmh

48. ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ FX iX-am-\-amWv Pe-Øm¬aqS-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?(F) 71 (_n) 81 (kn) 90 (Un) 99

49. kJ-tdmhv ss]kn-\¿l-bmb BZy h\n-X:(F) Cµn-c-Km‘n (_n) HmMv km≥ kqNn(kn) tacn Iyqdn (Un) amc-K-c‰v Xm®¿

50. hcm-∏p-g-°m-b¬ GXns‚ `mK-am-Wv?(F) imkvXmw-tIm´ Imb¬ (_n) AjvS-ap-Sn-°m-b¬(kn) thº-\mSv Imb¬ (Un) thfn-°m-b¬

Answers1(c) 2(b) 3(d) 4(d) 5(c) 6(b) 7(d) 8(d) 9(c) 10(a) 11(c) 12(d) 13(b)14(c) 15(b) 16(c) 17(d) 18(d) 19(a) 20(b) 21(b) 22(c) 23(d) 24(d)25(b) 26(a) 27(b) 28(d) 29(c) 30(b) 31(a) 32(d) 33(a) 34(c) 35(b)36(c) 37(c) 38(a) 39(c) 40(a) 41(d) 42(b) 43(b) 44(d) 45(d) 46(b)47(b) 48(a) 49(b) 50(c)

BKkv-‰v-- 1,- sk]v-‰w-_¿- 1 e°ßfn-se _p≈-‰n-\ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\ \ne-hmcwhne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp tNmZy-t]-∏-dm-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm icn-bp-Ø-c-Øn\pw Hcp am¿°v. sX‰nbm¬0.33 s\K-‰ohv am¿°v.48 am¿°v apX¬ 50 hsc Excellent, 43- 47 Very Good, 36- 42- Good, 26˛35˛ Average. 25 -am¿°n\p Xmsg-bm-sW-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-cpØnbpw Bh¿Øn®pap≈ hmb\ A\n-hm-cyw.

Test Your GK

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 7

* S^¬-K¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- Cw-•-≠n-s\- hn-P-b-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-Xv- slm-d-tjym- s\¬-k- - (1758 -1805)- B-Wv.- bp-≤-Øn-te-‰- ]-cn-°n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- A-t±-lw- a-c-W-s∏- p.-

*- -Hm-kv-tS-en-b-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- bq-tdm-]y-\m-Wv- sP-bnw-kv- Ip-°v- (1728˛-1779).-

*- -kv-Iu-´v- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-Wv- t_-U-≥ ]-h¬- (1857˛-1941).-

*- -B-Zy-sØ- B-‚n- _-tbm-ń-Iv- B-b- s]-\n-sk-en-≥ I-

≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- ^v-sf-an-Mv- (1881˛-1955)-B-Wv-.- C-t±-l-Øn-\v- a-‰p- c-≠p-t]¿-s°m-∏w- 1945 -se- ssh-Zy-im-kv-X- s\m-t_¬- e-`n-®p.-

*- -B¿- n- n-jy¬- C-‚-en-P-≥kn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- A-e-≥ Sq-dn-Mv- (1912˛-1954)-B-Wv.-

*- -ssh-Zy-Xn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ssa-°¬-^m-c-tU-bm-Wv- (1791˛-1867).-

*- -F- _o-^v- ln-Ã-dn- Hm-^v- ssSw- c-Nn-®- Ão-^-≥ tlm-°n-Mv- P-\n-®-Xv- 1942˛-em-Wv.-

*- -1516˛¬- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- D-t´m-∏n-b- c-Nn-®-Xv- tXm-a-kv-aq¿- (1478˛-1535)- B-Wv.-

*- -sS-en-hn-j-≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- tPm-¨- t_-Uv- (1888˛-1946)-B-Wv.-

*- -hn-f-t°-¥n-b- h-\n-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- v-tfm-d-≥kv- ss\-‰nw-tK-en-s‚- (1820˛-1910)- P-∑-Zn-\-am-b- sa-bv- 12 A-¥m-cm-jv-S- \-gv-k-kv- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.- B-[p-\n-I-\-gv-kn-Mv- k-º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-Wv.-

*- -A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- K-lmw-s_-√m-Wv- (1847˛-1922)- sS-e-t^m-¨- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv.-

*- -hm-Iv-kn-t\-j-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b- F-tUz¿-Uv- P-∂¿-(1749 -1823)- B-Wv- tcm-K-]-Xn-tcm-[- im-kv-X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- B-Zy-sØ- hm-Iv-kn-\m-b- kv-amƒ-t]m-Iv-kv- hm-Iv-kn-≥ C-t±-l-am-Wv- hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv- (1796).-

*- -A-\-en-‰n-°¬- F-©n-\n-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b- Nmƒ-kv-_m-t_-Pv- (1791˛-1871)- Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -B-Zy-sØ- Iw-]yq-´¿- t]m-Km-a-dm-Wv- A-Um- eu-te-kv- (1815˛-1852).- B-Zy-sØ- A¬-sKm-cn-Xw- hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv- C-h-cm-Wv.- ]-i-kv-X- I-hn- ss_-d-¨- ]-`p-hn-s‚- a-I-fm-Wv- A-U.- Un-^-d-≥kv- F-©n-s‚- \n¿-am-W-Øn¬-A-h¿- Nmƒ-kv- _m-t_-Pn-s\- k-lm-bn-®p.-

*- -lm-cn- t]m-´¿- ]-c-º-c-bn-eq-sS- ]-kn-≤-bm-b- sP.-sI.-du-fn-Mv- P-\n-®-Xv- 1965˛-em-Wv.-

*- -B-hn- b-¥w- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- sP-bnw-kv- hm-Sv-kv- (1736˛-1819)- B-Wv.- Cu- I-s≠-Ø-em-Wv- hym-h-km-bn-I- hn-π-h-Øn-\v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv.- hym-h-km-bn-I- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂v- sP-bnw-kv- hm-ń-s\- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.-

*- -ssh-Zyp-X- Im-¥n-I- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-Wv- sP-bnw-kv- ¢¿-Iv- am-Iv-kv-sh¬- (1831˛-1879).-

*- -kmw-_-kn- \-Zn-bn-se- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- sh-≈-®m-´w- I-s≠-Øn-b- ]-cy-th-j-I-\m-Wv- tU-hn-Uv- en-hn-Mv-Ã-¨- (1813˛-1873).- en-hn-Mv-Ã-Wn-s\-°p-dn-®v- h¿-j-ß-tfm-fw- hn-h-c-ß-sfm-∂pw- C-√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ- A-t\z-jn-®v- I-s≠-Øm-≥ \yq-tbm¿-°v- sl-dmƒ-Uv- ]-Xw- 1869˛¬- \n-tbm-Kn-®-]-X-]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-Wv- sl-≥dn- tam¿-´-¨- Ãm-≥en.- 1871

\-hw-_¿- ]-Øn-\v- X-¶m-\zn-I- X-Sm-I-Xo-c-Øp-≈- H-cp-]-´-W-Øn¬- Ãm-≥en,- en-hn-Mv-Ã-Wn-s\- I-≠p-ap-ń.-

*- -thƒ-Uv- ssh-Uv- sh-_n-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b- Snw- s_¿-tW-gv-kv- en- P-\n-®-Xv- 1965˛-em-Wv.-

*- -In-Mv- Hm-^v- k-kv-s]-≥kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- kn-\n-a- kw-hn-[m-b-I-\m-Wv- B¬-^-Uv- ln-®v-tIm-°v- (1899˛-1980).-

*- -Um-°p-f- F-∂- I-Ym-]m-X-sØ- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv- _mw-tÃm-°¿- (1847˛-1912).- A-b¿-e-≥Un-se- U-ªn-\n¬-P-\n-®- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- _n-ń-jv- ]u-c-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿- P-\n-®- A-tX- h¿-jw- P-\n-®- Cw-•n-jv-I-hn-bm-Wv- In-Ã-^¿- am¿-tem-(1564˛-1593).-

*- -]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- I-hn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- hn-eyw- th¿-Uv-kv-h¿-Øm-Wv- (1770˛-1850).-

*- -]-i-kv-X- I-hn- ]n.-_n.-sj-√n-bp-sS-(1792˛-1822)- `m-cy- ta-cn- sj-√n-bm-Wv- ^m-¶-≥Ão-≥ F-∂- I-Ym-]m-X-sØ-kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv.- 29˛mw- h-b- n¬- t_m-´v- ap-ßn-bm-Wv- sj-√n- a-c-W-s∏-´-Xv.-

*- -£-b-tcm-K- _m-[n-X-\m-bn- 25˛mw- h-b- n¬- a-c-W-s∏-´-Cw-•n-jv- I-hn-bm-Wv- tPm-¨- Io-‰v-kv- (1795˛-1821).-

*- -]m-c-ssU-kv- tem-Ãv- c-Nn-®-Xv- tPm- - an¬- -Wm-Wv- (1608 -1674).-

*- -F- Un-£-\-dn- Hm-^v- Z- Cw-•n-jv- emw-tKz-Pv- 1755˛¬- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- tUm.-km-ap-h¬- tPm- -k- - (1709 -1784)-B-Wv.- sse-^v- Hm-^v- km-ap-h¬- tPm-¨-k-¨- F-∂-]-kn-≤-am-b- Po-h-N-cn-Xw- c-Nn-®-Xv- sP-bnw-kv- t_m-kv-sh¬- B-Wv.

][m\ ÿeßƒ* P¿a≥ X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-\m-b- Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kn-s\- a-d-hp-

sN-bv-X-Xv- e-≠-\n-em-Wv.-*- -lm¿-en- kv-So-‰v,- t_m-≠v- kv-So-‰v,- ^v-fo-‰v- kv-So-‰v,-shw-

ªn- tÃ-Un-bw,-tem¿-Uv-kv- In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-bw- ,-ssl-Uv-]m¿-°v,-_n-Kv- s_-≥ t¢m-°v,-ssl-tK-‰v- sk-an-tØ-cn-F-∂n-h- e-≠-\n-em-Wv.-

*- -sa-Un-kn-\n-epw- k¿-P-dn-bn-epw- kv-s]-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v-]-kn-≤-am-b- sX-cp-hm-Wv- lm¿-en- kv-So-‰v.-

*- -tjm-∏n-Mn-\v- ]-kn-≤-am-b- sX-cp-hm-Wv- t_m-≠v- kv-So-‰v.-

*- -H-cp- Im-e-Øv- _n-ń-jv- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- tI-µ-am-bn-cp-∂p- ^v-fo-‰v- kv-So-‰v.-

*- -_n-ó-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-b- _-°nw-Kv-lmw- sIm-´m-cw,-_n-ó-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-b- 10 Uu-Wn-Mv- kv-So-‰v- F-∂n-h- e-≠-\n-em-Wv.-

*- -tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- e-≠-\n-se- amƒ-_-tdm- lu-kv- B-Wv.-

*- -_n.-_n.-kn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-Wv- e-≠-\n-se- t]m¿-´v-em-≥Uv- ]m-e-kv.-

*- -hnw-_nƒ-U-¨- Sq¿-W-sa-‚ v- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- e-≠-\n-em-Wv.-1877˛-em-Wv- Xp-S-°w.-

*- -tem-I-]-i-kv-X- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- tÃ-Un-b-am-b- shw-ªn- e-≠-\n-em-Wv.- tem¿-Uv-kv,- Hm-h¬- F-∂n-h- ]-kn-≤- In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-b-ß-fm-Wv.-

*- -e-≠-\n-se- Ko-≥hn-®n¬- ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≈- H-_v-k¿-th-‰-dn-bn-se- k-a-b-am-Wv- tem-I-Øn-s‚- Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-

b-am-bn- \n-›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.-*- -am-Uw- Xp-km-Zv- sa-gp-Ip- ayq-kn-bw- e-≠-\n-em-Wv.- C-

Xn-\v- ]-e- ]-[m-\- tem-I-\-K-c-ß-fn-epw- im-J-I-fp-≠v.-C-hn-sS- ÿm-\w- ]n-Sn-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-s‚- ]-Xn-a-a-lm-flm- Km-‘n-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.-

*- -Bw-\-Ãn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬,- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- am-cn-ssSw- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-≥ F-∂n-h-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-e-≠-\m-Wv.-

*- -Cw-•-≠n-se- ]-kn-≤-am-b- N-cn-X-kv-am-c-I-am-Wv- tÃm-¨- sl-©v.-

*- -]-cp-Øn- hy-h-km-b-Øn-\v- ]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- am-©-Ã¿.-

*- -Cw-•-≠n-se- sj-ô¬-Uv- I-Sv-e-dn-°v- ]-kn-≤-am-Wv.-*- -sXw-kv- \-Zo-Xo-c--Øm-Wv- e-≠≥.

][m\ kw --h-ßƒ* 12-09-˛emWv- tIw-_n-Uv-Pv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-]n-X-

am-b-Xv.-*- -B-[p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- B-Wn-°-√v- F-∂-dn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂- am-·m- Im¿-´- H-∏p-h-®-Xv- Cw-•-≠n-em-Wv.-tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]u-cm-h-Im-i-tc-J-bm-Wv- am-·- Im¿-´.-

*- -em-‰n-≥ `m-j-bn¬- Cu- hm-°n-\¿-Yw- a-l-Øm-b- tc-J-F-∂m-Wv.-

*- -cm-Pm-hv,- ssI-kv-X-h-a-X-k-`,-am-S-ºn-am¿- F-∂n-h¿- X-Ωn-ep-≈- D-S-º-Sn-bm-b- C-Xn¬- Cw-•-≠n-se- tPm-¨- cm-Pm-hv- 1215 Pq-¨-15\v- d-Æn-ao-Uv- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øp-h-®m-Wv- H-∏n-´-Xv.-

*- -\n-c-¥-c-bp-≤-ß-fn-eq-sS- J-P-\m-hv- Im-en-bm-b-t∏mƒ- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hn-eq-sS- ]-Ww- t\-Sm-\m-bn- cm-Pm-hv- ]-e-]-e-L-´-ß-fn-em-bn- \n-Ip-Xn- 11 a-S-tßm-f-am-°n-b-t∏m-fm-Wv- k-ln-sI-´v- k-`-bpw- am-S-ºn-am-cpw- C-S-s]-´-Xv.-

*- -am-S-ºn-am¿- e-≠-≥ ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp.- A-h-c-h-cp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- \n-›-bn-®p-sIm-≠v- am-S-ºn-am¿- X-øm-dm-°n-b- tc-J-bn¬- \n-hr-Øn-bn-√m-sX- cm-Pm-hn-\v- H-∏p-h-bv-t°-≠n-h-∂p.- A-ß-s\,- `-c-W-Øn¬- ]-P-I-fp-sS-Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-\pwhn-e-bp-≠m-bn.-

*- -1588˛-em-Wv- kv-]m-\n-jv- A¿-am-U-sb- Cw-•n-jv- \m-hn-I-tk-\- tXm¬-]n-®-Xv.-

*- -1337 ap-X¬- 1453 h-sc- \-S-∂- i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤-Øn¬-G-‰p-ap-ń-b-Xv- Cw-•-≠pw- ^m-≥kp-am-Wv.- Cu- bp-≤-Øn-em-Wv- ^m-≥kn-\p-th-≠n- tPm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°v- c-‡-km-£n-Xzw- h-cn-®-Xv.-

*- -Cw-•n-jv- Cu-Ãv- C-¥y- I-º-\n- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- 1600˛¬-e-≠-\n-em-Wv.-

*- -e-≠-≥ \-K-c-Øn-se- \m-en-sem-∂v- B-fp-I-fp-sS- a-c-W-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n-b- tπ-Kv- ]-S¿-∂p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- 1665˛-1666 em-Wv.-

*- -e-≠-≥ \-K-c-Øn¬- h-≥Xo-]n-Sp-Øw- D-≠m-b-Xv- 1666˛-em-Wv.-

*- -1688˛¬- a-l-Øm-b- hn-π-hw- A-Y-hm- c-‡-c-ln-X- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- Cw-•-≠v.- Cw-•-≠n-se- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- sP-bnw-kv- c-≠m-a-s\- Hm-d-©n-se- hn-ey-apw-ta-cn-bpw- tN¿-∂v- ÿm-\-`-jv-\m-°n-b- kw-`-h-am-Wn-Xv.-

*- -1798˛-se- ss\¬- bp-≤-Øn¬- _n-´-¨- slm-td-tjym-s\¬-k-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ^m-≥kn-s\- tXm¬-]n-®p.-

*- -1805 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 21˛-\m-Wv- S-^¬-K¿- bp-≤w- \-S-∂-Xv.-Cu- bp-≤-Øn¬- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-Uw- ^m-≥kn-s\-tXm¬-]n-®p.-

*- -1955˛-em-Wv- ^v-fo-‰v- kv-So-‰n¬-\n-∂v- Kn-∂-kv- _p-°v- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- B-cw- n-®-Xv.

temI-N-cnXw AXns‚ Xmfp-Ifn¬A`n-am-\-]q¿hw ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ khn-ti-j-hy-‡n-Xz-ß-fn¬ Nnesc ]cn-N-b-s∏- p-sIm≠v BwKe k©mcw XpS-cp-

I-bm-Wv. H∏w bpssW-‰Uv InMvU-Ønse Nne ][m\ ÿe-ßƒ ImWp-

Ibpw ][m\ kw -h-ßƒ Hm¿°p-Ibpw sNømw.

bpssW-‰Uv InMvUw˛3

temI-cm-Py-ßƒ

8 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

Indian Polity

1950 P-\p-h-cn- 28˛-\m-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv.- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- hym-Jym-Xm-hm-Wv (Interpreter) kp]ow tImSXn.C¥y≥ `cWLS\bpsS kwc£I≥(Guardian of the Constitution) F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv- b-tYm-[¿-a-kv-X-tXm- P-b.- C-Xn-s‚- A¿Yw‘Truth alone I uphold’ F∂mWv.

_nńjv am-Xr-I-bn¬- C-¥y-bn¬- \o-Xn-\ym-b- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚- hn-Im-kw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- `-c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv.-

d-Kp-te-‰n-Mv- B-Iv-Sp-]-Im-cw- 1773˛¬-sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- t^m¿-´v- hn-ey-an¬- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-tXm-sS- C-¥y-bn¬- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- N-cn-Xw-B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- A-°m-e-Øv- _n-ó-jv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn-cp-∂- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv- B-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.-

1858 -se- hn-fw-_-c-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- C-¥y-bp-sS- -c-W-\n¿-h-l-Ww- _n- n-jv- sam-Wm¿-°n-s‚- t\-cn-´p-≈- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-em-°n-b-Xn-\-\p-_-‘-am-bn- 1861˛¬- sIm¬-°-Ø,-t_mw-s_,- a-Zm-kv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´p.-

C-¥y-bn¬- _n-ń-jv- am-Xr-I-bn-se- \o-Xn-\ym-b- kw-hn-[m-\w- C-hn-sS- sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\m-bn- B-Zy-Im-e-ß-fn¬- _n-ń-jv-P-Uv-Pn-am-cm-Wv- \ym-bm-[n-]-≥am-cm-bn- \n-b-an-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- C-¥y-°m-cpw- \ym-bm-[n-]- ]-Z-hn-bn¬- \n-b-an-°-s∏-´p.- 1937˛¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- s^-U-d¬-tIm¿-´v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-Wv-C-t∏m-g-sØ- kp-]ow tImS-Xn.

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS LS\No^v PÃn-kpw- ]-c-am-h-[n- 30 P-Uv-Pn-am-cpw- A-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn.- Xp-S-°-Øn¬- (1950)- No-^v- P-Ãn-kpw- G-gv- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-am-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- tI-kp-I-fp-sS- _m-lp-eyw-Im-c-Ww- tPm-en-`m-cw- Iq-Sn-b-t∏mƒ- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬- h¿-[-\-hp-≠m-bn.- 1950˛¬-F-´m-bpw- 1956˛¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-bpw- 1960˛¬-14 B-bpw- 1978˛¬- 18 B-bpw- 1986˛¬- 26B-bpw- 2008˛¬- 31 B-bpw- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS-F-Æw- h¿-[n®p.

\nb-a\hpw tbmKy-X-Ifpwkp]owtIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-tem-A-Xp-t]m-ep-≈- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn-tem- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- A-©p-h¿-j-sØ- ]-cn-N-bw- A-s√-¶n¬- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-tem- A-Xp-t]m-ep-≈-tIm-S-Xn-I-fn-tem- A- n- m-j-I-\m-bn- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- 10 h¿-j-sØ- ]-cn-N-bw- A-s√-¶n¬-D-∂-X- \n-b-a-⁄-s\-∂v- ]-kn-U-‚n-s‚- km-£y-s∏-Sp-Ø¬- -Cu- tbm-Ky-X-bp-s≠-¶n¬-kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-Im-≥ tbm-Ky-\m-Wv.-

_m-dn¬-\n-∂v- t\-cn-´v- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- hy-‡n-F-kv.-Fw.-kn-In-bm-Wv.- A-t±-lw- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-bn-cn-s°-bm-Wv- tI-i-hm-\-µ-`m-c-Xn-tI-kn¬- hn-[n- ]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv.- F-kv.-N-µ-tdm-bv,- Ip¬-Zo-]v- kn-Mv,- k-t¥m-jv- sl-Kv-tU- F-∂n-h-cpw- Cu- coXn-bn¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv.

kXy]Xn⁄kp]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kn-\pw- P-Uv-Pn-am¿-°pw- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-Wv- k-Xy-hm-N-Iw-sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- \n¿- -b-am-bpw- \n-jv-]-£-am-bpw- I-S-a- \n-d-th-‰p-sa-∂pw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- _m-[y-X- \n-d-th-‰p-sa-∂pw- P-Uv-Pn-am¿- k-Xy-]-Xn-⁄m-th-f-bn¬- hm-Kv-Zm-\w-sN-øp-w.

Imem-h[nkp]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-Im-\p-≈- Ip-d-™- ]m-bw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- \n-jv-I¿-jn-®n-ń-√.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS- hn-c-an-°¬- ]m-bw- 65 h-b- m-Wv.- cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-I,-]-Z-hn-bn¬-\o-°w- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-I- F-∂o-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-epw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS- tk-h-\w- A-h-km-\n-°pw.- cm-Pn-°-Øv- \¬-tI-≠-Xv- ]-kn-U-‚n-\m-Wv.

hnc-an-®-Xn-\ptijw]mIvSokv \ntcm-[\w

tkh\ Imem-h[n Ign-™m-¬ C¥y-bnseHcp tImS-Xn-bnepw ]mIvSokv sNøm≥]mSn-√. F∂m¬, Kh¨sa‚ v G¬]n-°p-∂ ]tXyI Npa-X-e-Iƒ hln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]Z-hn-bn¬\n-∂v \o°w sNø¬kz`m-h-Zq-jyw (Misbehaviour), Ign-hp-tISv(Incapacity) F∂o Im-c-W-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-sb-]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂v- \o-°w- sN-ømw.- C-Xn-\m-bn-´p-≈- ]-ta-bw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬- 100 Aw-K-ß-fpw- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬- 50 Aw-K-ß-fpw- H-∏n-S-Ww.- P-Uv-P-kv- F-≥Iz-b-dn- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- A-Sp-Ø-L- w.- Xp-S¿-∂v- Hm-tcm- k-`-bpw- lm-P-cm-b- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- aq-∂n¬- c-≠v- `q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS- ]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°p-∂-]-£w- ]-kn-U-‚ v- P-Uv-Pn-sb- ]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂v- \o-°w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- D-Ø-c-hv- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°pw.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B¿-ń-°nƒ- 124 (4)- C-tX-°p-dn-®v-]-Xn]mZn°p∂p.

iºfhpw ]cn-c-£-Ifpw]m¿e-sa‚mWv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- i-º-fw- \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- B¿-ń-°nƒ- 125˛¬- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- i-º-fw,- _-Ø- F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- I- -tkm-fn-tU-‰v- -≠v-Hm-^v- C-¥y-bn-em-Wv- C-Xv- h-I-sIm-≈n-°p-∂-Xv.- H-cn-°¬- \n-b-an-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-™m¬-]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- i-º-f-Øn-tem- _-Ø-I-fn-tem- am-‰w- h-cp-Øm-≥ ]m-Sn-√.- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- kz-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n¬- N¿-®- ]-mSn-√.

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS BkvYm\w\yqU¬ln-bn¬- Xn-e-Iv- am¿-Kn-em-Wv-

kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w.- F-∂m¬,- ]-kn-U-‚n-s‚- A-\p-a-Xn-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn- a-‰p- ÿ-e-ß-fn-epw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS-b- kn-‰n-Mv- \n-›-bn-°m-≥ No-^v-P-Ãn-kn-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-sS- tc-J-Iƒ- `m-hn-bn-se- D-]-tbm-K-ßƒ-°m-bn- kq-£n-®p-h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS- H-cp- tIm¿-´v- Hm-^v- sd-t°m¿-Uv- (B¿-ń-°nƒ- 129)- B-bpw- A-Xv-]-h¿-Øn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.-

22 G-°¿- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈- N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- tπm-ń-em-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- a-µn-cw- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-X-Xv.- K-tW-jv- `n-°m-Pn- Zn-tbm-em-en-°¿- B-Wv- No-^v-B¿-°n-sS-Iv-Sv.- tI-µ- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- X-e-h-\m-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.- 1958 ap-X-em-Wv- C-t∏m-g-sØ- a-µn-c-Øn¬- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- ]-h¿-Øn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n-se- tNw-_¿- Hm-^v- ]n-≥k-kv- k-tΩ-fn-®n-cp-∂- lm-fn-em-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- tN¿-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.-

A-Ω-bpw- Ip-™pw- F-∂- ]-Xn-a- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- B-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\p- ap-∂n-em-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚- ]-Xo-I-am-Wv- Ip-™v.-

kz-¥-am-b- ]n-≥tIm-Uv- A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ÿm-]-\-am-Wv- kp-

]ow- tIm-S-Xn- (110201).-kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-

\m-h-iy-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ- \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- N-´-ßƒ- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- B¿-ń-°nƒ- 145 kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°v- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-Ip-∂p.-

kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´p-]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- D-tZym-K-ÿ- hr-µ-Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xzw- sk-I-´-dn- P-\-d-en-\m-Wv.- B¿-ń-°nƒ- 146 ]-Im-c-am-Wv-kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn-se hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ DtZym-K-ÿsc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv.

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bpsSA[n--Im-c-ßƒ

`cW-L-S-\- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- kw-c-£-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv.- C-¥y-bn-se- ]-c-tam-∂-X- \o-Xn-]o-Tw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X-am-b- A-∏o¬-t°m-S-Xn-bp-am-Wv.- kn-hn¬- -In-an-\¬- tI-kp-I-fn¬- kw-ÿm-\- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- hn-[n-\ym-b-ß-sf- ]p-\-:-]-cn-tim-[n-°m-≥ kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-]-kn-U-‚ v- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- tI-µ- -kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpw- a-‰pw- A-t±-l-sØ- D-]-tZ-in-°p-I- F-∂-Xv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-

Xn-bp-sS- I¿-Ø-hy-am-Wv- (B¿- n-°nƒ- 143).-]-kn-U-‚ v-/-ssh-kv- ]-kn-U-‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- X¿-°-ap-≠m-bm¬- Xo¿-∏p-I¬-]n-°m-≥A-[n-Im-cw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°m-Wv.- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- No- v- P-Ãn-kv- ]-Zw- h-ln-®-h-sc-bm-Wv- tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωn-j-s‚- sN-b¿-am-≥ ÿm-\-tØ-°v- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- d- -d-≥kn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv- ]-kn-U-‚n-\v- No-

v- C-≥^¿-ta-j-≥ I-Ωn-j-W-sd- A-s√-¶n¬-C-≥^¿-ta-j-≥ I-Ωn-j-W-sd- X¬-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- \o-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ]n.-F-kv.-kn.- sN-b¿-am-s\-tbm- Aw-K-sØ-tbm- X¬-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- \o-°w- sN-øp-∂-Xpw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- dn-t∏m¿- n-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.- ]m¿-e-sa-‚pw- kw-ÿm-\-\n-b-a-k- -I-fpw- ]m-km-°p-∂- \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\m- km-[p-X- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xpw-kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°v- A-Xn-s‚- hn-[n-tbm- D-Ø-c-thm- ]p-\-:-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-hm-≥ A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

cm-jv-S-]-Xn,- D-]-cm-jv-S-]-Xn- F-∂n-h-cp-sS- A-`m-h-Øn¬- cm-jv-S-Ø-h-\m-bn- B-Iv-Sv- sN-øp-∂-Xv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-Wv.- Cu- k-a-b-Øv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn-se- P-Uv-Pn-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- ko-\o-b-dm-b- P-Uv-Pn- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- No-^v- P-kv-‰n-km-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-°pw.- ]p-Xn-b- ]-kn-U-‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- ap-d-bv-°v- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- ]-kn-U-‚ v-]-g-b- ÿm-\-Øv- Xn-cn-s®-Øpw.-

1969˛¬- ]-kn-U-‚ v- k-°o¿- lp-ssk-≥]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ- D-]-cm-jv-S-]-Xn- hn.-hn.- Kn-cn- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn.- F-∂m¬,- ]-kn-U-‚ v- ÿm-\-tØ-°v- a-’-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- A-t±-lw- D-]-cm-jv-S-]-Xn- ÿm-\w- cm-Pn-h-®-t∏mƒ- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No- v- P-Ãn-km-bn-cp-∂- Fw.-ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈- D-]-cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-bn.-

C-¥y-bn¬- t]m-t´m-t°mƒ- ]-Im-cw-(The Order of precedence of the Republicof India) Bdm-a-Xm-bn- tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°-dp-sS- A-tX- ]-Z-hn-bm-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kn-\v- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- tI-kp-Iƒ- tIƒ-°p-∂- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- _-©n¬- G-‰-hpw-Ip-d-™-Xv- 5 P-Uv-Pn-am¿- D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

B¿-ń-°nƒ- 143 ]-Im-cw- ]-kn-U-≥jy¬- d-^-d-≥kv- \-S-Øp-∂- tI-kp-I-fn¬-G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™-Xv- 5 P-Uv-Pn-am¿- D-≠m-bncn°Ww.

Original jurisdiction, appellate juris-diction and advisory jurisdictionF∂nßs\ aq∂pXcw A[nImcßfmWvkp]ow tImSXn°p≈Xv.

D¬`hm[nImcw(Original jurisdiction)

G-sXm-cp- ]u-c-\pw- H-cp- ]-iv-\-Øn-s‚- ]-cm-Xn-bp-am-bn- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-sb- t\-cn-´p-k-ao-]n-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-hpw- A-Xn¬- C-S-s]- v- ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-\p-≈- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-hp-am-Wv- D-Zv-`-hm-[n-Im-cw.- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- ew-L-\w,- tI-µ-hpw- kw-ÿm-\-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- X¿-°w,-kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ- X-Ωn-ep-≈- X¿-°w- F-∂n-h- C-Xn-s‚- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-cpw.-

`c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬-h-cp-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºv-H-∏p-h-®- I-cm-dp-I-fpw- D-S-º-Sn-I-fpw,- A-¥¿-kw-ÿm-\- P-e- X¿-°-ßƒ- F-∂n-h- C-Xn-

C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hyhÿ

1950 P\phcn 28˛\mWv kp]ow tImSXn \nehn¬ h∂Xv. C¥y≥`cWLS\bpsS G‰hpw Db¿∂ hymJymXmhmWv kp]ow tImSXn.C¥y≥ `cWLS\bpsS kwc£I≥ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xpw kp]ow

tImSXnbmWv. kp]ow tImSXnbpsS B]vXhmIyamWvbtYm[¿akvXtXm Pb. CXns‚ A¿Yw Truth alone I upholdF∂mWv. kp]ow-tIm-S-Xnsbbpw sslt°m-S-Xn-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®

hnh-c-ßƒ ka-K-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 9

s‚- ]-cn-[n-bn¬-\n-∂v- H-gn-hm-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.-

A∏o¬ A[nImcw(Appellate jurisdiction)

kn-hn¬- -In-an-\¬- tI-kp-I-fn¬- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- hn-[n-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-sb- k-ao-]n-°m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw.-

D-]-tZ-im-[n-Im-cw-(Advisory jurisdiction)

s]mXp- ]m-[m-\y-ap-≈- hn-j-b-ß-fn-tem- \n-b-a-]-iv-\-ßƒ- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- hn-j-b-ß-fn-tem- ]-kn-U-‚n-\v- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-iw- tX-Sm-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-c-am-Wn-Xv.- A-\p-t—-Zw- 143˛-em-Wv- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f- hn-Zym- ym-k- _n¬,-s_-dp-_m-dn- I-cm¿,- Im-th-cn- X¿-°- ]-cn-lm-c- Sn-_yq-W¬- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- ]-kn-U-‚ v-C-]-Im-cw- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-hn-´-Xn-\v- D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.-

C-¥y-≥ ]u-c-≥am-cp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-ß-fp-sS-bpw- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS-bpw- c-£m-I¿-Øm-hm-Wv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn.- `-c-W-L-S-\- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf- ew-Ln-°p-∂- G-sXm-cp- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-sØ-bpw- A-km-[p-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v-kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°v- A-[n-Im-c-a-p-≠v.

AUv tlmIv PUvPnkp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-Im-≥ tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc-bm-Wv-A-Uv- tlm-Iv- P-Uv-Pn-am-cm-bn- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.- hn-c-an-®- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc-bpw- A-Uv- tlm-Iv- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-°mw.-]-kn-U-‚n-s‚- ap-≥Iq¿- A-\p-hm-Z-tØm-sS-kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-Wv- A-Uv-tlm-Iv- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- \n-b-a-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- (B¿-ń-°nƒ- 129).

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS A`n- m-j-I¿kp]ow tIm¿´v dqƒkv 2013 hyhÿsNøp-∂Xp ]Imcw kp]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬

aq∂p-Xcw A`n-`m-j-I-cp-≠v.AUzt°‰v Hm¨ sdt°m¿Uv: kp]ow-tIm¿- v- dqƒ-kv- 2013 s‚- dqƒ- 4 ]-Im-cw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- hm-Zn-°m-≥ A-\p-hm-Z-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv- A-Uz-t°-‰v- Hm- - sd-t°m¿-Uv-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-Uz-t°-‰v- Hm- - sd-t°m¿-Uv- H-gn-sI-bp-≈-h¿-°v- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- tI-kv- -b¬- sN-øm-≥ km-[y-a-√.ko\n-b¿ AUz-t°‰v: 1961-˛se AUz-t°‰vkv BIvSv ]Imcw kp]ow tImS-Xn-bnepw sslt°m-S-Xn-bnepw hmZn-°m≥ko\n-b¿ AUz-t°-s‰∂ \ne-bn¬ A\p-aXn e`n-®n-´p≈ A`n-`m-j-I¿. AUzt°‰vHm¨ sdt°m¿Un\v H∏ta Ch¿°v hmZn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.AUz-t°‰vkv: AUz-t°-‰v- Hm- - sd-t°m¿-Un-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-]-Im-cw- G-sXm-cp- A-Uz-t°-‰n-\pw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- hm-Zn-°mw.-

tIm¿´v Hm^v sdt°m¿Uvkp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- sd-t°m¿-Up-Iƒ- A-Y-hm- hn-[n-\ym-bw- a-‰p- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- lm-P-cm-°p-∂-]-£w- sX-fn-hm-bn- kzo-I-cn-°-Ww- (B¿-ń-°nƒ- 129).- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- lm-P-cm-°p-tºmƒ- A-h- tNm-Zyw- sN-ø-s∏-Sm-\pw- ]m-Sn-√.

kzX¥ PpUnjy-dnkp]ow tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- kz-X-¥-hpw- \n-jv-]-£-hp-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-ó-hn-s‚-bpw- se-Pn-t…-®-dn-s‚-bpw- kzm-[o-\-Øn-\pw- C-S-s]-S-en-\pw-A-∏p-d-Øv- A-Xn-s\- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw-B-h-iy-am-b- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- ]-kn-U-‚m-Wv- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.- B-h-iy-sa-∂p-tXm-∂p-∂-]-£w- A-t±-lw- C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-®v- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-bpw-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-se-bpw- P-Uv-Pn-am-tcm-Sv- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\- \-S-Øpw.- \n-b-a-\-Øn-\m-bp-≈- Ip-d-™- tbm-Ky-X- h-f-sc- D-b¿-∂-Xm-Wv.- C-Xv- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- \n-b-a-\-Øn¬- cm-

jv-So-b- ]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ- H-gn-hm-Ip-∂-Xn-\v-km-l-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-∂p.- h-f-sc- D-b¿-∂-Xm-Wv- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- hn-c-an-°¬- ]m-bw.-H-cn-°¬- \n-b-an-X-cm-bm¬- 65 h-b- p-h-sc-]-Z-hn-bn¬- Xp-S-cmw.- k-¶o¿-W-am-b- H-cp- ]-In-b-bn-eq-sS- am-X-ta- A-h-sc- ]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂v- \o-°w- sN-øm-≥ km-[n-°q.- C-Xv- I¿-Ø-hy-ßƒ- \n¿- -b-am-bn- \n¿-h-ln-°m-≥ A-h-sc- ]m-]v-X-cm-°p-∂p.- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS- i-º-f-Øn-\v- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n-s‚- thm-ń-Mv- B-h-iy-an-√.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cp-∂p-sIm-≠v- P-Uv-Pn-am¿- F-Sp-°p-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw-\-S-Øp-∂- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw- hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-°m-dn-√.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°v-A-Xn-s‚- ]q¿-W- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- ÿm-]-\- hn-`m-K-ap-≠v.- A-Xn-se- Hmô-k¿am-cp-sSbpw Poh-\-°m-cp-sSbpw tkh\hyhÿ-Iƒ- tIm-S-Xn- X-s∂-bm-Wv- \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- No- v- P-Ãn-km-Wv- \n-b-a-\-ßƒ-\-S-Øp-∂-Xv.-

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bpw Nne NcnXaplq¿Ø-ßfpw

G‰hpw ko-\n-b-dm-b- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-P-Uv-Pn-sb-bm-Wv- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bm-bn- \n-b-an-°m-dp-≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- Cu-Io-gv-h-g-°w- ew-Ln-°-s∏-´- A-h-k-c-ßƒ-D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- 1973˛¬- C-µn-c- Km-‘n-bp-sS-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- ko-\n-tbm-cn-‰n- a-dn-I-S-∂v- P-Ãn-kv- F.-F-≥.-td-sb- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-bn- \n-b-an-®p.- 1977˛¬- G-‰-hpw-ko-\o-b-dm-b- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂- F-®v.-B¿.-J-∂-sb- a-dn-I-S-∂v- Pq-\n-b-dm-b- P-Ãn-kv-s_-Kn-s\- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-bn- \n-b-an-®p.- C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂v- J-∂- cm-Pn-h-®p.- ^n-\m-≥kv-I-Ωn-j-≥ sN-b¿-am-\m-Im-\p-≈- sam-dm¿-Pn-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- £-Ww- A-t±-lw- \n-c-kn-®p.-F-∂m¬,- 1977˛-79 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- \n-b-a- I-Ωn-j-s‚- sN-b¿-am-\m-bn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-t±-lw-N-c-¨-kn-Mv- a-¥n-k-`-bn¬- \n-b-a-a-¥n-bm-bn- (1977).- ]-t£,- aq-∂p- Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-ti-

jw- cm-Pn-h-®p.- 1982˛¬- ]-kn-U-‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-bm-b- sk-bn¬-kn-Mn-s\-Xn-sc- ]-Xn-]-£-]m¿-ń-I-fp-sS- kw-bp-‡- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-bm-bn- a-’-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

tI-i-hm-\-µ- `m-c-Xn- tI-kn¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\- am-‰p-∂-Xn-\v- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-an-√- F-∂v- ]-kv-Xm-hn-®- \ym-bm-[n-]-\m-Wv- F-®v.-B¿.-J-∂.-

1975˛¬- ]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- B-`y-¥-c-A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-e-Øv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 39˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS,- Pp-Uo-jy¬-dn-hyp-hn-\p-≈- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ-°v- \n-b-¥-Ww- sIm-≠p-h-∂p.- ]-Xn-]-£-sØ- ]-[m-\- t\-Xm-°ƒ-P-bn-en-em-bn-cn-s°- 1976˛¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂- 42˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS,- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- ]p-\-:-]-cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-≈- tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS- A-[n-Im-cw- X-S-™p.-A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- ]n-≥h-en-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- 42˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS- absoluteness \n-cm-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-Pp-Uo-jy¬- dn-hyp-hn-\p-≈- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-sØ- an-\¿-h- an¬- tI-kn-s‚- hn-[n-bn-eq-sS- A-Sn-h-c-bn-´v- D-d-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

1977˛¬- C-µn-c- Km-‘n-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn- k¿-°m-cn¬- \n-b-a-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-im-¥n-`q-j-¨- H-cp- Iq-´w- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- ]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ- Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn- k-¶o¿-W-am-°p-I-bpw- H-∏w- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- ]p-\-ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-

A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- ]n-≥h-en-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- B¿-ń-°nƒ- 21 \v- ]p-Xn-b- hym-Jym-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- Iq-Sq-X¬- am-\-ßƒ- ssI-h-∂-Xp- ]-Im-cw- C-¥y-≥ \o-Xn-\ym-b- hy-h-ÿ-bn¬- D-cp-Øn-cn-™- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- D-]m-[n-bm-Wv- s]m-Xp- Xm¬-]-cy- l¿-Pn-Iƒ.- ]n.-F-≥.- -K-h-Xn,- hn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-ø¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- P-Uv-Pn-am¿- C-Xn-s\- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂- k-ao-]-\-am-Wv- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.- hn-Zym-`ym-kw,- -£-Ww,- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- kw-_-‘-am-b- \n-c-h-[n- hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ-°v- C-Xv- h-gn-sX-fn-®-p.

kp]ow tImS-Xn-bpsSNcn-X-Ønse Nne hy‡n-Iƒ

ln-c-em¬- sP.- I-\n-b- B-Wv- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv.-t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- A-t±-lw- Cu- ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv.- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-Wv- ln-c-em¬- sP.- I-\n-b.-

Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- Cu- ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- c-≠m-a-sØ- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-bn-cp-∂- Fw.-]-X-Rv-P-en- im-kv-Xn.-

cm-Pn-h-®- B-Zy-sØ- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-Wv- _n-P-≥ Ip-am¿- ap-J¿-Pn.- C-¥y-bp-sS-\m-em-a-sØ- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-bn-cp-∂p.-

G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- ]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv- ssh.-hn.-N-µ-Nq-Vv- B-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- Im-ew- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- ]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv- I-a¬- \m-cm-b-¨- kn-Mv- (17 Zn-h-kw-).-

G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- ]n.-F-≥.-`-K-h-Xn.-

C-¥y-bn¬- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-b- B-Zy- ]m-gv-kn- a-X-ÿ-\m-Wv- F-kv.-F-®v.-I-]m-Un-b-(2010).-

C-…mw- a-X-ÿ-\m-b- B-Zy- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-Wv- Fw.-ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈.-

]m¿-e-sa-‚n-s‚- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- t\-cn-´-B-Zy-sØ- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-Wv-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an- (1993).- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- lm-

sslt°m-SXn-Ifpw- Bÿm-\hpwt]cv- h¿-jw- A[n-Im-c]cn-[n- Bkv-Ym-\w-

1.- Ael_m-Zv- 1866 DØ¿-]tZ-iv- -A-e-l-_m-Zv- (_-©v- ˛-e-Iv-\u-)-

2.- B\v-[m-]tZiv- 1956 B\v-[m-]tZiv- sslZcm-_m-Zv-

3.- apw-ss_ 1862 alm-cm-jv-S,- tKm-h,- ZZm-\K¿- apw-ss_ (_©v-˛\mKv-]q¿-,-

-lthen,- Zm-a≥,- Zn-bp- ]\m-Pn,- Hudw-K_m-Zv)--

4.- I¬-°´ 1862 ]iv-Nn-a_w-Kmƒ- sIm¬-°Ø (k¿-Iyq-´v- _©v-˛ t]m¿-´v- ªb¿)-

5.- OØn-kv-KUv- 2000 OØn-kv-KUv- _n-em-kv-]q¿-

6.- U¬-ln- 1966 U¬-ln- U¬-ln-

7.- Kp-hml-Øn- -1948 -A-kw,- \m-Km-em-≥Uv,- -Kp-hm-l-Øn- (_-©v-

- - -an-tkm-dmw,- A-cp-Wm-N¬-]-tZ-iv- -˛-sIm-ln-a,- sF-kv-hmƒ,- C-‰m-\-K¿-)- -

8.- Kp-Pdm-Øv- 1960 Kp-Pdm-Øv- AlΩZm-_m-Zv-

9.- ln-am-N¬-]tZiv- 1971 ln-am-N¬-]tZiv- jnw-e

10.- PΩp-˛Im-iv-ao¿- 1928 PΩp-˛Im-iv-ao¿- io-\K¿,- PΩp-

11.- Pm¿-JWv-Uv- 2000 Pm¿-JWv-Uv- dm-©n-

12. -I¿-Wm-SI 1884 I¿-Wm-SI _mw-•q¿-

13. tIcfw- 1956 tIcfw,- e£Zzo-]v- FdWm-Ip-fw-

14.- a[y-]tZiv- 1956 a[y-]tZiv- P_¬-]q¿- (_©v-˛Kzm-fn-b¿,-C≥-tUm¿)-

15.- aZm-kv- 1862 Xan-gv-\m-Sv,- ]pXp-t®cn- sNss∂ (_©v-˛a[p-c)-

16.- Hdo-k 1948 Hdo-k IÍv-

17.- ]m-‰v-\ 1916 _o-lm¿- ]m-‰v-\

18.- ]©m-_v 1966 ]©m-_v,- lcn-bm-\,- NWv-Un-KUv- NWv-Un-KUv-

19.- cm-Pkv-Ym≥- 1949 cm-Pkv-Ym≥- tPm-[v-]q¿- (_©v- Pbv-]q¿)-

20.- kn-°nw- 1975 kn-°nw- Km-Mv-tSm-°v-

21.- DØcm-©¬- 2000 DØcm-©¬- ss\\n-Ømƒ-

22. aWn-∏q¿ 2013 aWn-∏q¿ Cw^m¬

23. taLm-eb 2013 taLm-eb jnt√mMv

24. Xn]pc 2013 Xn]pc AK¿Øe

10 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

P-cm-b- 401 Aw-K-ß-fn¬- 196 t]¿- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- ]-ta-b-sØ- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-I-bpw- 205t]¿- hn-´p-\n¬-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-ß-s\- ]-ta-bw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p.-

tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- t\-cn-´- c-≠m-a-sØ- \ym-bm-[n-]-\m-Wv- I¬-°-Ø-ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂- ku-an-X-sk-≥.- 2011 Hm-K-Ãv- 18˛-\v- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬-A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- ]-ta-b-sØ-189 t]¿- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-I-bpw- 17 t]¿- F-Xn¿-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬- ]-ta-bw- ]m-km-b-Xn-\m¬- 2011 sk-]v-Xw-_¿-5,-6 Xo-b-Xn-I-fn¬- A-Xv- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v- sIm-≠p-h-cm-\n-cn-s°- sk-]v-Xw-_¿- H-∂n-\v- sk-≥ cm-Pn-h-®p.- B- km-l-N-cy-Øn¬- Xp-S¿- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn-s√-∂v- tem-Iv-k-`- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-

cm-Pn-k-a¿-∏n-®-Xp-h-gn- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- \-S-]-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂v- H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´- a-s‰m-cp- P-Uv-Pn-bm-Wv- kn-°nw- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- No-^v-P-Ãn-km-bn-cp-∂- ]n.-Un.-Zn-\-I-c-≥ (2011 Pq-sse-).-

kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- P-Uv-Pn-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- ]n.-tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-\m-Wv.- Cu-]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-Fw. -F -kv . - ^m -Øn -am - _ohnbmWv.kp]owtIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-h-\n-X-bm-Wv- kp-Pm-X- hn.-a-t\m-l¿.-

kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No- v- P-Ãn-kv- ]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- sI.-Pn.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W-≥ (2007).- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- 37˛m-a-sØ- No- v- P-Ãn-km-bn-cp-∂p.-

Z-fn-Xv- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-\n-∂v- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn- (2000),- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- (2007)- F-∂o- ]-Z-hn-I-fn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- sI.-Pn.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W-≥.-

kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- ]-Zw-h-ln-®-ti-jw- kw-ÿm-\- K-h¿-W-dm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- P-Ãn-kv- (dn-´.-)- ]n.-k-Zm-in-hw.- X-an-gv-\m-Sv- kz-tZ-in-bm-b- A-t±-lw-tI-c-f-Øn-em-Wv- K-h¿-W--dm-b-Xv (2014).

sslt°mSXn* Hm-tcmkw-ÿm-\-Øn-\pw- B- kw-ÿm-

\-Øn-\p-≈n¬- A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- Hm-tcm- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-≠v.- sIm¬-°-Ø,- t_mw-s_,- a-Zm-kv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ÿm-]n-®- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ.- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- H-cp- No-^v- P-Ãn-kpw- a-‰v- P-Uv-Pn-am-cpw- D-≠m-hpw.-]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- A-X-Xp-k-a-b-Øv- Hm-tcm-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-se-bpw- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS-F-Æw- \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.-

sslt°mSXnbpsSA[n-Im-c -ßƒ

* kwÿm-\-sØ- F-√m- tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw-ta¬-t\m-´w.-

*- -au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- D-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I.-

*- -tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v- in-£n-°m-\p-≈-A-[n-Im-cw.-

*- -\n-b-a-k- m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- kw-_-‘-am-b- tI-kp-Iƒ- ]-cn-K-Wn-°m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw.-

*- - -c-W-L-S-\-sb- hym-Jym-\n-°m-\p-≈- tI-kp-I-sf- Io-gv-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-te-°v- am-‰m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw.-

*- -ssl-t°m-S-Xn- Ãm-^n-s\- \n-b-an-°m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw.

sslt°m-SXn No^v PÃnkv* sslt°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- `-c-W-®p-a-X-e- ssl-

t°m-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kn-\m-Wv.- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-Wv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- No- v- P-Ãn-kn-s\- \n-b-an-°-p-∂-Xv.

sslt°m-SXn PUvPn* Ipd-™-Xv- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- H-cp- ssl-t°m-

S-Xn-bn¬- A- n- m-j-I-hr-Øn-bn-te¿-s∏- n-´p-≈- C-¥y-≥ ]u-c-\v- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-Imw.- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-Wv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.-kw-ÿm-\- K-h¿-W-dm-Wv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-P-Uv-Pn-am¿-°v- k-Xy-hm-N-Iw- sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS-hn-c-an-°¬- ]m-bw- 62 h-b- m-Wv.- ÿm-\-sam-gn-bm-≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂- ]-£w- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn- cm-Pn- k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xv-cm-jv-S-]-Xn-°m-Wv.- I¿-Ø-hy-ew-L-\w- \-S-Øn-bm¬- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n-s‚- ip-]m¿-i- ]-Im-cw- ]-kn-U-‚m-Wv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xv.-

*- -ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- dn- v- s]-‰n-j-≥ -b¬-sN-øp-∂-Xv- B¿- n-°nƒ- 226 ]-Im-c-am-Wv.-

*- -ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- H-cp- P-Uv-Pn- am-Xw-Dƒ-s∏-´- knw-Knƒ- s_-©pw- c-≠v- P-Uv-Pn-am-cpƒ-s∏-´- Un-hn-j-≥ s_-©pw- c-≠n¬-°q-Sp-X¬- P-Uv-Pn-am¿- Dƒ-s∏-´-^pƒ- s_-©p-am-bn-´v- Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-≈-Xpw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hnkvXo¿W-Øn¬ A[n-Im -c -] -cn -[n -bp -≈Xpw Ae-l-_mZvsslt°m-S-Xn-°m-Wv.

* c≠p kwÿm-\-ßfpw (alm-cm-jvS,tKmh)c≠v tIµ `cW ]tZ-i-ßfpw(Z-Z-˛-\-K¿ lth-enbpw Zma≥ Znbp-hpw)A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bn¬h-cp∂ sslt°m-S-Xn-bmWv apwss_ sslt°m-S-Xn.

* G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- (4)-A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bp-≈-Xv- Kp-h-l-Øn- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-°m-Wv- (A-kw,- A-cp-Wm-N¬- ]-tZ-iv,- \m-Km-em-≥Uv,- an-skm-dw-).-

]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-_-‘-am-b- tI-kp-Iƒ-°m-bn- Ko-≥ s_-©v- ÿm-]n-®- C-¥y-bn-se-B-Zy-sØ- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv- sIm¬-°-Ø- ssl-t°m-S-Xn.-

kt_m¿Unt\‰v tImS-Xn-Iƒ* \oXn-\ym-b- hy-h-ÿ-sb- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-ó-

hn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-I- F-∂-Xv- cm-jv-S-\-b- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ß-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv.-k-t_m¿-Un-t\-‰v- tIm-S-Xn-I-sf- kw-_-‘n-®- -c-W-L-S-\m- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v- c-≠v- e-£y-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-∂m-a-tØ-Xv,- Pn-√m-P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS-bpw- A-Xn-\v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS-bpw- \n-b-a-\- tbm-Ky-X- kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv.- c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv- ap-gp-h-≥ kn-hn¬- Pp-Uo-jy-dn-sb-bpw- kw-ÿm-\- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- Io-gn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I- F-∂-Xpw.-

*- -Pn-√m-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ,- C-X-c- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-F-∂n-ß-s\- kw-t_m¿-Un-t\-‰v- tIm-S-Xn-I-sf- c-≠m-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-´p-≠v.- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb- I-¨-kƒ-´v- sN-bv-X-ti-jw-K-h¿-W-dm-Wv- Pn-√m-t°m-S-Xn-bn-se- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-\p-t—-Zw- 233(2)- ]-Im-cw- tI-µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\- k¿-ho-kp-I-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sm-Ø- H-cp- hy-‡n-sb- Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-°-W-sa-¶n¬- A-t±-l-Øn-\v-H-cp- \n¿-±n-jv-S- Im-e-b-f-hn¬- Ip-d-bm-Ø- ]-cn-N-bw- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-tbm- ]v-fo-U-dm-tbm- D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww- F-∂v- hy-h-ÿ- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v.-

*- -Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS- \n-b-a-\w- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- \n-b-a-\-ßƒ- kw-ÿm-\- Pp-Uo-jy¬- k¿-ho-kn-te-°v- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-am-bpw- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωn-j-\p-am-bpw- I-¨-kƒ-t´-j-≥\-S-Øn-b-ti-jw- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂- N-´-ßƒ-°-\p-k-c-W-am-bn-cn-°pw.- an-°-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw- A-hn-Sp-Ø- Pp-Uo-jy¬- k¿-ho-kn-te-°v- \n-b-a-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- A-X-Xv- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωn-j-\p-I-fm-Wv.- C-Xn-\v- \n-›n-X- hn-Zym-`ym-k-/- s]m-^-j-W¬- tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ- ]n-F-kv-kn- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂p.- H-

cp- \n-›n-X- Im-e-b-f-hv- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-tbm- πo-U-dm-tbm- D-≈- ]-cn-N-bw- ap-Jy-tbm-Ky-X-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- D-tZym-Km¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v- \n-›n-X- Im-e-b-f-hv- ]-tXy-I- ]-cn-io-e-\w-\¬-In-b-ti-j-am-Wv- d-Kp-e¿- k¿-ho-kn¬- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.- A-tXm-sS- X-ß-fp-sS- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬-A-h¿- kw-ÿm-\- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS-Io-gn¬-h-cpw.-

*- -k-t_m¿-Un-t\-‰v- tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS- ta¬-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-°p-≈- \n-b-¥-W-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xn-s‚- hym-]v-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®pw- A-\p-t—-Zw- 235˛¬- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-A-Xp-]-Im-cw- Pn-√m-t°m-S-Xn-bn-se-bpw-A-Xn-\p-Xm-sg-bp-≈- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn-se-bpw-\n-b-a-\w,- ÿm-\-°-b-‰w,- tÃ-‰v- Pp-Uo-jy¬- k¿-ho-kv- D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS- A-h-[n- Xp-S-ßn-b- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-°v- \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.- d-Kp-e¿-Pp-Uo-jy¬- k¿-ho-kn-e-√m-Ø- a-Pn-kv-tS-‰p-am-sc-bpw- Cu- hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn- C-Xn-s‚-hym-]v-Xn- hn-]p-eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- K-h¿-W¿-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

*- -cm-Py-sam-´m-sI-bp-≈- k-t_m¿-Un-t\-‰v-tIm-SXn-I-fp-sS- L-S-\-bv-°pw- ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\pw- G-Io-Ir-X- kz-`m-h-ap-≠v.- Pp-Uo-jy¬- A-Uv-an-\n-kv-tS-j-\p-th-≠n- Hm-tcmkw-ÿm-\-Øn-s\-bpw- \n-c-h-[n- Pn-√-I-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®v- Hm-tcm- Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS- Io-gn-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.- A-t±-l-Øn-\p-Io-gn¬- hn-hn-[-X-cw- A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n-I-fp-≈- Pp-Uo-jy¬- Hm-ô-k¿-am-cp-sS- H-cp- ti-Wn- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.

skj≥kv tImS-Xn-Ifpwknhn¬ tImS-Xn-Ifpw

* Inan-\¬- tI-kp-I-fn¬- hm-Zw- tIƒ-°p-∂- tIm-S-Xn-I-fm-Wv- sk-j-≥kv- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ.- sIm-e-]m-X-Iw,- tam-j-Ww,- B-I-a-Ww,- h-©-\,- \n-Ip-Xn- sh-ń-∏v- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- kw-_-‘-am-b- tI-kp-I-fn-em-Wv- sk-j-≥kv- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- hn-Nm-c-W- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -kn-hn¬- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- kn-hn¬- tI-kn-em-Wv- hm-Zw- tIƒ-°p-∂-Xv.- km-[m-c-W-am-bn- h-kv-Xp-˛-A-h-Im-i- X¿-°-ßƒ,- hn-hm-l-tam-N-\w,- h-kv-Xp-h-I-Iƒ-°v- \m-iw-h-cp-Ø¬- Xp-S-ßn-b- tI-kp-I-fn-em-Wv- hn-Nm-c-W- \S°p-∂-Xv.

hml-\m-]-IS\jvS ]cn-lmc tImS-Xn-Iƒ

* hml-\m-]-I-S -ßƒ h¿[n-®p -h-cp∂kml-N-cy-Øn¬ A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´hy‡n°v \jv-S-]-cn-lmcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ XpI Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsXsImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv hml-\m-]-IS \jvS ]cn-lmc tImS-Xn-Iƒÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw tImS-Xn-I-fpsS ta¬t\m´w sslt°m-S-Xn-°m-Wv.

IpSpw_ tImS-Xn-Iƒ* 1984- se IpSpw_ tImSXn \nb-a-]-Imcw

]Øp-e-£-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ \K-c-ß-fn¬ IpSpw_ tImS-Xn-Iƒÿm]n-°-Ww.

* Zº-Xn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ ]d™v cay-X-bn-em-°p-∂-Xn\pwIpSpw-_-ß-fnse X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw thK-Øn¬ Xo¿∏p-≠m-hpIF∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv IpSpw_tImS-Xn-Iƒ ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-Iƒ* ]Xn- ew \¬In ssI∏-‰p∂ km[-\-

ßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw \yq\-X-Itfmtkh-\-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw t]mcm-bva-Itfm Ds≠¶n¬ D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v \jvS-

]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v k-ao-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈kwhn-[m-\-amWv D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-Iƒ.

temIv AZm-eØv* P\-Iob tImSXn (]o-∏oƒkv tIm¿´v)

F∂mWv temIv AZm-eØv F∂ hm°n-\¿Yw. hmZn-sbbpw ]Xn-sbbpw tImS-Xn-bn¬ hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]c-kv]c kΩ-X-tØmsS tIkp-Iƒ Xo¿∏m-°p∂coXn-bm---Wn-Xv.

* km[m-cW tImS-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂v hy-Xy-kvX-ambn k¿°m¿ Xs∂-bmWv temIvAZm-e-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw PUvPn-am-cp-sSbpw FÆwA]-cym-]vX-am-Ip-I, tIkp-Iƒ sIń-°n-S-°p-I, tImS-Xn-bn¬ tIkv hmZn°m\pw]Xn-hmZw \S-Øm\pw th≠ sNehvXmßm-\m-hmØ Ahÿ hcnI F∂o]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m\mWv temIvAZm-eØv cq]-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temIvAZm -e -Øns\ A\p -Iq -en -®n -cp∂kp]ow tImSXn PUvPn-bmWv ]n.F≥.`K-h-Xn. 1982 am¿®v ]Xn\men\v KpP-dm-Ønse Pp\-K-Vn-emWv BZy temIvAZm -eØv \S-∂-Xv . Xan -g v\m - -ń¬sNss∂-bn¬ 1986-˛¬ temIv-A-Zm-eØv\S-∂-tXmsS Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw AXn\vXpS-°-am-bn.

temIv]m¬* kzoU-\nse Hmw_p-Uvkvams‚ amXr-I-

bn¬ 2013˛-se- tem-Iv-]m¬- B-≥Uv- tem-Im-bp-‡m-kv- B-Iv-Sv- ]-Im-cw- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- ]-Z-hn-bm-Wv- tem-Iv-]m¬.- ]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-ßƒ,- tI-µ- k¿-°m¿- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS- A-gn-a-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-j-Ww- \-S-Øp-I-bm-Wv- tem-Iv-]m-en-s‚- Zu-Xyw.- A-Æm- l-km-sc- \-S-Øn-b- k-a-c-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- tem-Iv-]m¬- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°p-∂-Xn-\v- \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-b-Xv.- C-¥y- F-K-bn-≥Ãv- I-d-]v-j-≥ F-∂- ]-ÿm-\-am-Wv-A-Xn-\m-bn- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- A-Xn-\p-th-≠n- k-a-cw- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- P-\-kw-c-£-I-≥ F-∂v- A¿-Y-ap-≈-tem-Iv-]m¬- F-∂- hm-°v- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- F¬-Fw- kn-Mv-hn- B-Wv-(1963).-

*- -tem-Im-bp-‡-sb-bpw- tem-Iv-]m-en-s\-bpw-\n-b-an-°-W-sa-∂v- C-S-°m-e- dn-t∏m¿-ń¬-ip-]m¿-i- sN-bv-X- A-Uv-an-\n-kv-tS-‰o-hv- dn-t^mw-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-[y-£-≥ sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn- B-bn-cp-∂p- (1966).-

*- -2014 P-\p-h-cn- H-∂n-\m-Wv- tem-Im-bp-‡-_n-√n-\v- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bp-sS- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e-`n-®-Xv.- 2014 P-\p-h-cn- 16 ap-X-em-Wv- ]m-_-ey-Øn¬- h-∂-Xv.-

*- -\m-emw- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- 1968˛-em-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- tem-Iv-]m¬- _n¬- tem-Iv-k- -bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.- cm-Py-k- - ]m-km-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- tem-Iv-k-`- ]n-cn-®p-hn-´-Xn-\m¬- _n¬- em-]v-km-bn.-

*- -1971˛¬- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-em-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- tem-Im-bp-‡- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-

tZiob lcnX ssS_yp-W¬* 2010-˛se \mj-W¬ Ko≥ Sn_yq-W¬

BIvSv ]Imcw 2010 HIvtSm-_¿ 18-˛\v\yqU¬ln Bÿm-\-ambn \mj-W¬Ko≥ Sn_yq-W¬ \ne-hn¬h-∂p. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B¿ń-°nƒ 21 ]Im-c-amWvCXv ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t`m∏m¬,]qs\, sIm¬°-Ø, sNss∂ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw Sn_yq-W-ens‚ kn‰n-Mv \S-°p-∂p-≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-ambtIkp-I-fmWv Sn_yq-W¬ ssIImcywsNøp-∂-Xv. PÃnkv temtI-iz¿ knMv]mWvsU-bmWv Sn_yq-W-ens‚ BZysNb¿am≥

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 11

temI]ikvX ]pckvImcßƒ˛5bps\kvtIm ]okv ss]kv

* kam-[m-\-]-c-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- \-S-Øp-∂- hy-‡n-I-sf-bpw- kw-L-S-\-I-sf-bpw-Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-≥ bp-s\-kv-tIm- \¬-Ip-∂-Cu- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- en-‰n¬- s\m-t_¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-¥m-cm-„- k-am-[m-\- Zn-\-am-b- sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 18\v- bp-s\-kv-tIm- B-ÿm-\-am-b- ]m-cn-kn¬-h-®m-Wv- A-hm¿-Uv-\¬-Ip-∂-Xv.

ssh‰ven (Whitley) Ahm¿Uv]cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c-£-W- cw-K-sØ- ]-h¿-Ø-\- an-I-hn\v Whitley Fund for Nature F∂]-ÿm-\w- ssh-‰v-en- A-hm¿-Uv- \¬-In-h-cp-∂p.- 30000 ]u-≠m-Wv- k-Ωm-\-Øp-I.- Hm-tcm- h¿-j-sØ-bpw- A-hm¿-Uv- tP-Xm-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- H-cm-sf- tKmƒ-Uv- A-hm¿-Un-\v- Xn-c-sRv-R-Sp-Øv- 30000 ]u-≠v- Iq-Sn- \¬-Ipw.-Ko-≥ Hm-kv-I¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ssh-‰v-en- tKmƒ-Uv- A-hm¿-Um-Wv.-

hqƒ v ss]kv* s]m^. dn°m¿tUm hqƒ-^v- ÿm-]n-®- hqƒ-^v- û-t≠-j-≥ 1978 ap-X¬- \¬-In-h-cp-∂- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-Wn-Xv.- C-k-tb-en-s‚- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- F-∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-Kn-Iƒ-®¿,- sI-an-kv-Sn,- am-Ø-am-‰n-Iv-kv,- sa-Un-kn-≥,- n-kn-Iv-kv,- B¿-Sv-kv- hn-j-b-ß-fn-em-Wv- A-hm¿-Uv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- B¿-Sv-kv- A-hm¿-Uv- B¿-°n-sS-Iv-N¿,-ayq-kn-Iv,- s]-bn-‚nw-Kv- F-∂o- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬-B-h¿-Ø-\-I-a-Øn¬- \¬-In-h-cp-∂p.-*- -^n-kn-Iv-kn-epw- sI-an-kv-Sn-bn-ep-ap-≈-hqƒ-^v- k-Ωm-\-ßƒ- B- hn-j-b-ß-fn-se-s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw-hn-in-jv-S- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.-*- -A-Kn-Iƒ-®¿- A-hm¿-Uv- B- hn-j-b-Øn-se- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\-am-bn- hn-ti--jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

thƒUv ^pUv ss]kv* s\m_-¬- tP-Xm-hv- t\m¿-a-≥ t_m¿-tem-Kv- 1986˛¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- A-hm¿-Uv- -£y-ta-J-e-bn-se- a-l-Øm-b- kw- m-h-\-I-sf- B-Z-cn-°m-\m-Wv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- tem-I- `-£y-Zn-\-am-b- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 16 B-Wv- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-k-a¿-∏-W-Zn-\w.- B-Zy-am-bn- Cu- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b- m-c-Xo-b-≥ C-¥y-≥ l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hm-b- tUm.- Fw.-F-kv.- kzm-an-\m-Y-\m-Wv- (1987).- [-h-f-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚-]n-Xm-hm-b- tUm.- h¿-Ko-kv- Ip-cy-≥ 1989˛¬-Cu- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- t\Sn.

thƒUv tÃ‰vkvam≥Ahm¿Uv

\yqtbm¿-°v- B-ÿm-\-am-bp-≈- A-∏o¬- Hm-^v- tIm-¨-jy-≥kv- û-t≠-j-≥ \¬-Ip-∂- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-Wv- thƒ-Uv- tÃ-‰v-kv-am-≥A-hm¿-Uv.- k-am-[m-\-hpw,- k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bpw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- hw-io-b-kw-L¿-j-ßƒ-°v- ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\pw- \-S-Øp-∂- i-a-ßƒ- ]-cn-K-Wn-®m-Wv- A-hm¿-Uv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- kzm-X-¥yw- ,- P-\m-[n-

]-Xyw,- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ- F-∂n-h- k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- B-Wn-°-√p-I-fm-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-h-sb- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I- F-∂- e-£y-tØm-sS- R-a-b-b-i- Ar-thur- S-c-hn-e-i-er- F-∂- hy-‡n- 1965˛¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-Wv- û-t≠-j-≥.- _n-kn-\-kv,- t\m- - K-h- -sa-‚¬- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-\p-Iƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b- ta-J-e-I-fn-se- ]-h¿-Ø-\-an-I-hn-\v- A-∏o¬- Hm- v- tIm-¨-jy-≥kv- A-hm¿-Uv,- A-∏o¬- Hm-^v- tIm-¨-jy-≥kv- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- A-hm¿-Uv-F-∂n-h-bpw- Cu- ]-ÿm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.-ap-≥ C-¥y-≥ ]-kn-U-‚ v- sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-≥ Cu- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- A¿-l-\m-bn-´p-≠v.

kuµcydmWn∏´w

ankv thƒUv* bpssW-‰-Uv- Inw-Kv-U-Øn-se- F-dn-Iv-tam¿-en- 1951 ¬- ÿm-]n-®- ku-µ-cy- a-’-c-am-Wn-Xv.- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- A-¥¿-tZ-io-b- ku-µ-cy-a¬-k-c-am-Wn--Xv. Beauty WithA Purpose F∂Xm-Wv- a-’-c-Øn-s‚- ap-Zm-hm-Iyw.-\n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- tem-I- ku-µ-cy- a¬-k-c-am-Wn-Xv.-*- -kzo-U-\n-se Kicki Hakansson BWvBZy-sØ- tem-I- kp-µ-cn.-

tem-I-Øp- ]-e-bn-S-Øpw- ]-tZ-i-ß-tfm- ]-[m-\-ÿ-e-ß-tfm- hy-‡n-I-fp-sS- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- a-lm-≥am-cm-b- ap-≥Km-an-I-sf- Hm¿-°m-\pw- B-Z-cn-°m-\p-am-Wv- km-[m-c-W-am-bn- Cu- co-Xn-bn¬- t]-cn-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬-]-e-t∏m-gpw- ap-≥K-W-\- e-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°m-Wv.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xpw- C-t∏mƒ- X-an-gv-\m- n¬-Dƒ-s∏- -Xp-am-b- am¿-Øm-Wv-Uw- F-∂- \-K-c-Øn-\v- B- t]-cp-e- n-®-Xv- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn¬- \n-∂p-am-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- [m-c-W.- F-∂m¬- A-Xn-\p- _-‘w- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-≥ ]n-≈-tbm-Sm-Wv.-

sX-°-≥ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- ap-©n-d- tZ-i-Øm-Wv- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U≥ -]n-≈- P-\n-®-Xv.- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- C-f-b-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cn-s°- ssk-\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- I-ta-W- k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]-\m-bn.- Ip-f-®¬- bp-≤-Øn¬- (1741) U-®p-Im-sc- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- cm-Pm-hn-\v- \n¿-Wm-b-I-k-lm-bw- sN-bv-X- ssk-\ym-[n-]-≥ F-∂v- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-≥ ]n-≈-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-hpw- G-‰-hpw- D-Nn-Xw.- C-¥y-bn¬- U-®p-Im-cp-sS- km-am-Py-Xz- tam-l-ßƒ-t°-‰- I-\-Ø- Xn-cn-®-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B- ]-cm-P-bw.- bp-≤-Øn¬- t\-Sn-b- N-cn-X-hn-P-b-Øn-s‚- Xp-S¿-®-sb-t∂m-Ww,-

km-a-¥-kz-cq-]-ß-sf- Io-gv-s∏-Sp-Øn- sIm-®n-bp-sS- A-Xn¿-Øn-tbm-fw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\- hym-]n-°m-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-bv-°p- I-gn-™p.- A-ß-s\- "-B-[p-\n-I- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥'- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw- A-t±-l-Øn-\p- kz-¥-am-bn.-

cm-a-ø-≥ Z-f-h- 1756¬- A-¥-cn-®-tXm-sS- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U≥ -]n-≈-bm-Wv- \n¿-h-ln-®-Xv.- 1758¬- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- \m-Sp-\o-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- cm-Pm-hm-b- Im¿-Øn-I- Xn-cp-\mƒ- _m-e-cm-a-h¿-a-([¿-a-cm-Pm-hv-)-bp-sS- Im-e-Øpw- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-]n-≈- Z-f-hm-ÿm-\-Øp-Xp-S¿-∂p.- sIm-®n-cm-Pm-hp-am-bpw- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- \-S-Øn-b- bp-≤-ß-fn¬- A-t±-lw-t\-Xr-Xzw-h-ln-®p.- bq-k-^v-Jm-\p-am-bp-≈- I-f-°m-Sv- bp-≤-hpw- \-bn-®p.- sIm-√w-˛-]p-d-°m-Sv- ]m-X- \n¿-an-®-Xpw- \o-≠-I-c-bv-°-Sp-Øv- h-\-]-tZ-iw- Ir-jn-`q-an-bm-°n-b-Xpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- `-c-W-t\-´-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

\n-Ip-Xn-h-Ip-∏p- ]p-\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- ÿn-Xn- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-≥ ]n-≈-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- t\-´w.- cm-Pyw- sX-t°-ap-Jw,-h-S-t°-ap-Jw,- ]-Sn-™m-td-ap-Jw- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂p- d-h-\yq-ta-J-e-I-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-°p-I-bpw- Hm-tcm-∂pw- Hm-tcm- h-en-b-

Aø∏≥ am¿ØmWvU≥ ]n≈k¿-hm-[n-Im-cy-°m-cp-sS- Io-gn-em-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- -c-W-ku-I-cy-Øn-\m-bn- ap-J-ß-sf- a-Wv-U-]-Øn¬- hm-Xn-ep-I-fm-bpw-(]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ-)- A-h-sb- ho-≠pw- sN-dn-b- ]-tZ-i-ß-fm-bpw- Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hv- I-ao-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- I-W-°p- kq-£n-°m-≥ G¿-∏m-Sp-≠m-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Ir-jn- sN-øm-hp-∂- X-cn-»p-`q-an-I-sf-√mw- h-en-b-tXm-Xn¬- Ir-jn-°p-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U≥- ]n-≈-bm-Wv- h¿-°-e-sb- H-cp- ]-´-W-am-bn- hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv.-

km-aq-Xn-cn- sIm-®n-sb- B-I-an-®- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- sIm-®n- cm-Pm-hn-s\- k-lm-bn-°m-≥ [¿-a-cm-Pm-hv- ssk-\y-sØ-\n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U≥ -]n-≈-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- km-aq-Xn-cn-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn- sIm-®n-sb- c-£n-®-Xn-\p- ]m-cn-tXm-jn-I-am-bn- sIm-®n- cm-Pm-hv-Zm-\w-sN-bv-X- "-]p-Ø-≥Nn-d-'- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- e-bn-∏n-®-a-lm-a-\-kv-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.- Xm-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s‚-bpw-A-Xn-eq-sS- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-bpw- B-in-X-\m-sW-∂- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sm-Wv- A-t±-lw- ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-hpw- t]m-cm-´-ho-cy-hpw- `-c-W-X-¥-⁄-X-bpw- k-tΩ-fn-®- k-hn-ti-j-hy-‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U≥ -]n-≈-bp-tS-Xv.- 1763˛¬ At±lw A¥cn®p.

tIcfNcnXhpw hy‡n-Ifpw-˛2

*- -C-¥y,- sh-\n-kz-e,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Inw-Kv-Uw- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈-h-cm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]m-h-iyw- tem-I-kp-µ-cn-∏-´w-kz-¥-am-°n-b-Xv-.-*- -an-kv- thƒ-Uv- B-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn-do-Ø- ^m-cn-b- (1966)- B-Wv.-*- -1994¬- k- -kn-‰n-bn¬-\-S-∂- a-’-c-Øn¬-tem-I-kp-µ-cn-bm-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- -Xv- sF-iz-cy- dm-bn-bm-Wv.-

ankv bpWn-thgvkv* 1952¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- ]-k- n-Iv- an¬-kv- ÿm-]n-®- ku-µ-cy- a-’-c-am-Wn-Xv.- n-≥e-≥Unse Armi Kuusela BWv Cua¬k-c -Øns‚ Ncn - X -Ønse BZytPXmhv.* G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]mhiyw hniz-kp-µ-cn-∏´w t\Sn-bXv Ata-cn-°-°m-cn-I-fm-Wv.* kpkvan-Xm-sk≥ BWv ankv bqWn-thgvkv Bb BZy C¥y-°m-cn (1994).^nen-ss∏≥knse a\n-e-bm-bn-cp∂p a’-c-th-Zn.* "Redefined for Today"BWv a¬kcØns‚ slogan.

ankv F¿Øv* 2001-˛¬ Bcw-`n® a’cw ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£W]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw e£y-an-Sp-∂p.Beauties for a Cause F∂Xm-Wv- a-’-c-Øn-s‚- ap-Zm-hm-Iyw.- \n-t°mƒ- ^m-cn-b-(2010)- B-Wv- ù-a-kp-µ-cn-∏-´w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn.- hn-b-‰v-\m-an¬- h-®p-\-S-∂-a-’-c-Øn-em-Wv- A-h¿- In-co-S-a-Wn-™-X.v-an-kv- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬-*- -1960˛¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- B-cw-`n-®- ku-µ-cy-a-’-c-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]m-h-iyw- In-co-S-a-Wn-™-Xv- sh-\n-kz-e-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈-h-cm-Wv-.- C-¥y-°m¿- C-Xp-h-sc- tP-Xm-hm-bn-ń-√.

12 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

\nf-bpsS \ncp-]a`mhm¿Z-Xo-c-ß-fneqsS...* ssZ¿-Ly-Øn-epw- h-ep-∏-Øn-epw- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈-

`m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- \o-fw- 209 In.-ao.- B-Wv.- tI-h-ew- H-cp-\-Zn-sb-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- `q-]-S-Øn-s‚- Po-h-tc-J-bm-Wv- m-c-X-∏p-g.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- N-cn-X-Øn-epw- kw-Ko-X-Øn-epw- \r-Ø-\m-Sy-ß-fn-epw- Nn-X-I-e-bn-epw- A-£-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øn-epw- sF-Xn-ly-ß-fn-epw- ]-ap-J- hy-‡n-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-Øn-ep-sa-√mw- Cu-\-Zn-bp-sS- km-∂n-[yw- A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.-tI-c-f- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kw-`m-h-\-\¬-Ip-∂- \-Zn-bm-bpw- tI-c-f- ss]-Xr-I-Øn-s‚- ]-cym-b-am-b- \-Zn-bm-bpw- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂- `m-c-X-∏p-g-sb-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ss\¬- F-∂pwhn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.- tI-c-fo-b-cp-sS- Nn-cn-bn-epw- Nn-¥-bn-epw- m-h-˛-cm-K-˛-Xm-f-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bm-Wv- a-e-bm-f- kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- I-fn-sØm-ń-em-b- \n-f-bp-sS- ]-bm-Ww.-

*- -"-\n-f-',- "-t]-cm¿-'-F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn-epw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn-bp-sS- D¬-`-hw- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- B-\-a-e-bn-em-Wv.- Xp-S-°-Øn¬- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- tIm-b-º-Øq¿- Pn-√-bn-eq-sS-s]m-≈m-®n-h-sc- 40 In-tem-ao-‰-tdm-fw- h-S-t°m-´v- H-gp-Ip-∂- Cu- \-Zn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-th-in-®v- ]-Sn-™m-tdm-´v- H-gp-In- ]m-e-°m-Sv,- a-e-∏p-dw- Xr-»q¿- F-∂o- Pn-√-I-fn-eq-sS- H-gp-In- s]m-∂m-\n-°v- h-S-°p- m-K-Øp-h-®v- I-S-en¬-t®-cp-∂p.- s]m-∂m-\n-∏p-g-sb-∂pw- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bv-°v- t]-cp-≠v.-

*- -D¬-`-h-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- 45 In-tem-ao-‰¿- ]n-∂n-Sp-tºmƒ-`m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- h-e-Xp-`m-K-Øv- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- ]m-em¿.- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]m-e-°m-Sv- Np-c-Øn-eq-sS- H-gp-In-]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn¬- ]-th-in-°p-∂p.-

*- -]m-e-°m-Sv- \n-∂v- B-dp- In-tem-ao-‰¿- A-I-se- ]-d-fn-bn¬-I-Æm-Sn-∏p-g-bpw- I¬-∏m-Øn-∏p-g-bpw- m-c-X-∏p-g-bn¬- tN-cp-∂p.- ]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- sN-¥m-a-c-°p-fw- F-∂- a-e-º-tZ-i-Øm-Wv- I¬-∏m-Øn-∏p-g- D¬-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-e-ºp-g,- hm-f-bm¿,- tIm-c-bm¿,- h-c-´m¿- F-∂o- \m-ev- P-e-]-hm-l-ßƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv- I¬-∏m-Øn-∏p-g- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.-

*- -a-e-ºp-g-bv-°v- Ip-dp-tI-bm-Wv- a-e-ºp-g- Umw.- ]p-g- ]m-e-°m-Sv- ]-´-W-Øn¬- ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºm-Wv- A-W- sI-ń-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- ]m-e-°m-Sv- \-K-c-Øn-se- ]-i-kv-X-am-b- I¬-∏m-Øn- hn-iz-\m-Y- t£-X-Øn-s‚- t]-cm-Wv- I¬-∏m-Øn∏p-g-bv-°v- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -tim-I-\m-in-\n-∏p-g- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- I-Æm-Sn-∏p-g-bm-Wv.- ]m-e-°m-Sn-s‚- In-g-°-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-tZ-i-am-b- B-\-a-e-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- D¬-`-hw.- ]m-em¿,- B-fn-bm¿,- D-∏m¿- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-Iƒ.-

*- -tim-I-\m-in-\n- F-∂- t]-cp- \¬-In-b-Xv- F-gp-Ø-—-\m-Wv.-*- -B-fn-bm-dn-\p- Ip-dp-sI- X-an-gv-\m-Sv- k¿-°m¿- \n¿-an-®- A-

W-s°- m-Wv- B-fn-bm¿- Umw.- Xp-c-¶-ßƒ-h-gn- \n-c-h-[n-A-W-s°- p-I-sf- _-‘n-∏n-®v- ]-d-ºn-°p-fw- -B-fn-bm¿- ]-≤-Xn-bm-bn- C-Xn-s\- hn-I-kn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.- X-an-gv-\m-Sv- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-I-bpw- tI-c-f-Øn-\v- D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw- D-≈-Xp-am-b- A-W-s°- m-Wv- ]-d-ºn-°p-fw- A-W-s°- v.-

*- -]-≈n-∏p-dw- ]-´-Ww- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- ]-cp-Xq¿- Km-aw- Xq-X-∏p-g-bp-sS-bpw- m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS-bpw- kw-K-a-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv.- Xq-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- ]-[m-\- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv- ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-bn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- Ip-¥n-∏p-g.- Ip-¥n-∏p-g-bn¬-

tIcfobw-3

\m-K-cn-I-X-fpw- kw-kv-Im-c-ß-fpw- D-S-se-Sp-Øn- p-≈-Xv- \-Zo-X-S-ß-fn-em-Wv.- sa-k-s]m- m-an-b-≥,- ssk-‘-hw,- Cu-Pn-]v-jy-≥ F-∂n-ß-s\- am-\-h-N-cn-X-Øn-se- a-lm-kw-kv-Ir-Xn-I-sf-√mw-X-s∂- \-Zo-P-\y-am-Wv.- \-√- \-Zn-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- \-√- a-Æv.- \-∂m-bn- Ir-jn- sN-øm-≥ ]-‰p-∂-Xv- \-√- a-Æn-em-Wv- .- A-Xn-eq-sS- \-√- P-\-X- P-∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂p.- I-e-bpw- km-ln-Xy-hpw- \r-Ø-\m-Sy-ß-fpw- Xm-f-ta-f-ß-fpw- kw-kv-Ir-Xn-°v- B-S-bm- -c-W-ß-fm-bn-am-dp-∂p.- \n-f-bv-°p-ap-≠v-A-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-tf-sd.- \n-f-bp-sS- \-\-hn¬- \q-dp-ta-\n- hn-f-™- Ir-jn-bn-S-ßƒ,- \n-f-bn¬-\n-∂v- Du¿-P-apƒ-s°m-≠- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-≥am¿,- \n-f-bp-sS- Xm-f-Øn-s\m-Øv- h-cn-Iƒ- N-a-®-h¿,- ]m-Sn-b-h¿,- \r-Ø-am-Sn-b-h¿,- \n-f-bp-sS- ku-µ-cyw- ]-I¿-Øn-b- Nn-X-Im-c-≥am¿.....- h-iy-a-t\m-l-cn-bm-b- \n-f-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈- k-a-K- hn-h-c-ß-fn-eq-sS...

B¿.-kn. -kp-tc-jv -Ip-am¿-

A-W-sI- n- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-≈- \o-°w- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S-en-eq-sS- ]-cm-P-b-s∏- p.-

*- -1857˛¬- ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-bn-se-Øn-b- _n-ń-jv- k-ky-im-kv-X-⁄-\m-b- tdm-_¿-´v- ssh-‰v- B-Wv- B- t]-cv-\¬-In-b-Xv.- Ip-¥n-∏p-g-bp-sS- C-cp- h-i-ß-fn-epw- Ip-¥n-cn-°- a-c-ßƒ- [m-cm-f-am-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Ip-¥n-cn-°-∏p-g- tem-]n-®m-Wv- Ip-¥n-∏p-g- F-∂- t]-cp-≠m-b-Xv- F-∂p- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -Ip-¥n-tZ-hn-bpw- a-°-fpw- Ip-fn-®- \-Zn-bm-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv-Ip-¥n-∏p-g- F-∂- t]-cn-\v- Im-c-Ww- F-∂- H-cp- ]p-cm-W]cm-a¿-i-hpap--≠v.- Xq-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv-I-cn-ºp-g.- Im-™n-c-∏p-g,- A-º-≥I-S-hv,- Xp-∏m-≠n-∏p-g-F-∂n-h-bpw- Xp-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv.- Xn-cp-th-K-∏p-d-bpw- s]-cp-a-t¥m-fp-am-Wv- Xq-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-sØ- ]-[m-\- ÿ-e-ßƒ.-

*- -B-\-a-e-bn¬- D¬-`-hn-°p-∂- Km-b-Xn-∏p-g- sIm-√-t¶m-Sv,- s\-∑m-d,- B-e-Øq¿,- ]-g-b-∂q¿- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-eq-sS-H-gp-In- am-b-∂q-cn¬-h-®v- m-c-X-∏p-g-bn¬- e-bn-°p-∂p.- hn-im-e-am-b- `m-c-X-∏p-g- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv- C-hn-sS-ap-X-em-Wv.- aw-K-ew- \-Zn,- A-b-eq¿- ]p-g,- h-≠m-gn-∏p-g,- ao-¶-c-∏p-g,-Np-≈n-bm¿- F-∂n-h- Km-b-Xn-∏p-g-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv.- No-c-°p-gn-∏p-g- F-∂pw- Km-b-Xn-∏p-g-bv-°v- t]-cp-≠v.-Km-b-Xn-∏p-g-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-b- aw-K-ew- ]p-g-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv- sN-dp-Ip-∂-∏p-g.-

*- -A- -∏m-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂p¬- -hn-°p-∂- I-cn-ºp-g- Ip-‰n-∏p-d-Øn-\p-k-ao-]w- Iq-´-°-S-hn¬-h-®v- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bn¬- tN-cp-∂p.-

*- -6186 N-Xp-c-i- In-tem-ao-‰¿- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- \-Zo-X-S-am-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈- \-Zo-X-Sw.- C-Xn¬- 4400 N-Xp-c-i- In-tem-ao-‰¿-(71 i-X-am-\w-)- tI-c-f-Øn-epw- _m-°n- 1786 (29 i-X-am-\w-)- N-Xp-c-i- In-tem-ao-‰¿- X-an-gv-\m-ń-ep-am-Wv.-

*- -a-g-Ip-d-hm-b-Xpw- Xm-c-X-tay-\- h-c-≠-Xp-am-b- ]-tZ-i-ß-

fn-eq-sS- (X-an-gv-\m-Sv,- ]m-e-°m-Sv-)- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xp-Im-c-Ww-\-Zo-X-Sw- hn-kv-Xr-X-am-sW-¶n-epw- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bv-°v- H-gp-°v- Ip-d-hm-Wv.- kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cw- \-Zn-°v- Ip-dp-tI- \n-c-h-[n- A-W-s°-´p-Iƒ- \n¿-an-®-Xpw- H-gp-°n-s\- _m-[n-®p.- th-\¬-°m-e-Øv- \-Zn-bp-sS- ]-e-`m-K-ß-fpw- h-‰n-h-c-≠- \n-e-bn-em-Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-

*- -]m-e-°m-Sv,- ]-d-fn,- In-≈n-°p-dn-™n-aw-K-ew,- H-‰-∏m-ew,-]-´m-ºn,- sjm¿-Wq¿,- Xr-Øm-e,- Iq-S-√q¿,- ]-≈n-∏p-dw,-Ip-‰n-∏p-dw,- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b,- Xp-©-≥]-d-ºv- F-∂n-ß-s\-\n-c-h-[n- \-K-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- tI-µ-ß-fp-sS-bpw- Po-h-\m-Un-bm-Wv- `m-c-X-∏p-g.-

*- - m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS-bpw- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw- Ip-dp-tI- sI-ń-b- A-W-s°-´p-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv- a-e-ºp-g- Umw-B-Wv.- 23.-13 N-Xp-c-i- In-tem-ao-‰¿- hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-≈- a-e-ºp-g- Umw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-dn-k¿-thm-b¿- B-Wv- (G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv- C-Sp-°n- Um-an-s‚-Xv-).- tI-c-f-Øn-se- hr-µm-h-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-a-e-ºp-g- D-Zym-\-am-Wv.-

*- -hm-f-bm¿- Umw,- aw-K-ew- Umw,- t]m-Øp-≠n- Umw,- ao-¶-c- Umw,- Np-≈n-bm¿- Umw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- m-c-X-∏p-g- hyq-l-Øn-se- a-‰p- Nn-e- A-W-s°-´p-Iƒ.- Im-™n-c-∏p-g,-Nn-‰q¿- Um-ap-Iƒ- \n¿-am-W-Øn-em-Wv.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- d-Kp-te-‰¿- Iw- _n-Uv-Pv-B-Wv- N-a-h-´w- d-Kp-te-‰¿- Iw- _n-Uv-Pv- t]m-P-Iv-Sv.- C-Xv- a-e-∏p-dw- Pn-√-bn-se- Xn-cq-cn-s\-bpw- s]m-∂m-\n-sb-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.- P-e-tk-N-\-Øn-\m-bn- ]m-e-Øn¬-70 j-´-dp-Iƒ- L-Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- 978 ao-‰-dp-≈- ]m-ew-tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- ]m-e-am-Wv.- a-g-°m-e-Øv- `m-c-X-∏p-g- \n-d-s™m-gp-In- hn-K-lw- sh-≈-Øn¬- ap-ßp-tºmƒ- B-dm-´v- \-S-°p-∂- t£-X-am-Wv- N-a-h-´w- A-ø-∏-t£-Xw.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Iw-]yq-´¿- km-£-c- Km-a-am-bn-

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 13

]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- Km-a-am-Wv- N-a-h-´w.- H-cp- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se- H-cw-K-Øn-s\-¶n-epw- Iw-]yq-´¿- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-≥ ]m-ho-Wy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£yw.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- cw-K-˛-\m-Sy- I-e-I-fp-sS- tI-Zm-c-am-b- tI-c-f- I-em-a-Wv-U-ew- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- sN-dp-Xp-cp-Øn-bn-em-Wv.- tI-c-fo-b- cw-K-I-e-Iƒ-°pw- ta-f-I-e-Iƒ-°pw- tem-I-i-≤- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø- \n-c-h-[n- ti-jv-T- I-em-Im-c-≥am-cp-sS- P-∑-`q-an- \n-fm- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.- I-em-a-Wv-U-ew- I-eym-Wn-°p-ń-b-Ω,- ar-Wm-fn-\n- km-cm-`m-bv,-tIm-´-bv-°¬- in-h-cm-a-≥ F-∂n-ß-s\- \n-c-h-[n- I-em-]-Xn-`-Iƒ- C-°q-´-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -Xn-cp-hn-ezm-a-e-bn-se- sF-h¿-a-Tw- ssl-µ-h-cp-sS- H-cp- hn-ip-≤-am-b- iv-a-im-\-am-Wv.- ]-kn-≤-am-b- H-cp- io-cm-a-t£-X-hpw- C-hn-sS-bp-≠v.-

*- -B-bp¿-th-Z- Nn-In-’-bv-°v- ]-kn-≤-am-b- tIm-´-bv-°¬-\n-f-bp-sS- k-ao-]-am-Wv.-

*- -`m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- Z-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿-°v- tam-£w- e-`n-°p-sa-∂m-Wv- ]-g-sam-gn. I¿-°n-S-I- hm-hn-\v- ]n-Xr-X¿-∏-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬- ]-[m-\-am-Wv- \n-fm-Xo-cw.- ]-©-]m-Wv-U-h¿- _-en- X¿-∏-Ww-\-S-Øn-b-Xv- \n-fm- Xo-c-Øm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -`m-jm- ]n-Xm-hv- F-gp-Ø-—-≥,- Xp-≈-en-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- Ip-©-≥ \-ºym¿- Xp-S-ßn- ]-e- a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-]-Xn-`-I-fpw- \n-fm- Xo-c-Øv- P-\n-®p-h-f¿-∂-h-cm-Wv.- Ip-©-s‚- P-∑-tK-l-am-b- e-°n-Sn-t]-cq¿- ]-©m-b-Øn-se-In-≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-e-sØ- I-e-°-Øp- -h-\w- tI-c-f- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Io-gn-ep-≈- kw-c-£n-X- kv-am-c-I-am-Wv.-

*- -io-In-≈n-°p-dn-»n- a-lm-tZ-h-t£-X-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- In-≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-ew- F-∂- t]-cp-≠m-b-Xv.- In-≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-e-Øn-s‚- sX-t°- A-Xn-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- \n-f- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xv.-

*- -sN-≠-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v- ]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- e-°n-Sn.-*- -H.-hn.-hn-P-b-s‚- kv-am-c-Iw- X-km-°n-em-Wv.-*- -hn.-sI.-F-∂pw- \n-f-bp-sS- C-Xn-lm-k-I-Ym-Im-c-≥ F-∂p-

hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏- - Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-≥ \m-b-cpw- \n-fbn¬-\n-∂v- Du-¿-Papƒ-s°m-≠ Iem-]Xn- Ifp-sS- K-W-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv.- Cu- \Zn-bn-se- D-Z-b-hpw- Xm-∂n-°p-∂n-se- A-kv-X-a-b-hpw- t]m-se- a-t\m-l-c-am-b- a-s‰m-∂pw-Cu- tem-I-Øn-en-√- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv- Fw.-Sn-bm-Wv.-

*- -Xn-cp-hn-ezm-a-e-bm-Wv- hn-sI-F-∂n-s‚- P-∑-tZ-iw.-*- -Xq-X-∏p-g- m-c-X-∏p-g-bn¬- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂- Iq-S-√q-cm-Wv- Fw.-

Sn-bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw.- Iq-S-√q-cn-s‚- I-Ym-Im-c-s\-∂pw- Fw-Sn-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.-

*- -A-Nyp-X-≥ Iq-S-√q¿- ]-i-kv-Xn-t\-Sn-b-Xv- Nn-X-I-e-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -H.-hn.-hn-P-b-s\-bpw- hn-sI-F-∂n-s\-bpw- Z-ln-∏n-®-Xpw- \n-fm- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.- I-hn- ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a-≥ \m-b¿- P-\n-®-Xv- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- A-s√-¶n-epw- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- \n-Xy-]-tNm-Z-\w- m-c-X-∏p-g-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Im-hy-I-\y-

I-sb-tØ-Sn-b- I-hn- A-e-™-Xv- \n-f-bp-sS- a-W¬-Øn-´-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.-

*- -]-i-kv-X- kw-Ko-X-⁄-≥ sN-ssº- ssh-Zy-\m-Y- `m-K-h-X-cp-sS- P-∑-tZ-i-am-Wv- tIm-´m-bn.-

*- -]-kn-≤- tPym-Xn-im-kv-X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂- B-cy-`-S-s‚-kz-tZ-i-am-Wv- N-a-h-´w.- \n-fm-Xo-c-sØ- a-™-]- kz-tZ-in-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-kn-≤- kw-Ko-X-⁄-\m-Wv- Fw.-Sn.-cm-a-\m-Y-≥.-

*- -C-S-t»-cn- tKm-hn-µ-≥ \m-b¿- (1906˛-1974)- P-\n-®-Xv- Ip-‰n-∏p-d-Øm-Wv.- \n-f-bp-sS- kw-`m-h-\-bm-b- a-s‰m-cp- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv- Ip-‰n-∏p-d-Øv- tI-i-h-≥ \m-b¿- (1882 -1959).-

*- -\n-f-bp-sS- h-S-t°-Xo-c-Øv- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bv-°-Sp-Øm-Wv-\m-cm-b-Wo-b-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hm-b- ta¬-∏-Øq¿- \m-cm-b-W- `-´-Xn-cn- (1559˛-1645)- P-\n-®-Xv.-

*- -am-∏n-f- I-hn-I-fp-sS- Ip-e-Kp-cp- F-∂- dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- a-lm-I-hn- sam-bn-≥Ip-ń- ssh-Zy¿- (1852˛-1892)- P-\n-®-Xv-a-e-∏p-dw- Pn-√-bn-se- sIm-t≠m-ń-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -`m-c-X-]-cy-S-\-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hm-b- Ip-ń-Ir-jv-W-am-cm¿-(1900˛-1973)- P-\n-®-Xv- ]-´m-ºn-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -a-\p-jy-kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚-bpw- k-l-h¿-Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw-a-lm-Km-Y-bm-b- ]-d-bn-s]-‰- ]-¥n-cp-Ip-ew- sF-Xn-ly-Øn-s‚- cw-K-`q-an-bm-Wv- \n-fm-Xo-c-Øp-≈- Xr-Øm-e.- ]-d-bn-s]-‰- ]-¥n-cp-Ip-e-Øn-s‚- Im-c-W-h-cm-b- ta-g-tØmƒ-A-·n-tlm-Xn-bp-sS- `-h-\-am-b- tNat©-cn-a-\- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.- ]-¥-≠v- Ip-e-Øn¬-s∏-´-h-cpw- im-≤-aq-´m-≥ B-≠n-sem-cn-°¬- C-hn-sS- H-Øp-Iq-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -]-d-bn-s]-‰- ]-¥n-cp-Ip-e-Øn-se- a-s‰m-cw-K-am-b- ]m-°-\m¿- k-am-[n-bm-b- Ip-Ω-ń-°m-hv- Xr-Øm-e-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -Xn-cp-Xm-ew- F-∂- ]-Z-am-Wv- Xr-Øm-e-bm-bn- ]-cn-W-an-®-Xv- F-s∂m-cp- \n-K-a-\-ap-≠v.- Xn-cp- F-∂v- t]-cv- Xp-S-ßp-∂,- \n-fm-Xo-c-sØ- a-‰p- ÿ-e-ß-fm-Wv- Xn-cp-th-K-∏p-d,-Xn-cp-\m-hm-b,- Xn-cp-hn-ezm-a-e- ap-X-em-b-h.-

*- -]m-°-\m¿,- hm-bp-°p-∂n-e-∏-≥,- h-Sp-X-e-\m-b¿,- Im-c-bv-°¬- am-Xm-hv,- D-∏p-sIm-‰-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS- ÿ-e-ßƒ- \n-f-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- ]-e-bn-S-Øm-bn- Nn-X-dn-°n-S-°p-∂p.-

*- -]-∂n-bq¿- h-cm-l-aq¿-Øn- t£-X-Øn-se- Iq-Ø-º-ew-]-Wn-Xo¿-Ø-Xv- s]-cp-¥-®-\m-W-tX.- s]-cp-¥-®-\p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- \n-c-h-[n- sF-Xn-ly-ßƒ- \n-fm-Xo-c-Øv-]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.- \m-dm-W-Øp-`m-¥-s‚- sF-Xn-ly-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- a-e-bm-Wv- cm-bn-c-s\-√q¿- a-e.- \m-dm-W-Øv- `m-¥-≥ A-h-km-\-Im-e-Øv- _-‘-\-ÿ-\m-bn-In-S-∂-t£-X-am-Wv- `m-¥m-N-e- t£-Xw.-

*- -A-jv-S-ssh-Zy-≥am-cp-sS-bpw- kn-≤-ssh-Zy-≥am-cp-sS-bpw-]m-c-º-cy-hpw- \n-fm-Xo-cw- t]-dp-∂p-≠v.-

*- -Xm-b-º-I-bp-sS- Ip-e-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Xr-Øm-e- tI-i-h-s∏m-Xp-hmƒ.-

*- -`m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- H-‰-∏m-e-Øp-h-®m-Wv- tI-c-f- ]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨-K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- k-tΩ-f-\w- Sn- ]-Im-i-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-X-bn¬- 1921˛¬- \-S-∂-Xv.-

*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n,- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp,- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-Xn- F-∂o- tZ-io-b- t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- ù-Xn-Im-h-in-jv-S-ßƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-t£-]n-®-Xv- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -]-¥-≠p- h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬,- 30 Zn-h-kw- \o-≠p-\n-∂n-cp-∂,- N-cn-X-]-kn-≤-am-b- am-am-¶w- A-c-tß-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xv- `m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b- a-W-∏p-d-Øp-h-®m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -am-L-a-I-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- am-am-¶w- F-∂- ]-Zw- \n-jv-]-∂-am-b-Xv.- am-am-¶-th-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn-se-\m-hm-ap-Ip-µ-t£-Xw- (hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-)- \n-fm- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.- Sn-∏p-hn-s‚- ]-S-tbm- -°m-e-Øpw-1921˛¬- am-∏n-f- I-em-]-Im-e-Øpw- Cu t£-Xw- B-I-an-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.-

*- -am-am-¶-Øn¬- ]-cn-t°¬-°p-I-bpw- sIm-√-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- Nm-th-dp-I-sf- B-\-I-sf-s°m-≠v- N-hn-ń- sIm-≠n-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂- a-Wn-°n-W¿- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn-em-Wv.- In-W-dn-s‚- I-Wv-T-Øn-te-°v- \o-fp-∂- B-\-∏-S-hp-Iƒ- sIm-S-bv-°¬- B-ip-]-Xn- h-f-∏n¬- C-t∏m-gpw- Im-Wmw.-

*- -am-am-¶-k-a-b-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- Aw-K-c-£-I-cp-sS- ]n-≥_-e-Øn¬- km-aq-Xn-cn- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- c-£m-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-\n-e-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- \n-e-]m-Sv- X-d- C-t∏mƒ- H-cp- ]-g-b-Hm-Sp-I-º-\n-bp-sS- h-f-∏n-\p-≈n-em-Wv.-

*- -Xn-cp-\m-hm-b- I-gn-bp-tºm-gm-Wv- ho-Xn-Iq-Sn-b- a-W¬-Øn-´-Iƒ- \n-f-bn¬- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.-

*- -tI-c-f- Km-‘n- sI.-tI-f-∏-s‚- kv-a-c-W- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-t]m-Ãv- t_-kn-Iv- kv-Iq-fpw- tI-c-f- Im¿-jn-I- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- Io-gn-ep-≈- tI-f-∏-Pn- tIm-tf-Pv- Hm-^v- A-Kn-Iƒ-®-d¬- F-©n-\n-b-dn-Mv- B-≥Uv- dq-d¬- sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-bpw- X-h-\q-cn-em-Wv.-

*- -sN-dn-b- sa-°-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- s]m-∂m-\n-bn¬-h-®v- \n-f- A-d-_n-°-S-en¬- tN-cp-∂p.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-cn-X-Im-c-≥ F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- si-bv-Jv- ssk-\p-±o-≥ a-Jv-Zqw- c-≠m-a-≥ P-\n-®-Xv- s]m-∂m-\n-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -]-i-kv-X- kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Wv-Un-X-\m-bn-cp-∂- ]p-∂-t»-cn-\o-e-I-Wv-T-i¿-a- (1858˛-1934)-P-\n-®-Xv- s]m-∂m-\n-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- ta-®n¬-∏p-d-ßƒ- tX-Sn-b- Fw.-tKm-hn-µ-≥ (1919˛-1989)- P-\n-®-Xv- s]m-∂m-\n-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -\n-fm-Xo-c-sØ- ]-kn-≤-am-b- H-cp- I-em-cq-]-am-Wv- tXm¬-∏m-h-°q-Øv.-

*- -a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-]-Xn-`-Iƒ-°v- \n-Xy-\n-Xm-¥- ]-tNm-Z-\-am-Wv- `m-c-X-∏p-g.- \n-fm- \-Zn-bp-sS- \n¿-a-e-Xo-cw- \n-cp-]-a- `m-hm¿-Z-Xo-cw...- F-∂- ]-i-kv-X-am-b- e-fn-X-Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv- ]n.-sI.-tKm-]n-bm-Wv.- s]-cp-ºm-hq¿- Pn.-c-ho-µ-\m-Yv- kw-Ko-Xw- ]-I¿-∂p.-

*- -_n-®p- Xn-cp-a-e- c-Nn-®- am-am-¶w- ]-e-Ip-dn- sIm-≠m-Sn-\n-f-bp-sS- Xo-c-ßƒ- \m-hm-bn¬...- F-∂- e-fn-X-Km-\-Øn-\v- Cu-Ww- \¬-In-b-Xv- c-ho-µ-\m-Wv.-

*- - \n-fm-Xo-c-sØ- \n-c-h-[n- kw-kv-Im-cn-I- _nw-_-ßƒ- ]-Xn-^-en-°p-∂- t]-cm-‰n-\-°-c-b-°-c-b-°-c-tb-tXm- t]-c-dn-bm-°-c-bn¬-\n-s∂m-cp- ]q-Øp-ºn....- F-∂- ]m-s´-gp-Xn-b-Xv- H-F-≥hn- Ip-dp-∏m-Wv.- F¬- ssh-Zy-\m-Y-≥ kw-Ko-Xw- ]-I¿-∂p.- sI.-F-kv.-tk-Xp-am-[-h-≥ kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- th-\¬-°n-\m-hp-Iƒ- F-∂- kn-\n-a-bn-se-Xm-Wo-Km-\w.-

*- - \n-c-h-[n- a-e-bm-f- N-e-®n-X-ßƒ-°v- sjm¿-Wq-cpw- ]-cn-k-c-Øp-≈- \n-fm-Xo-c-hpw- sem-t°-j-\m-bn-´p-≠v.- tZ-hm-kp-cw,- cm-h-W-]-`p- Xp-S-ßn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-e-bm-f- kn-\n-a-Iƒ-°v- sem-t°-j-\m-bn- p-≈- ho-Sp-I-fn-sem-∂m-b- h-cn-°m-t»-cn- a-\- H-‰-∏m-e-Øn-\-Sp-Øv- am-Wn-t»-cn-bn-em-Wv.- tI-c-fo-b- hm-kv-Xp-in¬-]-I-em-]m-S-h-Øn-s‚-D-Zm-Ø- am-Xr-I-bm-Wv- Cu- a-\.-

*- - X-an-gv-\m-Sv,- I¿-Wm-S-Iw- F-∂o- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se-bpw-h-S-°-≥ tI-c-f-Øn-se-bpw- i-_-cn-a-e- Xo¿-Ym-S-I¿-°v-hn-i-a-tI-µw- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv-ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- a-√q¿- in-h-t£-X- ]-cn-k-c-Øv- B-cw-`n-®- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- an-\n- ]-º.-

*- -\-Zn-bp-sS- N-cn-X- -kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- -]m-cn-ÿn-I- ]m-[m-\yw-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-sX- \-S-Øp-∂- A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-b- a-W¬-J-\-\-hpw- am-en-\y-sam-gp-°-epw- I-tø-d-epw- aq-ew- \m-tim-∑p-J-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv- m-c-X-∏p-g.- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- -]p-g- kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS- \n-c-¥-c- C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw- t]m-cm- -ß-fp-am-Wv-H-cp- a-lm-kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw-tkm-X- m-b- Cu- \-Zn-bp-sS- a-c-W-sØ- H-cp- ]-cn-[n-h-sc- X-S-™p-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- C-∂v- \n-f- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv- hn-th-N-\- _p-≤n-bn-√m-Ø- Nq-j-Ww- aq-e-ap-≠m-b- kw-kv-Im-cn-I- A-[-:-∏-X-\-sØ-°q-Sn-bm-Wv.-

14 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

Bbn-eyw- Xn-cp-\mƒ- cm-Pm-hv1861˛ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- Bbn-eyw- Xn-cp-\mƒ- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-

d kv-Ym-\m-tcm-lWw.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se ]p-tcm-Ka\]cam-b `cWsØ \n-e\n¿-Øn- _n-ó-jv- cm-Pv-Rn- At±lØn-\v- "alm-cm-P'- F∂ _lp-aXn-\¬-In.-

BZy-sØ sdbn¬-∏m-X˛ tIcf-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-∏m-X- (Xn-cq¿-˛-t_-

∏q¿-)- B-cw-`n-®p- (am¿-®v- 12).- a-Zm-kv- sd-bn¬-th- I-º-\n-bm-Wv- ]mX \n¿an®Xv.

˛ km-aq-ln-I ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv - Aø¶m-fn- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØn-\Sp-Øv- shßm-∂q-cn¬- P\n-®p.-

˛ IÆq¿\n∂v ]Øpssa¬ Ing°v tIm´bw F∂ÿeØp≈ Ip∂n¬\n∂v [mcmfw \n[nIƒ Inń.AKkvXkv, ssS_ocnbkv, ImenKpf, ¢mUnbkvF∂o tdma≥ NIh¿ØnamcpsS ImeØp≈kz¿W \mWbßfpw A°q´Øn¬s∏Sp∂p.

_Æ≥- kv-Iqƒ-1862˛ Xet»cn-bn¬- _m-k¬-an-j-≥,- _-Æ-≥ kv-Iqƒ- kv-

Ym-]n-®p.- _-Æ-≥ km-bn-∏v- \¬-In-b- 12000 cq-]- ap-S-°n-bm-Wv- kv-Iqƒ- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- kv-Iqƒ- k¿-°m¿- G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw- _-Æ-≥ tIm-tf-Pm-bn- D-b-¿-Øp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-

shtÃ¨ Ãm¿˛ _nójv- sIm-®n-bn¬- hm-°¿- km-bv-]pw- tZ-hv-Pn- ow-

Pn-bpw- Ip-cy-≥ ssd-‰-dpw- tN¿-∂v- ÿm-]n-®- ]-km-bn-cp-∂p- sh-tÃ-¨- Ãm¿.- H-cp- bq-tdm-]y-\pw- c-≠v-C-¥y-°m-cpw- Iq-´m-bn- \-S-Øn-b- Cu- kw-cw-`w- C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈- B-Zy-sØ- ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.-Cu- ]-kn-s‚-X-s∂- t]-cp- kzo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- Cw-•o-jn¬- ]-km-[-\w- sN-bv-X- am-kn-I-bm-W- v-"-sh-tÃ-¨- Ãm¿-'.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hm¿-Øm-am-kn-I-bm-bncp∂p AXv.

1863˛ aebm-fn-bm-b- H-cmƒ- X-øm-dm-°n-b- B-Zy- hym-I-c-W-K-\v-Y-am-b- d-h.- tPm¿-Pv- am-Ø-s≥d- "-a-e-bm-gv-a-bp-sS- hym-I-c-Ww-'- c-Nn-°s∏´p.-

Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv k¿-°m¿- Bip-]Xn1864˛ tIcfØn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-Xn- (P-

\-d¬- B-ip-]-Xn-)- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- ]-h¿-Ø-\w-B-cw-`n-®p.-

- - -s^-_p-h-cn- 21\v- F- B¿- cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a- P-\n-®p-(1864˛-1918).-

- - -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-Zym-`ym-k- am-kn-I-bm-b- "-hn-Zym-kw-K-lw-'- tIm-´-bw- kn.-Fw.-F-kv.-tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-®p.

]≠m-c∏m-´w- hn-fw-_cw1865˛ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- ]≠m-c∏m-´w- hn-fw-_cw.- CX\p-

kcn-®v- k¿-°m¿- hkv-Xp-°fn¬- Ip-Sn-bm-\v- kv-Yn-cm-hIm-iw- In-ń.- hkv-Xp- ssIam-‰w- sNømw.- ]n≥-ap-d°m-c\v- Cu- hkv-Xp- AhIm-iap-dbv-°v- In-´pw-`q-an- sa®s∏Sp-Øm≥- ]m-´°m-c\v- AhIm-iap-≠v.-s]m-Xp- Bhiy-Øn-\p-th≠n- k¿-°m¿,- `q-an -Gs‰Sp-°p-Ibm-sW¶n¬- ]m-´°m-c\v- q-an-bp-sS hn-e \¬-Ipw.-

Jq¿-Bs≥-d ]cn-`m-j1866˛ Adbv-°¬- sIm- m-cØn-se am-b≥-Ip- n- Ffb F∂

]Wv-Un-X≥- Jq¿-Bs≥-d ]cn- m-j BZy-am-bn- aebm-fØn¬- ]kn-≤o-Icn-®p.-

˛ 1834¬- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mfn-s≥-d Im-eØv- Bcw-`n-® Cw-•o-jv- kv-Iqƒ- tIm-tfPn-s≥-d ]Zhn-bn-te°v- Db¿-∂p.- AXm-Wv- C∂sØ bq-Wn-thgv-kn-‰n- tIm-tfPv-.-

Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Ncn-Xw1867˛ ssh°Øv ]m-®p-ap-ØXv- "Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Ncn-Xw'-

cNn-®p.-˛ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Ip-dn¬- P∑n- IpSn-bm≥- hn-fw-_cw.- hkv-Xp-

hn¬- Ip-Sn-bm-\p-≈ AhIm-iØn-\v- kv-Yn-cX \¬-In.-˛ h¿°e I\m¬ ]WnXp.˛ tIm´bw kn.Fw.Fkv.]kn¬\n∂v Smh≥Iq¿

sldmƒUv F∂ Cw•ojv amknIbpw AXns‚A\p_‘ambn "kµnjvShmZn' Fs∂mcp aebmfamknIbpw ]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p. Uªyp.F®v.aq¿Bbncp∂p ]Xm[n]¿.

˛ 1867˛se aZmkv Su¨ Cw]qhvsa‚ v BIvSns‚ASnÿm\Øn¬ tImgnt°mSv, Xet»cn, IÆq¿,]me°mSv F∂o ÿeßfn¬ ap\nkn∏men‰nIƒcq]hXvIcn®p.

tIcf∏ga1868˛ sl¿a-≥ Kp-≠¿-ń-s≥d- N-cn-X-K-\v-Y-am-b- "-tI-c-f-∏-

g-a-'- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- 1498 ap-X¬- 1581 h-sc-bp-≈- tI-c-f-N-cn-X-am-Wv- D≈S°w.-

Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- ]p-Xn-b lPq¿ It®cn aµn-cw-1869˛ Xn-cp-h\¥]p-c-Øv- ]p-Xn-b- l-Pq¿- I-t®-cn- a-µn-cw- D-

Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-Xp- (]n-∂o-Sv- sk-I-t´-dn-b-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p-).- hn-eyw- _m¿- -Wm-bn-cp-∂p- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\p-

ta¬-t\m- w- h-ln-®- F-©n-\o-b¿.- tdm-a-≥ hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- Cu- a-µn-cw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Xn-cp- -sIm-®n-bp-sS-bpw- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥d-bpw- -c-W-kn-cm-tI-µ-am-bn.-

1870˛ FdWmIpfØv ]ªnIv sse_dn.hn-Zym-hn-em-kn-\n1871˛ aebm-fØn-se BZy-sØ km-ln-Xy-am-kn-I F∂p-

hn-tijn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ "hn-Zym-hn-em-kn-\n'- ]n-. tKm-hn-µ∏n-≈bp-sS ]Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- ]kn≤o-IcWam-cw- n-®p.-

1872˛ sl¿-a≥ Kp-≠¿-´v- X-s≥d- A-Xn-]-i-kv-X-am-b- a-e-bm-fw-˛-Cw-•o-jv- \n-L-≠p- ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn.-

- - -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Zn-hm-≥ Sn.-am-[-h-dm-hp- ÿm-\-sam-gn-™p.- B-[p-\n-I- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- Zn-hm-≥]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv- C-t±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p.-C-t∏m-g-sØ- sk-I-t -dn-b-‰n¬- -c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- B-Zy- Zn-hm-\pw At±lambncp∂p.

Ip-am-c\m-ims‚ P\\w1873˛ Im-bn-°c sXm-Ω≥-hn-fm-IØp-ho- n¬- \m-cm-bWs≥-

dbpw- Im-fn-bΩbp-sSbpw- aI\m-bn- Ip-am-c\m-im≥-(1873˛1924)- P\n-®p (G]n¬ 12).-

BZysØ tem tImtfPv1874˛ tIcfØn-em-Zy-am-bn- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- \n-ba]T\

ku-Icyw- Xp-Sßn.˛ "tIctfm-]-Im-cn-'- F-∂- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-®p.-

cm-Py-k-am-Nm-cw- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- a-e-_m-dn¬- C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈- a-s‰m-cp- kw-cw-`-am-Wn-Xv.- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b- tem-d-≥kv- ]p-Xq¿- F-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-Wv- C-Xn-\p-]n-∂n¬- ]-h¿-Øn-®-Xv.-

1875˛- -F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- a-lm-cm-Pm-kv- tIm-tf-Pv- \n-e-hn¬-h∂p.-kXy\mZImlfw1876˛ Iq\Ωm-hn-se- A-®p-Iq-S-Øn¬-\n-∂v- "-k-Xy-\m-Z-Im-

l-fw-'- F-∂- am-kn-I- Xp-S-ßn.- aq-∂q-h¿-j-Øn-\p-ti-jw- B-ÿm-\w- h-cm-∏p-g-bn-te-°v- am-‰n.- G-I-tZ-iw-Im¬-\q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-jw- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-tØ-°v- am-‰n.-1926˛¬- t]-cv- "-k-Xy-\m-Zw-'- F-∂m-°n.- A-Xp-h-sc- am-kn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- hm-cn-I-bm-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

1877˛- -sa-bn-≥ sk-≥S¬- tdm-Un-s≥d- ]-Wn- Xo¿-∂p.-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- ap-X¬- A-¶-am-en-h-sc- \o-fp-∂- Cu- ]m-X- C-t∏mƒ- kv-t‰-‰v- ssl-th- \-º¿-˛-1 F-∂v- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

- - -a-lm-I-hn- D-≈q¿- F-kv- ]-c-ta-iz-c-ø¿- (1877˛-1949)- P-\n-®p- (Pq-¨- 5).-

- - -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- lo-_p- A-®-Sn-im-e- sIm-®n-bn¬- tPm-k-^v- Um-\n-b¬- tIm-l-≥ B-cw-`n-®p.-

- - -I-Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ I-º-\n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-am-b- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-h-®p.-

- - -_m-k¬- an-j-≥ tIm-gn-t°m-´v- H-cp- kv-Iqƒ- B-cw-`n-®p.- C-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sv- km-aq-Xn-cn- tIm-tf-Pm-bn.-

- - -]p-\-eq-cn¬- I-√-S-bm-dn-\p- Ip-dp-sI- Xq-°p-]m-ew- \n¿-an-®p.-

1878˛- - a-∂-Øv- ]-Xv-a-\m- -≥ (P-\p-h-cn- 2),- kz-tZ-im- n-am-\n-sI- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- (sa-bv- 25),- h-≈-tØmƒ- \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m-≥ (H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 16)- F-∂n-h¿- P-\n-®p.-

- - -tI-c-f-Øn¬- ap-…n-ßƒ- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- ]-X-am-b-"-tI-c-f- Zo-]-Iw-'- sIm-®n-bn¬- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-®p. ]-X-Øn-s‚- D-S-a-ÿ-≥ Jm-Zn¿-jm- lm-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

- - -tIm-´-b-Øp-\n-∂v- "-a-e-bm-f-an-Xw-'- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw- n-®p.-

- - -\m-K¿- tIm-hn-en-en¬-\n-∂v- "-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- A-`n-am-\n-'- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®p.-

1879-˛- sIm-√-Øv- ]-ªn-Iv- sse-_-dn.-- - -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ- tI-c-f-hn-em-kw- ]-kn¬-\n-∂v-

"-tI-c-f- N-µn-I-'- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®p.- C-Xn-s‚-]-Xm-[n-]¿- ]n.-tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈ Bbncp∂p.

tIcf NcnXhpw h¿j-ßfpw˛12

Ip-am-c-\m-im-\pw- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv -a-\m-`-\pw- kz-tZ-im-`n -am-\n-bpw- h-≈-tØm-fpw- P-\n-®p. -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- sd-bn¬-th-sse-≥ B-cw-`n -®p. - Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- \n-b-a-]-T-\-Øn-\v - ku-I-cyw. - C-t∏m-g-sØ- sk-I-t´-dn -b-‰v - a-µn-cw- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. - sa-bn-≥ sk-≥S¬- tdm-Un-s‚- ]-Wn-Xo¿-∂p.... tI-c-f-N-cn -X-Øn-se- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- Im-e-L-´-Øn-eq-sS....

ae-_mdn¬ sdbn¬th sse≥;

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]pXnb skI-t -dn-b‰v

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 15

]tXyIXIƒ* hymh-km-bn-I-ambn G‰hpw ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂

kwÿm-\w* C¥ybn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ h\yPohn

kt¶Xßfp≈ kwÿm\w* ssP\cpsS A\p]mXw G‰hpw IqSpXep≈ C¥y≥

kwÿm\w* ssP\¿ FÆØn¬ G‰hpw IqSpXep≈ kwÿm\w* C¥ybn¬ tNcn P\kwJy (slum population)

G‰hpw IqSpXep≈ kwÿm\w* C¥ybnse kwÿm\ßfn¬ G‰hpw henb tdmUv

irwJebp≈ kwÿm\w* C¥ybnse IS¬Øocap≈ kwÿm\ßfn¬

G‰hpw IqSpX¬ hnkvXo¿Wap≈ kwÿm\w* \mKv]q¿ DSºSnbpsS (1953) êambn 1956˛¬

\nehn¬h∂ kwÿm\w* Zp¿a¥hmZØn\pw A‘hnizmkØn\pw FXnsc

\nbaw ]mkm°nb BZy C¥y≥ kwÿm\amWvalmcmjvS.

* C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Zp¿_-e-amb temIm-bp‡ kwhn-[m-\-ap≈ kwÿm--\-ambn alm-cmjvS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

* \Kc P\-kwJy (urban population) G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm\amWv alm--cm-jvS .

* temIm-bp-‡sb \nb-an® BZy C¥y≥ kwÿm\walmcm-jvS-bmWv (1971).

* tKm h[ \ntcm-[-\-Øn-\m-bn- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-te-Xm-Wv- (1995).-

*- -1970 I-fn¬- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- Fw-tπm-bv-sa-‚ v- Kym-c-‚n- B-Iv-Sv- \-S-∏m-°n-b- kw-ÿm-\w.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- em¿-Pv- Um-ap-Iƒ- (û-t≠-j-≥ ap-X¬- 15 ao-‰-en-e-[n-Iw- D-b-cw-)- D-≈- kw-ÿm-\w.-

*- -\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- tNm-Zy-ß-fpw- ]-ta-b-ß-fpw- A-b-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Hm-¨-sse-≥ kw-hn-[m-\w-G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv- a-lm-cm-jv-S.-

*- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- km-º-Øn-I- hy-h-ÿ- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.-

*- -km-aq-ln-X- Xn-∑-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- c-≠mw- Izn-‰n-¥ym- ]-ÿm-\w- ]-Jym-]n-®- kw-ÿ-m-\w (2016).

BZysØXv* C¥ybn¬ BZysØ sdbn¬∏m-X˛ apwss_-˛-Xms\

(1853 G]n¬ 26)* C¥ybnse BZysØ sdbn¬th kvt‰j≥˛ t_mdn-

_-µ¿ (1853)* C¥ybnse BZysØ sdbn¬th∏mew- Dapoorie

Viaduct on the Mumbai-Thane route* C¥ybnse BZysØ CeIvSnIv sSbn≥ HmSnbXv:

1925 s^_phcn aq∂n\v (t_mws_ hn.Sn.bv°pwIp¿fbv°pw CSbn¬)

t]cv kqNn-∏n°pwt]mse-Xs∂ al-Ømb Hcp tZi-amWv alm-cm-j v S . AXn -\ n -]p -W -cmb `c -W -I¿Øm-°-fp -sSbpw ]cm - I -aimenIfmb bp≤-ho-c≥am-cp-sSbpw \mSm-W-Xv. hnkva-b-\n¿an-Xn-Ifmepw kmwkvIm-cn -I-˛ -hn -t\m-Z-k-©mc ]m[m-\y -ap≈ \nc-h[nÿe-ßƒsIm≠pw kºp-jv-S-amWv alm-cm-jvS. G‰hpw kº-∂-ambC¥y≥ kwÿm-\-Øn-te-°v......

C¥y≥- kw-ÿm-\ßƒ-alm-cm-jvS- 1

* C¥y≥ \mj-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\-th-Zn-bm-b-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-se- tKm-Ip¬-Zm-kv- tX-Pv-]m¬-kw-kv-Ir-X- tIm-tf-Pm-Wv.- 1885 Un-kw-_-dn¬- \-S-∂-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- U-ªp- kn- _m-\¿-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£-≥.- 72 ]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv- B- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv.-

*- -Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-]-Im-cw- _n-ó-jv- C-¥y-tbm-Sp- tN¿-Ø- B-Zy- \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛- k-Øm-d- (U¬-lu-kn- ]-`p-hm-Wv- Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-aw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-).-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sF.-F-kv.-Un.-kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- 1960˛¬- e-≠-\p-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-®p.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-e-®n-X- ]-Z¿-i-\w- \-S-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- apw-ss_.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- n-enw- s^-Ãn-h¬- \-S-∂- \-K-cw-˛- apw-ss_- (1952˛¬.- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- N-e-®n-tXm-’-hw- \-S-∂-Xpw- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv-˛-1951˛¬-)-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- F.-Sn.-Fw.- (Hm-t´m-ta-‰-Uv- sS-√¿-sa-jo-≥)- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- \-K-cw-˛- apw-ss_-(1987).- F-®v.-F-kv.-_n.-kn-bm-Wv- Cu- kw-hn-[m-\w- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \yq-¢n-bm¿- dn-bm-Iv-S¿-˛- A-]v-k-c- (tSmw-s_-˛- 1956)-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-t‰m-an-Iv- ]-h¿- tÃ-j-≥˛- Xm-

cm-∏q¿- (1969)-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-\n-am- ]-Z¿-i-\w- \-S-∂-Xv-˛-

apw-s_-bn-se- hm-Sv-k-¨- tlm-´-en¬- (1896 Pq-em-bv- 7)-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b-

io-a-Xn- \m-Yn-`m-bv- Xm-°¿-kn- hn-a-≥kv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS- (1916)- B-ÿm-\w- (F-kv- F-≥ Un- ‰n- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-)- ]p-s\-bm-Wv.- Un.-sI.- Im¿-sh-bm-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥.- C-t±-l-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- ]m-b-Øn¬- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-en-hn-j-≥ dn-k-]v-j-≥ sk-‚¿-˛- B¿-hn- (]q-s\-bv-°-Sp-Øv-)-

*- -C-¥y-°m-cp-tS-Xm-b- B-Zy-sØ- sse-^v- C-≥jp-d-≥kv-I-º-\n-˛- t_mw-s_- ayq-Nz¬- sse-^v- A-jz-d-≥kv- skm-ssk-‰n- (1870)-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tam-tWm- sd-bn¬- ]-co-£-Wm¿-Yw- Hm-Sn-®-Xv-˛- apw-ss_-bn¬- (2010).-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \-thm-Z-b- kv-Iqƒ- F-hn-sS-bm-

Wv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏´Xv˛ Khairi in Nagpur* C¥ybnse BZysØ hnam-\-Øm-h-fw˛ apwss_-bnse

Pqlp-hnse Kmkv Fb-tdmtUmw (1932).* C¥ybn¬ kvXoIƒ°m-bn-´p≈ BZysØ Xpd∂

Pbn¬ Fhn-sS-bmWv ÿm]n-®-Xv˛ sb¿hmZ* C¥ybn¬ BZyambn B[m¿ Im¿Uv G¿s∏SpØnb

kwÿm\w almcmjvSbmWv( tXw`ven F∂ÿeØv). cP\m tkm\mhmsWbmWv BZysØB[m¿ Im¿Un\pSa.

* C¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kq-∏¿- Iw-]yq-´-dm-b- ]-cw- 8000hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv- ]q-s\-bn-se- sk-‚¿- t^m¿- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- Hm-^v- A-Uzm-≥kv-Uv- Iw-]yq-ń-Mv- (kn-˛-Um-Iv-)- B-Wv- .-

*- -G-jy-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©m-Wv-1875˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- t_mw-s_- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-am-\-°-º-\n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Sm-‰- F-b¿-sse-≥kv- 1932˛¬- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-‰-bm-Wv.-

*- -H-‰-bv-°v- hn-am-\w- ]-d-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-Wv- sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-‰.-

*- -sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-‰- X-s‚- B-Zy- B-Im-i-bm-X- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- Pq-lp- F-b¿-t]m¿- v- ap-X¬- I-dm-®n- h-sc-bm-Wv- (1932).-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- _-kv- dm-∏n-Uv- Sm-≥kn-‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏m-°n-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- ]q-s\.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^n-enw- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ]q-s\-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- h-\n-Xm- ta-b¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- \-K-c-am-Wv- apw-ss_- (1956).- kp-tem-N-\m- tam-Un-bm-Wv- B-h-\n-X.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- e-b-¨-kv- ¢-_v- 1956˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -`m-c-Xo-b- a-ln-fm- _m-¶n-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- _m-©v- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv- apw-ss_- \-cn-am-≥ t]m-bn-‚n-em-Wv-(2013).-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-\- \n-b-¥-W- ¢n-\n-Iv- 1921˛¬-B-cw-`n-®-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- c-Lp-\m-Yv- tZm-Wv-tUm-Im¿-sh-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- (`m-c-X- c-Xv-\- tP-Xm-hv- Un.-sI.-Im¿-th-bp-sS- a-I-≥).-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- U-_nƒ- sU-°¿- ^v-ssf- Hm-h¿- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- U-_nƒ- sU-°¿- sS-bn-≥ k¿-ho-kv- apw-ss_-bv-°pw- ]q-s\-bv-°pw- C-S-bn-em-Wv- Hm-Sn-b-Xv- (knw-l-K-Vv- F-Iv-kv-]-kv-)-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _p-≈-‰v- sS-bn-≥ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- - dq- v- apw-ss_- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv- B-Wv.-

*- - B-Zy-sØ- P-\-i-Xm-_v-Zn- F-Iv-kv-]-kv- Hm-Sn-b-Xv- apw-ss_-bv-°pw- a-Uv-Km-hn-\pw- C-S-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tam-t´m¿- Sm-Iv-kn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -Sm-‰- Kq-∏n-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- sS-Iv-ssÃ¬- an¬- 1877˛¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \m-j-W¬- -b¿- k¿-ho-kv- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xpw- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-Sm- K-h¿-W-dm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X-bm-Wv- hn-P-b-e-£v-an- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- (1962).-

*- -t_mw-s_- kw-ÿm-\w- hn-`-Pn-®v- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bpw- Kp-P-dm-Øpw- cq-]w-sIm-≠-t∏mƒ- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ-

16 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b-Xv- b-iz-¥v- dm-hp- N-hm-\m-Wv- (1960˛-62).-A-hn- -‡- t_mw-s_- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ-ap-Jy-a-¥n-bpw- A-t±-l-am-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-S- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- C-…mw- a-X-ÿ-≥F.-B¿.-B-¥p-se- B-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssk-_¿- I-t^- 1996˛¬- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- F.-Sn.-Fw.- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- \-K-cw- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- apw-ss_-bv-°v- kz-¥-am-Wv.-

*- -ku-P-\y-am-bn- ssh-˛-ss^- I-W-£-≥ e-`y-am-°n-b- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥ hn-t√-Pm-Wv- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se- ]-Nv-K-thm-¨- (2015 Pq-sse-).-

*- tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- H-cp- am-k-sØ-X-S-hn-\v- hn-[n-®- (2006 sa-bv- 12)- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se- kz-cq-]v-kn-Mv- \m-bn-Iv- B-Wv- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-s°- P-bn-en-e-S-bv-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- a-¥n.-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-_¿-_-≥ sd-bn¬-th- sse-\m-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- k-_¿-_-≥ sd-bn¬-th- (1857).-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- tam-t´m¿- Sm-Iv-kn- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- \-K-cw- apw-ss_-bm-Wv- (1911).-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-b¿- I-≠o-j-≥Uv- U-_nƒ-U-°¿- i-Xm-_v-Zn- F-Iv-kv-]-kv- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-ap-ss_-sb-bpw- tKm-h-sb-bp-am-Wv.-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- ]p-≈n-∏p-en-I-fp-sS- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-bn- B-\n-a¬- k-^m-cn- F-∂- ]-≤-Xn- B-Zy-am-bn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-dm-bv-K-Vv- Pn-√-bn-se- tdm-l-bn-em-Wv.-

*- sd-bn¬- sS-√pw- Kq-Kn-fpw- k-l-I-cn-®v- ku-P-\y-am-bn- \-S-∏m-°p-∂- A-Xn-th-K- ssh-ss^- C-‚¿-s\-‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- cm-Py-Øv- B-Zyw- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv- apw-ss_- sk-≥S-en-em-Wv- (2015).-

*- cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- B-[m¿- F.-Sn.-Fw.- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- Un.-kn.-_n.- _m-¶v- B-Wv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-

*- an-kn-kv- thƒ-Uv- ]-´w- t\-Sn-b- (2001)- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn-bm-b- A-Zn-Xn- tKm-hn-Xn-I¿- P-\n-®-Xv- ]m-≥sh-√n-em-Wv-(1974).-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-Um¿- ]-cn-io-e-\- tI-µw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv- (1953).-

kq-∏¿-te-‰o-hp-Iƒ-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kv-t‰m-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v-

apw-ss_- B-Wv- (1875˛¬- ÿm-]n-Xw-).-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-Iq-Sn-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- apw-

ss_.-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- Pn.-Un.-]n.- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tN-cn-˛- [-cm-hn- (]m-In-kv-

Xm-\n-se- I-dm-®n-bn-se- H-dm-ßn- Su-¨-jn-∏m-Wv- 2009se- bp-F-≥Un-]n- I-W-°p-Iƒ- ]-Im-cw- G-jy-bn-se-G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tN-cn-).-

*- -]-›n-a-L-´-Øn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw-˛- ]q-s\-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s]-tSm-fn-bw- J-\-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv- t_mw-s_- ssl-bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- sse-‰v- lu-kv-˛- t]m-Mv-kv-do-^v,- apw-ss_-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- I-S¬-∏m-e-am-Wv- _m-µ- -h¿-fn- ko- e-n¶v (Bandra Worli Sea Link, 5600 m).CXv \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv amlnw t_ (Mahim Bay) bn-em-Wv.

* G‰hpw \ofw Ipd™ sdbn¬dq´v˛ Nagpur and Ajni(3km)

* C¥ybn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- h-bm-U-Iv-Sv-˛- ]m-≥sh¬-\-Zn- h-bm-U-Iv-Sv.- (C-Xn-\v- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s\-°mƒ- D-b-c-ap-≠v-).-

*- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- bm-Xm-Øn-c-°v- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- apw-ss_- k-_¿-_-≥ sd-bn¬-th-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]-X-am-Wv- apw-ss_-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂- Kp-P-dm-Øn- ]-X-am-b-t_mw-s_- k-am-Nm¿.- 1822 Pq-sse- H-∂n-\m-Wv- B-Zy-]-Xw- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tlm-´-em-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- Hm-_-tdm-bv-˛-sj-dm-´-¨.-

*- -_p-≤-a-X-°m¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv- a-lm-cm-jv-S.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- sd-bn¬-th- \-S-∏m-ew- (364 ao.-)- ap-ss_- kn.-F-kv.-Sn.- sd-bn¬-th- tÃ-j-\n-em-Wv.-

*- -Hm-l-cn- hym-]m-cw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-S-°p-∂- C-¥y-≥\-K-c-am-Wv- apw-ss_.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- Xn-c-°p-Iq-Sn-b- Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv- apw-

ss_-bn-se- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- t]m¿-´v- .-*- -N-Wv-Un-K-Vv- I-gn-™m¬,- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- l-cn-Xm-

`-am-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- \-K-cw- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- \m-Kv-]q-cn-\p-≠v.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-am-bn- P-bn¬-hm-kw- A-\p-`-hn-®- \-K-c-am-Wv- ]q-s\.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Kp-lm-t£-X-am-Wv- F-

t√m-d.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- X-S-h-\p-`-\-hn-®- P-

bn-em-Wv- sb¿-hm-Z.-*- -_m-µ- sS¿-an-\-kn-\pw- A-t‘-cn-°pw- C-S-bn-em-Wv- G-‰-

hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-am-¥-c- sd-bn¬-th- sse-\p-Iƒ- D-≈-Xv-(10).-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-e-ssh-Zy-X- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- tIm-bv-\- (1960 sa-Km-hm-´v-).-

A-]-c-\m-a-ßƒ-/-]-g-b- t]-cp-Iƒ-*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- hy-h-km-b- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xv-˛- apw-ss_-*- -G-gp-Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw- apw-ss_-bv-

°p-≠v. Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim,Colaba, Worli, Old Woman’s Island ( Little Colaba)F∂nhbm-Wv- B- Zzo-]p-Iƒ.- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- Zzo-]m-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- km¬-sk-‰v-Zzo-]v- (C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- Zzo-]v-t\m¿-Øv- B-¥-am-≥ B-Wv-).-

*- -ap-¥n-cn-bp-sS- \-K-cw- ˛-\m-kn-Iv-*- -Hm-d-©p-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛- \m-Kv-]q¿-*- -\n-c-h-[n- I-Sp-hm- kw-c-£-W- tI-µ-ß-fn-te-°v- tdm-Up-

am¿-Kw- s]-s -∂v- t]m-Im-≥ km-[n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬- tem-I-Øn-s‚- ssS-K¿- Iym-]n-‰¬- F-∂v- \m-Kv-]q¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS- c-≠mw- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂pw- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS- Hm-Iv-kn-e-dn- Iym-]n-‰¬- (auxiliary capital) -F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv- a-lm-cm-jv-S- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- io-X-Im-e- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-°p-∂- hn-[m-≥`-h-≥.-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS- Po-h-tc-J- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- tIm-bv-\.-

*- -]m-h-ß-fp-sS- Xm-Pv-a-l¬- - Hu-dw-K-_m-Zn-se- _o-_n- Im-a-Jv-_-cm- (Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s‚- m-cy- dm-_n-b- Zp-cm-\n- (Zn¬-cm-kv- _m-\p- _o-Kw-)- bp-sS- i-h-Ip-So-c-am-b- C-Xv- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv- (1678)-Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s‚- ]p-X-≥ A-kw- jm-B-Wv.- Np-h-∂- a-W¬-°-√n-em-Wv- \n¿-am-Ww-)-

*- - C-¥y-bp-sS- ho-™p- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-\m-kn-Iv- B-Wv.-

* C-¥y-bp-sS- F-‚¿-sS-bv-≥sa-‚ v- Iym-]n-‰-¬ (entertain-ment capital) F∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv- C-¥y-≥ kn-\n-am-hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- t_m-fn-hp-Uv.-

*- -C-¥y-≥ In-°-‰n-s‚- \-gv-k-dn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- apw-ss_-bn¬-h-®m-Wv- C-¥y- c-≠m-a-sØ- ]m-h-iyw- tem-I-I-∏v-In-°-‰v- tP-Xm-°-fm-b-Xv- (2011).- Fw.-F-kv.- t[m-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Iym-]v-‰-≥.-

*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- I-hm-Sw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- apw-ss_.-*- -k-®n-≥ sS-≥Up¬-°-dm-Wv- t_mw-s_- t_mw-_¿- F-

∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-*- -[m-cm-fw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≈- ]p-s\- In-g-°n-

s‚- Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]p-Wy-\-K-cn- F-∂pw- ]p-s\-sb- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.-

*- -]-›n-a-L- -Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-b- ]q-s\-bv-°v- U-°m-Wn-s‚- dm-Wn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw- kz-¥-am-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS- kw-kv-Im-cn-I- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]q-s\- B-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-≥ B-`y-¥-c- thym-a-bm-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-

dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-‰-bm-Wv.-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- tlm-fn-hp-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- apw-ss_.-*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- I-en-t^m¿-Wn-b- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- \m-

kn-Iv.-

][m\s∏´ hkvXpXIƒ* OX-]Xn inhPn alm-cmPv sS¿an-\¬ Fhn-sS-bm-Wv˛

apwss_ (apºv Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv hnIvtSmdnbsS¿an\kv. _nójpImc\mb F^v.Uªyp. Ãohs‚cq]Iev]\bn¬ 1878˛¬ \n¿amWw Bcw`n®p)

* almflmKm‘n ÿm]n® tkhmKmw Biaw GXpkwÿm-\-Øm-Wv˛ alm-cmjvS

* \mknIv GXp \Zn-bpsS Xoc-Øm-Wv˛ tKmZm-hcn* sIm¶¨ sdbn¬th _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ÿe-ßƒ˛

awK-em-]p-cw˛ apwss_* alm-cm-jvS-bnse ][m\ `mj˛ admØn (Ct¥m

Bcy≥ tKmXØnse `mjbmWv)* alm-cm-jvSbnse temIvk-`m-ko-‰p-Iƒ˛ 48* XtUm_ h\y-ar-K-kw-c-£W tIµw GXp kwÿm-

\-Øv˛ alm-cmjvS* tamfn-hpUv (t_mfnhpUv) F∂ A]-c-am-a-Øn-e-dn-bs∏-

Sp-∂-Xv˛ apwss_-bnse kn\n-am-hy-h-kmbw* IrjvW\Zn FhnsS\n∂mWv D¬`hn°p∂Xv˛

alm_teiz¿* tImbv\ AWs°´v GXp kwÿm\ØnemWv˛

almcmjvS (tImbv\m \Znbn¬)

* alm-cm-jvS-bnse ][m\ \rØ-cq-]w˛ Xamj* alm-cm-jvS-bnse ][m\ D’-hw˛ KtWi NXp¿Yn* Pqlp _o®v Fhn-sS-bm-Wv˛ apwss_* AP-¥m˛Ft√md Kpl-Iƒ GXp kwÿm-\-Øv alm-

cmjvS* sk≥S¬ sdbn¬th-bpsS Bÿm-\w˛ apwss_* atØ-cm≥ h\y-Pohn kt¶Xw GXp kwÿm-\-Øv˛

alm-cmjvS* inhtk\ GXp kwÿm\sØ cmjvSob I£nbmWv

˛almcmjvS (1966˛¬ _m¬ Xm°td ÿm]n®p.tk\bpsS apJ]XamWv kmw\).

* cXv\-Kncn I≠¬h\w alm-cm-jvS-bn-em-Wv.

][m\ hy‡nIƒ* alm-cm-jvS-bnse tkmI-ókv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-tKm-Jse* t_mws_ t_mw_¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛ k®n≥

sS≥Up¬°¿ (]ikvX admØkmlnXyImc≥ctajv sS≥Up¬-°-d-sS- a-I-\m-Wv-).-

*- -in-h-Pn- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- in-hv-t\¿- (1627˛¬-)-*- -in-h-Pn- O-X-]-Xn-bm-bn- A-`n-jn-‡-\m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1674*- -in-h-Pn- A-¥-cn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1680*- -in-h-Pn-bp-sS- am-Xm-hv-˛- Po-Pm-`m-bn-*- -t]-jzm-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-i-kv-X-\m-b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

_m-Pn-dm-hp- H-∂m-a-\m-Wv.-*- -t_mw-s_-sb- i-‡-am-b- _n-ó-jv- ]-tZ-i-am-°n- am-‰n-

b-Xv- sP-dmƒ-Uv- Hm-©n-b¿- B-Wv.-*- -F-hn-sS- h-®m-Wv- tUm.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- A-\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-

sSm-∏w- _p-≤-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- \m-Kv-]q¿-*- -\m-Kv-]q¿- ]-Xn-s\-´mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- tKm-

≠v- hw-i-P-\m-b- `-‡v- _p-e-µv- F-∂- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv.- ]n-∂o-Sv- t`m-¨-s…- hw-i-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-b- \m-Kv-]q¿- 1861˛¬- sk-≥S¬- s]m-hn-≥kn-s‚-B-ÿm-\-am-bn.- kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cw- a-[y-`m-c-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn.- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\-:-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- \m-Kv-]q¿- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS-`m-K-am-bn.-

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 17

1. The average of 7 numbers is 40. The totalof the four of them is 178. The remaining 3numbers are in the ratio of 1:2:3. These 3numbers are:(a) 17,34,51 (b) 16,32,48(c) 14,28,42 (d) 13,26,39

2. If the perimeter of a rectangle is 138m andthe difference between the length andbreadth is 7m. What is the area of therectangle in sq.m?(a) 1216 (b) 1147(c) 1184 (d) 1178

3. In a 10 litre mixture of acid and water, thequantity of acid is 60%. What amount ofacid to be added to it in order to make it75%?(a) 6 litre (b) 7 litre(c) 8 litre (d) 9 litre

4. The average age of 12 children is 8 yearsand the average age of 3 children amongthem is 11. What is the average age ofother children?(a) 6 (b) 8(c) 7 (d) 9

5. The owner of a gift shop charges hiscustomer 28% more than the cost price. Ifcustomer paid Rs.1408 for some soft toys,then what was the cost price of those softtoys?(a) Rs.1300 (b) Rs.1000(c) Rs.1200 (d) Rs.1100

6. Cost of 24 pens and 13 pencils is Rs.175.What is the cost of 48 pens and 26 pencils?(a) Rs.435 (b) Rs.705(c) Rs.290 (d) Rs.350

7. The length of a room is 2.5 times of its

breadth. If the perimeter of the room is70m, what is its area?(a) 150 (b) 175(c) 200 (d) 250

8. A bicycle is sold for Rs.1800 at a loss of10%. What is the cost price?(a) Rs.1900 (b) Rs.2100(c) Rs.2000 (d) Rs.2200

9. Simple interest on an amount of Rs.10000is Rs.3000 for 2 years. What is thecompound interest accurued at same rateand same time period?(a) Rs.3000 (b) Rs.2800(c) Rs.3200 (d) Rs.3225

10. The enrolment of students in a schooldecreases from 800 to 760. What is thepercentage of decrease?(a) 2% (b) 3%(c) 4% (d) 5%

11. One third of one third of a number is 31.The number is:(a) 93 (b) 279(c) 133 (d) 333

12. The length of a rectangle is halved, whileits breadth is tripled. What is thepercentage of increase in area?(a) 25% increase (b) 50 % increase(c) 25% decrease (d) 50 % decrease

13. Girish purchased an article for Rs.1850 . Atwhat price should he sell it so that 30%profit is earned?(a) Rs.2450 (b) Rs.2245(c) Rs.2405 (d) Rs.2425

14. The smallest among 7/10, 2/3,4/5,8/11 is:(a) 7/10 (b) 2/3(c) 4/5 (d) 8/11

15. The grandfather’s age is 4 years more thannine times of the age of the grandson. Thefather’s age of 40 years is 2 years less thansix times the age of his son. The age of thegrandfather is:(a) 77 years (b) 70 years(c) 67 years (d) 64 years

16. If one third of one fourth of a number is 8,then five eighth of that number is:(a) 50 (b) 80(c) 90 (d) 60

17. A plot of 715 sq.ft. is available at the rate ofRs.3850 per sq.ft. If 40% of the totalcost of the plot to be paid for bookingthe plot, how much is the bookingamount? (a) 11,10,000 (b) 11,01,100(c) 11,01,000 (d) 11,00,000

18. The average of five numbers is 49. Theaverage of the first and second number is48and of the fourth and fifth number is 28.What is the third number? (a) 92 (b) 91(c) 95 (d) 93

19. The simple interest accrued on an amountof Rs.9530 at the end of 6 years isRs.2859. What is the rate of interest perannum ?(a)5 (b) 7(c) 9 (d)11

20. A vehicle travels the first 4 hours in 60kmph and the next 4 hours in 80 kmph andthe last 2 hours in 40 kmph speed. What isthe average speed of the vehicle in kmph?(a) 60 (b) 70(c) 66 (d) 64

21. The average of 12 players of a team is 25years. If the captain’s age is included, theaverage is increased by one year. The ageof the captain is:(a) 25 (b) 38(c) 36 (d) 26

22. A person crosses 800 m long street in 6minutes. What is his approximate speed inkmph? (a) 8 (b) 6(c) 14 (d) 12

23. A can complete a work in 10 days. While Band C complete it in 12 days and 15 daysrespectively. In how many days can A,Band C together complete the work?(a) 3 (b) 4(c) 5 (d) 6

24. Manju spends 45% of her monthly incomeon food and 30% of the monthly income ontransport. The remaining Rs.4500 shesaves. What is her monthly salary?(a) Rs.16000 (b) Rs.18000(c) Rs.16500 (d) Rs.18500

25. The average weight of 5 men is 45kg. Oneman of 50 kg weight is replaced by anotherof 40 kg weight. What is the new average ofthe group?(a) 43 kg (b) 40kg(c) 41kg (d) 45 kg

Answers

1 (a) 2(d) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5(d) 6(d) 7(d) 8(c) 9(d) 10(d)11(b) 12(b) 13(c) 14(b) 15(c) 16(d) 17(b) 18(d) 19(a)20(d) 21(b) 22(a) 23(b) 24(b) 25(a)

1. Man: Walk:: Snake:?(a) Swim (b) Bite(c) Crawl (d) Run

2. A,B,C,D,E,F and G are sitting in a line facingthe east. C is the immediate right of D. Bis at one of the extreme ends and has E ashis neighbor. G is between E and F. D issitting third from the south end. Who are thepersons sitting at the extreme ends?(a) A and E (b) A and B(c) F and B (d) C and D

3. The age of father is twice that of his son’s atpresent age. After 5 years the sum of theirages will be 85. How old are they now? (a) 40,20 (b) 46,23(c) 60,30 (d) 50,25

4. Find the word that cannot be formed fromthe letters of the word‘PHOTOSYNTHETIC’? (a) THOSE (b) SCENT(c) PRONE (d) COTTON

5. Select the one which is different from others: (a) 49 (b) 140(c) 112 (d) 97

6. There are nine identical balls among whicheight are of same weight but the rest ismarginally heaviter. The minimum numberof time a common balance should be usedto identify the heavier ball is:

(a) twice (b) four times(c) three times (d) once

7. 480,?,24,8,4(a) 98 (b) 96(c) 104 (d) 88

8. Arrange the following in proper order:1.University 2.Nursey 3. High School 4.College(a) 1,2,3,4 (b) 3,2,4,1(c) 2,3,4,1 (d) 2,4,3,1

9. Select the odd word:(a) Grief (b) Sorrow(c) Smile (d) Weep

10.Ramesh drives his car 4km to the east, thentakes left turn and drives 6km. He againturns to his left hand side and travels 4km.How many km is Ramesh away from hisstarting place?(a) 6km (b) 10km(c) 4 km (d) 14km

11. Poles: Magnet:: _____: Battery(a) Cells (b) Power(c) Terminals (d) Energy

12. In a certain code METAPHOR is written as53246719. The n the code forPHOTOMETER is:(a) 1215323967 (b) 6712153239(c) 6712253239 (d) 6712123593

13. If HKUJ means FISH, what does UVCD mean?

(a) STAR (b) STAB(c) STAL (d) STAK

14.Dog: Rabies:: Mosquito:?(a) Plague (b) Death(c) Malaria (d) Sting

15.50 men can dig 40 holes in 30 days. Howlong will 25 men take to dig 20 holes?(a) 15days (b) 22.5 days(c) 30 days (d) 45 days

16.Mohini went to cinema nine days ago. Shegoes to movies only on Thursday. What dayof the week is today?(a) Saturday (b) Thursday(c) Sunday (d) Tuesday

17.ACE: GIK:: MOQ:?(a) SUW (b) STU(c) STW (d) SVW

18.Distil is related to Whiskey in the same wayas Brew is related to:(a) Ferment (b) Gin(c) Beer (d) Sugar

19. If in a language ‘INDIA’ is coded as‘JMEHB’, then in that language ‘SOURAV’ iscoded as:(a) TQVPBU (b) TNVQBU(c) TNTSBU (d) RPTZW

20.The total ages of Arun, Anil and Ram is 80years. What was the total of their ages threeyears ago?

(a) 71 (b) 72(c) 74 (d) 77

21.Six boys are quite identical to look at, butonly one of them is less in weight. It is to beidentified using the balance minimumnumber of times. What is that minimumnumber of using the balance?(a) Once (b) Two times(c) 3times (d) More than threetimes

22. If GOLD is written as IQNF, how WIND canbe written in that code?(a) YKPF (b) XJOE(c) VHMC (d) DNIW

23.House: Room:: World:?(a) Land (b) Nation(c) Sun (d) Air

24.ABIC,EBOD,IBUE,?,UBEG: Which willreplace the question mark?(a) IBAF (b) OBAH(c) OBAF (d) OBUF

25.Select the one which is different from others:(a) Pen (b) Crayon(c) Eraser (d) Pencil

Answers1 (c) 2(b) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5(d) 6(c) 7(b) 8(c) 9(c) 10(a)11(c) 12(b) 13(b) 14(c) 15(c) 16(a) 17(a) 18(c) 19(b)20(a) 21(b) 22(a) 23(b) 24(c) 25(c)

Test of Reasoning

Quantitative Aptitude

18 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

c≠v \thm-∞m\ \mb-I≥amsc XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-SpØp∂ Nne cN-\-I-fp-≠v. N´ºn kzman-I-fpsS hntbm-K-Øn¬ A\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm≠v ]WvUn‰v Idp-∏≥ cNn-®-XmWv kam[nk¶¬]w. io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Xs‚ \haRvPcn ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv N´ºn kzman-Iƒ°m-Wv. _“m-\µ inh-tbm-Kn-I-fp-sS tam£-]-Zo-]-Øn\v N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS adp-]-Sn-bmWvtam£-]-Zo] JWvU-\w. hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥ Xs‚ Kpcp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ BZ-c-kq-N-I-ambn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v inh-tbmKnhnemkw F∂p t]cn- p A- n-]m-b- n-∂X ImcWw ]n¬°m-eØvKpcp-hp-ambn AI-∂-t∏mƒ t]cv inh-tbm-K-hn-emkw F∂p am‰n.

Abmfpw Rm\pw XΩn¬....

]co-£bpwBkq-Xn-X-ambkao-]-\hpw

4

B¿.-kn.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿[email protected]

Kpcp-injy¿....injy-cpsS Db¿-®-bn¬- H-c-kq-b-bpw- Iq-Sm-sX- k-t¥m-

jn-°m-≥ Kp-cp-hn-s\-t∏m-se- B¿-°p-I-gn-bpw-?- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- A-sXm-cp- ]m-h-\-_-‘-am-bn- G-Xp- k-aq-l-hpw- F-°m-e-hpw- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f- \-thm-∞m-\- N-cn-X-Øn-epw-Im-Wmw- Xn-f-°-am¿-∂- Kp-cp-in-jy-_-‘-ßƒ.-

N- -ºn-kzm-anIƒ,- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp,- A-ø-¶m-fn- F-∂n-h¿-°v- ssX-°m-Sv- A-ø- Kp-cp-ÿm-\o-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- ssX-°m-Sv- A-ø-sb- X-s‚- sIm- m-c-Øn-te-°v- £-Wn-®p-h-cp-Øn-in-jy-Xzw- kzo-I-cn-®- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv- kzm-Xn- Xn-cp-\m-fm-Wv.- _-“m-\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bp-sS- in-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p- hm-Kv- -S-\m-µ-≥.- t]- -bn¬- cm-a-≥]n-≈- B-im-s‚- ]m-T-im-e-bn-em-Wv- N- -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ- ]-Tn-®-Xv.- t_m-t[-iz-c-≥ (b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv- tI-i-h-]n-≈-),- tIm- -K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- Ip-º-f-Øv- i-¶p-∏n-≈,- s]-cp-s\-√n- Ir-jv-W-≥ ssh-Zy-≥ F-∂n-h¿- N- -ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS- Kr-l-ÿm-i-an-I-fm-b- in-jy-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- ]-kn-≤- in-jy-\m-Wv- \o-e-I-Wv-T-Xo¿-Y-]m-Z¿.- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\- ]-Tn-∏n-®-Xv- Ip-Ω-∏-≈n- cm-a-≥]n-≈- B-im-\m-Wv.- Ip-am-c-\m-im-\pw- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-\pw- io-\m-cm-b-W-in-jy-cn¬- ]-ap-J-cm-Wv.- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚- B-Zy-in-jy-\m-Wv- in-h-enw-K-Zm-k-kzm-an-Iƒ.- A-h-km-\-tØ-Xv- B-\-µ-Xo¿-Y-kzm-an-Iƒ.- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚- in-jy-\m-b- B-Zy- bq-tdm-]y-\m-Wv- G-W-Ãv- In¿-Iv.- sh-fp-tØ-cn- tI-i-h-≥ ssh-Zy¿,- k-Xy-h-X- kzm-an-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-cpw- io-\m-cm-b-W-in-jy-cn¬-Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

_‘p-hmcv......tijvT-hy-‡n-Iƒ- _-‘p-°-fm-bp-≈-Xv- B¿-°pw- A- n-am-\-ap-f-hm-°p-∂- kw-K-Xn-bm-W-t√m.- Nn-e- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-≥am¿- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-‘w- H-∂p- a-\- n-em-°mw.- knw-l-f-≥ F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn-\p-S-am-b- kn.-hn.-Ip-™p-cm-a-s‚- a-Iƒ- hm-k-¥n-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xv- knw-l-f-knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- - kn.-tI-i-h-\m-Wv.- k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f- ]p-e-b-a-lm-k- -bp-sS- hn-[m-Xm-hv- Sn.-Sn.-tI-i-h-≥ im-kv-Xn- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xv- A-ø-¶m-fn-bp-sS- a-Iƒ- X-¶-Ω-sb-bm-Wv.- tUm.-]¬-]p-hn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hn-s‚-A-\p-P-\m-b- X-®-°p-Sn- Ip-am-c-s‚- a-Iƒ- `m-\p-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚- k-l-[¿-a-Wn.- kz-cm-Sv- ]-X-Øn-s‚- F-Un-‰-dpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- cm-jv-So-b- t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂-F.-sI.-]n-≈- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xv- kz-tZ-im- n-am-\n-bp-sS- a-Iƒ-tKm-a-Xn-sb-bm-Wv.- hn-Jym-X- Nn-¥-I-≥ \-S-cm-P-Kp-cp-hn-s‚-]n-Xm-hv- tUm.-]¬-]p-hm-Wv.- a-e-_m-dn-se- ]-ap-J- tIm- -K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- tIm-gn-∏p-d-Øv- am-[-h-ta-t\m-s‚- `m-cy-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F.-hn.-Ip- n-am-fp- A-Ω.- A-Ωp- kzm-an-\m-Y-≥,- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an,- kp- m-jn-Wn- A-en- Xp-S-ßn- \n-c-h-[n- ]-ap-J-sc-C-¥y-°v- kw- m-h-\- sN-bv-X- B-\-°-c- h-S-°-Øv- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se- Aw-K-am-W-h¿.- h-b-em¿- Ãm-en-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏- - kn.-sI.-Ip-am-c-∏-Wn-°-cp-sS- A-\-¥-c-h-fm-bn-cp-∂p- F.-sI.-Pn.-bp-sS- `m-cy- kp-io-em- tKm-]m-e-≥.- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m- -≥ ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-X- tXm- -bv-°m- v- am-[-hn-b-Ω- sIm-®n-\n-b-a-k- -bn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Abmfpw Rm\pw XΩn¬.....c≠v \thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-≥am-sc- X-Ωn¬- _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- Nn-e- c-N-\-I-fp-≠v.- N- -ºn- kzm-an-I-fp-sS- hn-tbm-K-Øn¬-A-\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm-≠v- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- I-dp-∏-≥ c-Nn-®-Xm-Wv- k-am-[n- k-¶¬-]w.- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- X-s‚- \-h-a-Rv-P-cn- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- N- -ºn- kzm-an-Iƒ-°m-Wv.- _-“m-\-µ- in-h-tbm-Kn-I-fp-sS- tam-£-]-Zo-]-Øn-\v- N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS-

a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv- tam-£-]-Zo-]- J-Wv-U-\w.- hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-≥X-s‚- Kp-cp-hn-t\m-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-kq-N-I-am-bn- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\v- in-h-tbm-Kn-hn-em-kw- F-∂p- t]-cn-´p- (A-`n-]m-b-`n-∂-X- Im-c-Ww- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Kp-cp-hp-am-bn- A-I-∂-t∏mƒ-t]-cv- in-h-tbm-K-hn-em-kw- F-∂p- am-‰n-).- F-kv-F-≥Un-]n-tbm-Kw- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- tUm.-]¬-]p-hn-\v- am¿-K-\n¿-t±-iw- \¬-In-b- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-t\m-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-kq-N-I-am-bn-´m-Wv- ap-J-]-X-am-b- hn-th-tIm-Z-b-Øn-\v- B- t]-cn-´-Xv.- F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-Øn¬- A-\p-tim--Nn-®p-sIm≠v Ipam-c-\m-im≥ cNn-®-XmWv ]tcm-Z-\w.

ho≠pw Nne ho´p-Im-cy-ßƒ......sIm√q¿-a-T-Øn¬- N- -ºn-kzm-an-I-fpw- h-b¬-hm-cw- ho- n¬- \m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- kzm-an-I-fpw- q-Pm-X-cm-bn.- G-ew-Ip-fw- a-\-bn-em-Wv- C.-Fw.-F-kn-s‚- P-\-\w.- Iq-Sn-√m- ho-Sv- F-∂-Xv- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- P-∑-tK-l-am-Wv.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- I-dp-∏-≥ ho-Sn-\v- \¬-In-b- t]-cm-Wv- km-ln-Xy-Ip-So-cw.- a-g-Øq¿- sh-≈n-Øn-cp-Øn-a-\-bn-bn-em-Wv- hn.-Sn-bp-sS- P-\-\w.- ]-d-hq¿- X-d-hm- n-em-Wv-]n.-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- P-\n-®-Xv.- A-—-s‚- kv-am-c-I-am-bn- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ tIm-gn-t°m- v- ]-Wn-X-Xm-Wv- ]m-d-≥ lmƒ.- s\-Sp-

tßm- v- ho- n-em-Wv- ]¬-]p- P-\n-®-Xv.- \o-Xn-bp-sS- Im-h-em-fm-bn- \n-e-sIm-≈p-I-bpw- P-\-ß-sf- kv-]¿-in-°p-∂- \n-c-h-[n-hn-[n-\ym-b-ß-fn¬- Xp-eyw- Nm¿-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- P-Ãn-kv-(dn- .-)- hn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-ø¿- ho-Sn-\n- - t]-cm-Wv- k-Zv-K--a-b.

H∂mWv \Ωƒ....Dujv-a-f-am-b- ku-lr-Z-hpw- ]-c-kv-]-c-_-lp-am-\w- ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂- hy-‡n-_-‘-hpw- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I¿-°n-S-bn¬-Im-Wm-≥ km-[n-°pw.- 1910˛¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-°m¿-kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- ]-Xw- I-≠p-sI-´p-I-bpw- ]-Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂- sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈-sb- \m-Sp-I-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]-kv- a-S-°n-°n-´p-∂-Xn-\v- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s\- k-ao-]n-°m-≥ ]-X-ap-S-a-bm-b- h-°w- au-e-hn-sb- ]-e-cpw- D-]-tZ-in-®p.-F-∂m¬,- X-s‚- ]n-b-s∏-´- ]-Xm-[n-]-sc- Iq-Sm-sX- X-\n-°v-]-X-Øn-s‚-bpw- ]-kn-s‚-bpw- B-h-iy-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- au-e-hn-bp-sS- \n-e-]m-Sv.- ]-X-ap-S-a-bpw- ]-Xm-[n-]-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-‘-Øn-s‚- kv-t\-tlm-jv-a-f-X-bv-°v- C-Xn-s\-°mƒ-D-Zm-Ø- am-Xr-I- tI-c-f- N-cn-X-Øn¬- th-sd-bn-√.- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-´- Im-ew-ap-X¬- Po-hn-Xm-h-km-\w-h-sc- Km-V-ku-lr-Zw-Im-Øp-kq-£n-®- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-cm-Wv- N-´-ºn- kzm-an-I-fpw- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hpw.- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- ]-Xm-[n-]-ÿm-\w- h-ln-®- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°-fm-Wv- sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m-\pw- sI.-tI-f-∏-\pw.- tUm.-]¬-]p,- Ip-am-

c-\m-im-≥,- kn.-hn.-Ip-™p-cm-a-≥,- Sn.-sI.-am-[-h-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°mƒ- F-kv-F-≥Un-]n- tbm-K-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏- v- ]-h¿-Øn-®-h-cm-Wv.- ssh-Ip-Wv-T-kzm-an-I-fp-sS- ]-e- B-i-b-ß-fpw- am-Xr-I-I-fpw- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p- F-∂p- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.-s]m-Xp-]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-Øv- tXm-tfm-Sv-tXmƒ- tN¿-∂v- ]-h¿-Øn-®-h-cm-Wv- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\pw- B¿.-i-¶-dpw.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- tZ-h-kzw- t_m¿-Un-s‚- km-c-Yn-Iƒ- F-∂- \n-e-bn-epw- ln-µp-a-lm-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚- t\-Xm-°-≥am¿- F-∂-\n-e-bn-epw- a-∂-i-¶-c-≥am-sc- H-cp-an-®m-Wv- tI-c-fw- I-≠-Xv.- a-∂w- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- \-bn-°p-tºmƒ- tI-c-f- ]-tZ-iv-tIm-¨-K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-[y-£-]-Z-Øn¬- i-¶-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- tI-c-f- L-S-I-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-t\-Xm-°-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-∂- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°-fm-Wv- ]n.-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈-bpw- C.-Fw.-F-kpw.- F-≥F-kv-F-kn-s‚- ]m-cw-`- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-epw- k-l-I-cn-®p- ]-h¿-Øn-®-h-cm-Wv- a-∂-hpw- sI.-tI-f-∏-\pw.- hn-th-tIm-Z-b-Øn-s‚- ]-Xm-[n-]-ÿm-\-Øv- k-l-I-cn-®-h-cm-Wv- Fw.-tKm-hn-µ-\pw- I-pam-c-\m-im-\pw.

PmY-Ifpw t\Xm-°≥amcpwssh°w kXym-K-l-Im-eØv alm-flm-Km-‘n-bmWv kh¿W-PmY kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m-≥\n¿-t±-in-®-Xv.- c-≠p- Pm-Y-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°-s∏- p.- ssh-°-Øp-\n-∂v- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°p-≈- Pm-Y-bv-°v- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\pw- \m-K¿-tIm-hn-en¬-\n-∂v- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°p-≈-Xn-\v- tUm.-Fw.-C.-\m-bn-Up-hp-am-Wv- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- (1925).- ssh-°w- k-Xym-K-l-Im-e-Øv- 23000 k-h¿-W- ln-µp-°ƒ- H-∏n- - `o-a-l¿-Pn- do-P-‚ v- a-lm-dm-Wn- tk-Xp-e-£v-an- `m-bn-°v- \¬-In-b- \n-th-Z-I- kw-L-sØ- \-bn-®-Xv- N-ß-\m-t»-cn- ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-tI-c-f-Øn-se- D-∏p-\n-b-a- ew-L-\-ßƒ-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- sI.- tI-f-∏-\m-bn-cp-∂p- tIm-gn-t°m- p-\n-∂v- 1930 G-]n¬- 13 -\v- ]-ø-∂q-cn-te-°v- Xn-cn-®- D-∏p- k-Xym-K-l- Pm-Y- \-bn-®-Xv.- G-]n¬- 21 -\v- ]-ø-∂q-cn-se-Øn-b- tI-f-∏-\pw- kw-L-Øn-\pw- Kw- o-c- kzo-I-c-W-am-Wp-e- n-®-Xv.- ]m-e-°m- p-\n-∂p-≈- a-s‰m-cp- Pm-Y-bv-

°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- Sn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-kzm-an- A-ø-cm-Wv.-Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-\v- ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-bn- ]-ø-∂q-cn¬-\n-∂v- Kp-cp-hm-bq-cn-te-°v- Im¬-\-S-bm-bn- bm-X-Xn-cn-®- thm-f-≠n-b¿- kw-L-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- Sn.-kp-_-a-Wy-≥ Xn-cp-ap-ºv- B-Wv.- hn.-Sn.- - -Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- 1931˛¬- bm-N-\m- bm-X-bpw- 1965˛¬- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- Pm-Y-bpw- \-bn-®p.-1936˛¬- ]- n-Wn-Pm-Y- \-bn-®-Xv- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-≥.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- D-Ø-c-hm-Z- -c-W- ]-t£m- -Im-e-Øv- cm-P-[m-\n-am¿-®v- \-bn-®-Xv- (1938)- A-°m-Ω- sN-dn-bm-\m-Wv.- D-Ø-c-hm-Z- -c-W- ]-t£m- -Øn-\v- A-\p- m-hw- ]-I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- tIm-gn-t°m- p-\n-∂v- ]p-d-s∏- - a-e-_m¿- Pm-Y- \-bn-®-Xv- F.-sI.-Pn.-bm-Wv- (1938).- Pm-Y-sb- B-ep-h-bn¬- X-S-™v- t\-Xm-°-sf- A-d-Ãv- sN-bv-Xv- B-e-∏p-g- P-bn-en-e-S-®p.- a-[p-c-bn¬-\n-∂v- in-h-cm-P-]m-Wv-Uy-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ]p-d-s∏- v- sN-t¶m- -h-gn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- ]-th-in-®- Pm-Y-sb- A-hn-sS-h-®v- s]m-eo-kv- A-d-Ãp- sN-bv-Xp.- in-h-cm-P- ]m-Wv-Uy-≥ s]m-eo-kv- a¿-Z-\-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- tem-°-∏n¬- a-c-W-a-S-™p.- sX-°-≥ I¿-Wm-S-I-Pm-Y-bv-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- K-W-]-Xn-I-Ω-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. sIm-®n-≥ Pm-Y-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xzw- sI.-sI.-hm-cy¿-°m-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv- (1959)- A-¶-am-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- B-cw- n-®- Po-h-in-Jm- Pm-Y-bv-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw-\¬-In-b-Xv- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m- -\m-bn-cp-∂p

(A-SpØ e°-Øn¬: ]pkvXIw amdn-t∏m-I-cp-Xv).

- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, N-´-ºn- kzm-an-Iƒ,-- \o-e-I-Wv-T-Xo¿-Y-]m-Z¿

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 19

1. Z£n-Wm-^n-°,- \-ao-_n-b- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-b- \-Zn-bm-Wv-Hm-d-©v.- ssN-\-˛-d-jy- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-b- \-Zn-bm-Wv- A-ap¿.-

2.- -Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-te-°v- B-I¿-jn-°m-≥i-an-®- _m-cn-Ã-dm-Wv- U-ªyp.- t_-°¿.-Km-‘n-Pn-sb- C-…mw-a-X-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w-sN-øm-≥ i-an-®-h-cn¬- ]-ap-J-≥ Zm-Zm- A-_v-Zp-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

3.- -Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬-h-®v- P-\-d¬- kv-a-Sv-kp-am-bn- Km-‘n-Pn- D-S-º-Sn-bn-te¿-s∏--Xn-\m¬- A-t±-l-sØ- B-I-an-®- C-¥y-

≥ Xo-h-hm-Zn-bm-Wv- an¿- B-ew- Jm-≥.-X-ø-_v- lm-Pn- Jm-s‚- k-lm-b-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ]n-t´m-dn-b-bn¬- A-hn-Sp-sØ- C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- tbm-Kw- hn-fn-®p-tN¿-Ø-Xv.-

4.- -Z-sse-em-a- Sn-_-‰n¬-\n-∂v- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- ]-em-b-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- 1959˛¬.- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- e-'n-®-Xv- 1989˛¬.-

5.- -Z-Wv-Un-bm-X-bn¬- k-∂-≤-`-S-≥am¿-°v-B-th-iw- ]-I¿-∂- c-Lp-]-Xn- cm-L-h-cm-Pm-dmw- F-∂- Km-\-Øn-\p- kw-Ko-Xw-]-I¿-∂-Xv- hn-jv-Wp- Zn-Kw-_¿- ]-ep-kv-Im¿- B-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS-C-jv-S- ]m¿-Y-\m-Km-\-am-b- ssh-jv-W-h-P-\-tXm- c-Nn-®-Xv- Kp-P-dm-Øn- I-hn- \¿-kn- ta-Ø-bm-Wv.-

6.- -1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\v- C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- C-S-°m-e- a-¥n-k-`-bp-sS- Aw-K-_-ew- 12 B-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- ap-…nw- eo-Kv- a-¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cm-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn- 1946H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 15˛-\v- a-¥n-k-`- ]p-\-:-kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-tXm-sS- Aw-K-_-ew- 14 B-bn.-kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bn-se- ]-Y-a- Iym-_n-\-‰n-s‚- Aw-K-_-ew- 15 B-bn-cp-∂p.-

7.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- C-…m-an-I- cm-jv-Sw- I-k-Jv-ÿm-\m-Wv.- ap-…nw- P-\-kw-Jy- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-C-t¥m-\n-jy-bn-em-Wv.-

8.- -1881˛¬- ss^-km-_m-Zn¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- Hu-[v- sIm-ta-gv-ky¬- _m-¶m-Wv- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- C-¥y-≥ aq-e-[-\-Øn¬- B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- _m-¶v.- C-Xn-s‚- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- 1958˛¬- \n-e-®p.- ]q¿-W-am-bpw-C-¥y-≥ aq-e-[-\-Øn¬- B-cw- n-®-Xpw- C-t∏m-gpw- Xp-S-cp-∂-Xp-am-b- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- _m-¶m-Wv- ]-©m-_v- \m-j-W¬- _m-¶v.- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-bm-b- em-em- e-Pv -]-Xv - dm-bn-bm-Wv -1894˛¬- _m-¶v- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-

9.- -Xm-gv-∂- ip-Xn-bp-≈- i-_v-Z- X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS- Iq-´-am-Wv- _m-kv.- D-b¿-∂- ip-Xn-bp-≈- i-_v-Z- X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS- Iq-´-am-Wv-sS-_nƒ.-

10.- -sh-¶n-tS-iz-c- t£-Xw- Xn-cp-∏-Xn- (hn-jv-Wp-t£-Xw-)-bn-em-Wv.- a-√n-Im¿-Pp-\-t£-Xw- \-√-a-sse-bn-se- io-ssi-ew-F-∂- ÿ-e-Øm-Wv.-

11.- -io- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-l- t£-Xw- knw-lm-N-e-Øn-epw- io- ko-Xm- cm-a- t£-Xw- `-Zm-N-e-Øn-ep-am-Wv.-

12.- -sX-t°- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-ÿm-\w- F-∂- ]-Z-hn- sX-e-¶m-\- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-tØm-sS- B-‘m-]-tZ-in-\v- \-jv-S-am-bn.- C-t∏mƒ- I¿-Wm-S-I-bm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- sX-t°- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- (C-¥y-bn¬- G-gmw- ÿm-\w-).-

13.- -ap-ºv- G-gv- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv- Kp-h-l-Øn- ssl-t°m-S-Xn.- C-

t∏mƒ- Kp-h-l-Øn- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS-Io-gn¬- \m-ev- (B- mw,- A-cp-Wm-N¬-]-tZ-iv,- \m-Km-em-≥Uv,- an-skm-dw-)- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.-

14.- -_w-Km-fn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s]-Sp-Øn- _o-lm¿-B-≥Uv- H-do-k- ]-hn-iy- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv- 1912˛-em-Wv.- H-do-k-sb- ]-tXy-I- ]-hn-iy-bm-°n-b-Xv- 1935˛-em-Wv.-

15.- -]m-S-eo-]p-X-Øn-s‚- hn-[m-Xm-hm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv- A-Pm-X-i-Xp-hn-s\-bm-Wv.- B-[p-\n-I- ]m-‰v-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sm-hv-tj¿-jm- B-Wv.-

16.- -Nn-X-tIm- v- sh-≈-®m- w- O-Øn-kv-K-Vn-em-Wv.- Nn-X-Iq-Sv- Pn-√- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-in-em-Wv.-

17.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-e-am-Wv- P-Ωp-I-iv-ao-cn-se- e-Um-°v.- 2014˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´¿-am-cp-≈- a-Wv-U-ew- sX-e-¶m-\-bn-se- a¬-°-Pv-Kn-cn- B-Wv.-

18.- -hr-µm-h-≥ Km¿-U-≥kv- I¿-Wm-I-S-Øn-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- io-Ir-jv-W-≥ _m-ey-Im-ew- sN-e-h-gn-®p- F-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- hr-µm-h-\w- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-em-Wv.- io-Ir-jv-W-≥ P-\n-®-Xv- a-Yp-c-bn-em-Wv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- bm-Z-h- cm-Pm-hm-b-Xv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- Zzm-c-I-bn-em-Wv.-

19.- -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se- Cw-•n-jv- B-≥Uv-t^m-dn-≥ emw-tKz-P-kv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- (C-^v-fp-)- ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv- sk-≥S¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- t^m-dn-≥ emw-tKz-P-kv.-

20.- -_n- o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-[y- m-K-Øm-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se- \m-Kv-]q¿.- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-[y- m-K-Øp-≈- \-K-cw- P-_¬-]q-cm-Wv.-

21.- -a-[y-]-tZ-in-se- Kzm-fn-tbm-dn¬- e-£v-an-`m-bn- tIm-tf-Pv- Hm-^v- ^n-kn-°¬- F-Pyp-t°-j-≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬- 1957˛¬- B-cw`n-®- ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚- t]-cv- 1973˛¬-e-£v-an`m-bn- \m-j-W¬- tIm-tf-Pv- Hm-^v- n-kn-°¬- F-Pyp-t°-j-≥ F-∂v- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®p.- 1995˛¬- A-Xn-s\- e-£v-an-`m-bn- \m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq- v- Hm- v- n-kn-°¬- F-Pyp-t°-j-≥ F-∂v- ]p-\¿-\m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xp.- 2000˛¬- Cu- ÿm-]-\-sØ- e-£v-an-`m-bn- \m-j-W¬- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- Hm-^v- n-kn-°¬- F-Pyp-t°-j-≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬- an-\n-kv-Sn- Hm-^v- bq-Øv- A-^-tb-gv-kv- B-≥Uv- kv-t]m-gv-kn-\p-Io-gn-ep-≈- Uow-Uv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bm-°n.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- e-£v-an-`m-bn- \m-j-W¬- tIm-tf-Pv- Hm-^v- n-kn-°¬- F-Pyp-t°-j-≥ Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- Im-cy-h-´-Øm-Wv.-

22.- -ap-∏-Øn-tb-gmw- h-b- n¬- an-skm-dw- K-h¿-W-dm-b- kz-cm-Pv- Iu-i¬- B-Wv- C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- ]m-b-Øn¬-K-h¿-W-dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv- (1990).- C-t±-l-Øn-s‚- `m-cy-bm-b- kp-j-a- kz-cm-Pv- B-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- ]m-b-Øn¬-(25)- C-¥y-bn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- a-¥n-bm-b-Xv- (1977).- C-¥y-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b- G-‰-hpw- ]m-bw- Ip-d-™-hy-‡n-bm-Wv- Fw.-H.-l- -≥ ^-dq-Jv- a-c-°m¿.- 1937˛¬- P-\n-®- C-t±-lw- 1967˛¬-ap-∏-Xmw- h-b- n¬- tI-µ-`-c-W-]-tZ-i-am-b- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn.-

23.- -C-¥y-bn-se- In-kv-Xy-≥ `q-cn-]-£- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fm-Wv- ta-Lm-e-b,- an-skm-dw,-\m-em-em-≥Uv- F-∂n-h.- ap-…n-ßƒ-°v- q-cn-]-£-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- P-Ωp-I-iv-ao-cpw-tI-µ-`-c-W- ]-tZ-iw- e-£-Zzo-]p-am-Wv-

24.- I-dp-Ø- ]-tKm-U- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-

sIm-Wm¿-°n-se- kq-cy-t£-X-am-Wv.- bq-tdm-]y-≥ \m-hn-I-cm-Wv- Cu- t]-cv- \¬-In-b-Xv.- I-enw-K- B¿-°n-sS-Iv-N¿- ssi-en-bn-em-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- \n¿-am-Ww.- sh-fp-Ø- ]-tKm-U- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- ]p-cn-bn-se- P-K-∂m-Y- t£-X-sØ-bm-Wv.-

25.- -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°v-]-Xn-Im-c-am-bn,- B- \-c-l-Xy-sb- \ym-bo-I-cn-®- A-∂-sØ- ]-©m-_v- K-h¿-W¿-ssa-°¬- H-U-b-dn-s\- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- D-±w-kn-Mv- P-\n-®-Xv-]-©m-_n-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- kv-a-c-Wm¿-Yw- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-ń-´p-≈- D-±w-kn-Mv- \-K¿- D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-em-Wv.-

26.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ ªq-Ãm-dn-s‚- k-a-b-Øv- C-µn-c- Km-‘n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-[m-\-a-¥n.- Hm-∏-td-j-≥ ªm-°v- X-≠-dn-s‚- k-a-b-Øv-cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n.-

27.- -C-µn-c- Km-‘n-sb- h-[n-®-Xv- (1984 H-Iv.-31)- Aw-K-c-£-I-cm-bn-cp-∂- k-Xv-h-¥v- kn-Mpw- _n-bm-¥v- kn-Mp-am-Wv.- C-µn-c- Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn¬- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏- -Xv- (Xn-lm¿- P-bn¬,- 1989 P-\p-h-cn- 6)- k-Xv-h-¥v- kn-Mpw- sI-lm¿- kn-Mp-am-Wv- (_n-bm-¥v- kn-Mv- C-µn-c- Km-‘n-bp-sS- h-[-k-a-b-Øp-X-s∂- sF.-Sn.-_n.-]n.- I-am-≥tUm-I-fp-sS- sh-Sn-tb-‰v- a-cn-®p-).-

28.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- B-W-h-]-co-£-W-Øn-s‚- c-l-ky-\m-a-am-Wv- Hm-∏-td-j-≥ kv-ssa-en-Mv- _p-≤.- C-¥y-≥ hn-tZ-i-Im-cy- h-Ip-∏v- C-Xn-s\- s]m-Jm-≥˛-1 F-∂m-Wv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.- 1998 sa-bv- 11,-13 Xo-b-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv- s]m-Jm-≥˛-2 ]-co-£-Ww- C-¥y- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.-

29.- -C-¥y- H-∂m-a-sØ- A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w-(1974)- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bpw-c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ- (1998)- hm-Pv-t]-bn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-am¿.-

30.- -Pp-\-K-Vv- F-∂- ÿ-ew- Kp-P-dm-Øn-epw-Pp-\-K-Vv-tIm-´- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se- _n-°m-\n-dn-ep-am-Wv.-

31.- -]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- cm-P--ÿm-\pw- B-Zy- sX-t°- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- B-‘m-]-tZ-ip-am-Wv- (1959).-F-∂m¬,- 73˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]n-≥_-ew- e-`n-®-ti-jw-(1992)- ]-©m-b-Øv- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w- a-[y-]-tZ-im-Wv.-

32.- -X-an-gv-\m-ń¬- Hm-^v-sk-‰v- A-®-Sn-°p- ]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-ew- in-h-Im-in-bm-Wv.-kn¬-°p- hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p- ]-kn-≤-am-b- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- ÿ-e-am-Wv- Im-©o-]p-cw.-

33.- -`m-c-Xo-bm¿- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- tIm-b-º-Øq-cpw- `m-c-Xn-Zm-k-≥ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- Xn-cp-®n-d-∏-≈n-bp-am-Wv.-

34.- -hm-K- - Sm-P-Un-bn¬- X-S-hp-Im¿- a-c-W-a-S-™p- F-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xv- t]m-Ø-∂q¿- tÃ-j-\n¬- h-®m-Wv.- ]-cn-t°-‰-h-sc- ]-th-in-∏n-®-Xv- tIm-b-º-Øq¿-B-ip-]-Xn-bn-em-Wv.-

35.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- sa-bn-≥em-≥Un¬- G-‰-hpw-sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- C-¥y-≥bq-Wn-b-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ-tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m-dm-Wv.-

36.- -\o-e-Kn-cn-°p-∂p-I-fn-em-Wv- Du-ń.- ]-f-\n-a-e-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv- sIm-ssU-°-\m¬.- c-≠pw- ]-›n-a- L-´-Øn-em-Wv.- ]q¿-h-L-

-Øn-se- sj-h-tdm-bv- a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬- ¬-ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kp-J-hm-k-tI-\v-Z-am-Wv- sb-dp-Im-Sv.-

37.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- kw-ÿm-\w- X-an-gv-\m-Sm-sW-¶n-epw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- -c-W-L-S-Iw- tI-\v-Z- -c-W-]-tZ-i-am-b- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m-dm-Wv.-

38.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚-1907˛-se- kq-d-Øv- (Kp-P-dm-Øv-)- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- an-X-tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-sf-∂pw- Xo-h-tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-sf-∂pw- c-≠m-bn- ]n-f¿-∂n-cp-∂p.- C-h¿- ho-≠pw- H-cp-an-®-Xv- 1916 -se- e-Iv-\u- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv.-

39.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ln-µp-°ƒ- F-Æ-Øn¬- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-ipw-i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-ln-am-N¬- ]-tZ-i- -am-Wv.-

40.- -t\m¿-Øv- sk-≥S¬- sd-bn¬-th- tkm-Wn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- A-e-l- -_m-Zpw-t\m¿-Øv- Cu-tÃ-¨- sd-bn¬-th- tkm-Wn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- tKm-c-Jv-]q-cp-am-Wv.-

41.- -]-Sv-\- hn-lm¿- ]-£n- k-t¶-Xw- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-in-se- C-´m- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.- ]-Sv-\-\-K-cw- _o-lm-dn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv.-

42.- -A-e-l-_m-Zv- \-K-cw- D-Ø¿-]- -tZ-in¬-B-sW-¶n-epw- A-e-l-_m-Zv- _m-¶v- B-ÿm-\w- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-

43.- -F-h-d-Ãpw- Im-©-≥Pw-K-bpw- H-cp-an-®p-Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- ÿ-e-am-Wv- Um¿-Pn-en-Mn-se- ssS-K¿- ln¬.- F-∂m¬,- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn-se- Im¿-Kn¬- Pn-√- -bn-epw-ssS-K¿- ln¬- A-Y-hm- t]m-bn-‚ v- 4660F-∂- H-cp- ÿ-e-ap-≠v.- 1999˛-se- Im¿-Kn¬- bp-≤-k-a-b-Øv- H-cp- X-¥-]-[m-\-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- ssS-K¿- ln¬-

44.- -tZ-io-b- X-e-ÿm-\- ]-tZ-i-am-b- sU¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-ßƒ-G-gpw- cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ßƒ- aq-∂p-am-Wv.-

45.- -Z-Z- \-K¿- l-th-en- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚-`m-K-am-b- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1961.- F-∂m¬,-tKm-h,- Zm-a-≥,- Zn-bp- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- ta¬-C-¥y-°p-≈- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- t]m¿-®p-K¬-Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv- 1971˛-em-Wv.-

46.- -C-¥y-bn¬- kw-ÿm-\- ap-Jy-a-¥n-am-sc-\n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv- K-h¿-W-dm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,-tI-µ- -c-W-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-b- U¬-ln-bn-epw-]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn-epw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-am-sc- e- v-‰-\-‚ v- K-h¿-W-dp-sS- D-]-tZ-i- ]-Im-cw- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-Wv- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.-

47.- -U¬-ln-bn-se- sN-t¶m-´-bp-sS- ]-th-i-\- I-hm-S-am-Wv- em-tlm¿- tK-‰v.- U¬-ln-bn-se- X-s∂- jm-P-lm-\m-_m-Zv- F-∂-ap-Kƒ- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- I-hm-S-am-Wv- Im-iv-ao-cn- tK-‰v.-

48.- -thm-´¿-am-cp-sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™-tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew- e-£-Zzo-]pwhn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™-Xv- U¬-ln-bn-se-Nm-µv-\n- Nu-°p-am-Wv.-

49.- -2011˛-se- sk-≥k-kv- ]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn¬- ]p-cp-j-≥am-tc-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬- kv-Xo-I-fp-≈- G-I- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-hpw-G-I- tI-µ-`-c-W- ]-tZ-iw- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bp-am-Wv.-

50.- -tUm.-F.-kn.- Zm-kn-s‚- A- n-]m-b-Øn¬-k-]v-X- kn-‘p- ]-tZ-i-am-Wv- B-cy-≥am-cp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw.- B-cy-≥am-cp-sS- B-Zn-a-\m-Sv- ]-›n-a- ssk-_o-cn-b- F-∂v- A-'n-]m-b-s∏-´-Xv- tam¿-K-≥ B-Wv.-

51.- -Kw-Km-\m-Yv- Pm- A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- B-cy-≥am-cp-sS- kz-tZ-iw- _-“¿-jn- tZ-iw-F-∂m-Wv.- a-[y-tZ-iw- A-Y-hm- B-[p-\n-I- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-im-Wv- B-cy-≥am-cp-sS- kz-¥w- \m-Sv - F-∂-v - A-`n-]m-b-s∏-´-Xv -cmPv_en ]mWvsU BWv.

Confusing Facts

20 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

1. "A-Sp-°-f-bn¬-\n-∂v A-c-ß-tØ-°v' c-Nn-®-Xm-cv?(F) hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv(_n) e-fn-Xmw-_n-I A-¥¿-P-\w(kn) eo-em-Zm-tam-Z-c-ta-t\m≥ (Un) X-I-gn

2. hn-b-∂ G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv?(F) thmƒ-K (_n) ss\¬(kn) Um-\yq-_v (Un)ssXw-kv

3. I¬-°-Ø \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv:(F) ^m≥-kn-kv tU (_n) ^m≥-kn-kv am¿-´n≥(kn) F-Uzn≥ ep-Sy≥-kv (Un) tPm-_v Nm¿-t\m-Iv

4. Jn¬-Pn hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv?(F) A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn(_n) P-em-ep-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn(kn) _m¬-_≥ (Un) sj¿-jm

5. 1938 ¬ C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-K-kv kw-L-Sn-∏n-®\m-j-W¬ πm-\n-Mv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn B-sc-bm-Wv Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv?(F) kp-_m-jv N-µ-t_m-kv (_n) ]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-a-ø(kn) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-lp (Un) k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬

6. Po≥-hm¬-Po≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv?(F) hn-Iv-S¿ bp-tKm (_n) tXm-a-kv lm¿-Un(kn) tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ (Un) A-K-Xm In-Ãn

7. "sk¿-h‚ v-kv Hm- v C-¥y skm-ssk-‰n-' ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv?(F) Pn.Pn.A-Km¿-°¿(_n) Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿-Jm≥(kn)_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿(Un) tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se

8. "a-\p-jy≥ kz-X-¥-\m-bn P-\n-°p-∂p, ]-t£ F-√m-bn-S-Øpw A-h≥ N-ß-e-I-fn-em-Wv-' C-Xp ]-d-™-Xm-cv?(F) Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv (_n) a-lm-flm-Km-‘n(kn) hn≥-Ã¨ N¿-®n¬ (Un) dq-t m

9. "Zn em-Ãv P-Uv-Pv-sa‚ v-' F-∂ Nn-Xw h-c-®-Xm-cv?(F) en-tbm-Wm¿-tUm Um-hn-©n (_n) hm≥-tKm-Kv

(kn) ssa-°-em-©-tem (Un) ]n-°m-tkm10. sÃ-bn≥-se- v Ão¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv?

(F) Hm-∏≥-lo-a¿ (_n) lm-cn _-b¿-en(kn) sl≥-dn s_-kn-a¿ (Un) Nmƒ-kv am¿- n≥ lmƒ

11. C-¥y≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i im-kv-X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) cm-Pm cm-a-Æ (_n) hn-Iw km-cm-`m-bn(kn) tlm-an `m-` (Un) ta-L-\m-Yv km-l

12. k-a-b-Øn-s‚ F-kv.sF.bq-Wn-‰v:(F) sk-°‚ v (_n) a-Wn-°q¿(kn) \m-gn-I (Un) an-\n-´v

13. "ko-kv-tam-f-Pn-' F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-X-im-J-bm-Wv?(F) `q-N-e-\w (_n) P-\-kw-Jy(kn) ]-cn-ÿn-Xn (Un) \-Zn-Iƒ

14. "au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ-' F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-sØ`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv C-¥y kzo-I-cn-®-Xv?(F) bp.F-kv.F. (_n) Cw-•-≠v (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) A-b¿-e≥-Uv

15. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-am-Wv Xr-»q-cn¬ A-√m-Ø-Xv?(F) tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an (_n) tI-c-f ]-kvA-°m-Z-an(kn) tI-c-f kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I A-°m-Z-an(Un) tI-c-f e-fn-X-I-em A-°m-Z-an

Practice Questions16. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ ]-kn-U‚ v:

(F) k-Rv-Po-h sd-Uv-Un (_n) k-°o¿ lp-ssk≥(kn) cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zv (Un) cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥

17. B-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-sf-bm-Wv "d-jy≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ I-Æm-Sn-' F-∂v se-\n≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv?

(F) Imƒ am¿-Iv-kv (_n) en-tbm tSmƒ-tÃm-bn(kn) B-t‚m¨ sN-t°m-hv (Un) am-Iv-knw tKm¿-°n

18. B-Zy-am-bn `q-]-Sw \n¿-an-®p F-∂p I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂ Ko-°p-Im-c≥:(F) tSm-f-an (_n) C-dm-tØm-kv-X-\o-kv(kn) A-\m-Iv-kn-am≥-U¿ (Un) tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv

19. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ Ir-Xn-tam-]-K-lw G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv hn-t£-]n-®-Xv?(F) 1958 (_n) 1961(kn) 1960 (Un) 1957

20. "c-‡-km-£n-Zn-\-'am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv:(F) P-\-h-cn 31 (_n) P-\-h-cn 12(kn) P-\-h-cn 30 (Un) P-\-h-cn 15

21. P-∏m-\n¬ A-Wp-t_mw-_n-´-t∏mƒ A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-kn-U‚m-bn-cp-∂-Xv:(F) ^m-¶v-fn≥ Un.dq-kv-sh¬-‰v (_n) sF-k-t\m-h¿ (kn) dn-®m¿-Uv \n-Iv-k¨ (Un) lm-cn F-kv.Sq-am≥

22. B-Zy-sØ B-[p-\n-I H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv \-S-∂ h¿-jw :(F) 1886 (_n) 1900(kn) 1896 (Un) 1904

23. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ N-cn-Xm-Jym-bn-I :(F) [¿-a-cm-P (_n) C-µp-te-J(kn) am¿-Øm-Wvv-U-h¿-a (Un) `q-X-cm-b¿

24. "B-eo-kv C≥ h-≠¿-em≥-Uv-' c-Nn-®-Xm-cv?(F) tSmƒ-tÃm-bn (_n) Um-\n-tb¬ Uo-t^m(kn) eq-bn ^n-j¿ (Un) eq-bn I-tcmƒ

25. tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv G-Xp-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p?(F) C-‰-en (_n) t]m-f-≠v(kn) kv-s]-bn≥ (Un) t]m¿-®p-K¬

26. "^p-Uv B‚ v A-Kn-Iƒ-®¿ Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-s‚-' B-ÿm-\w:(F) tdmw (_n) P-\o-h(kn) hm-jn-Mv-S¨ (Un) \yq-tbm¿-°v

27. C-¥y-bn¬ sd-bn¬-th \-S-∏m-°n-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬:(F) I-gv-k¨ ]-`p (_n) U-^-dn≥ ]-`p(kn) hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv ]-`p (Un) U¬-lu-kn ]-`p

28. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-Xp-Pn-√-bv-°m-Wv tX-bn-e D-ev-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ H-∂mw-ÿm-\w?(F) h-b-\m-Sv (_n) sIm-√w(kn) Im-k-d-tKm-Uv (Un) C-Sp-°n

29. "sIm-´m-c-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) sIm¬-°-Ø (_n) `p-h-t\-iz¿(kn) B-‘ (Un) tPm-[v-]q¿

30. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ "Iq-´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw' F-∂ B-i-bw F-hn-sS \n-∂m-Wv kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?(F) A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ (_n) Im-\-U(kn) P¿-a-\n (Un) _n-´¨

31. "Im-a-cq-]w-' C-t∏mƒ F-¥p-t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p?(F) A-kw (_n) H-do-k(kn) _w-Kmƒ (Un) l-cn-bm-W

32. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b C-S-\m-gn F-hn-sS-

bm-Wv?(F) sN-ss∂ (_n) cm-ta-iz-cw(kn) A-a¿-\m-Yv (Un) F-t√m-d

33. C-¥y≥ \m-hn-I tk-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w:(F) sIm¬-°-Ø (_n) sN-ss∂(kn) hn-im-J-]-´-Ww (Un) \yq-U¬-ln

34. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-jv-So-b \m-S-Iw:(F) A-iz-ta-[w (_n) \n-ß-sf-s∂ I-ayq-Wn-Ãm-°n(kn) Im-´p-Ip-Xn-c (Un) ]m-´-_m-°n

35. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ ]-[m-\-a-¥n:(F) C-µn-cm-Km-‘n(_n) em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-Xn(kn) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-lp (Un) cm-Po-hv Km-‘n

36. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ-‰v tIm¨-K-kv cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-bh¿-jw:(F) 1932 (_n) 1936(kn) 1925 (Un) 1938

37. H-cp tKm-kn¬ F-X U-k≥ A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v?(F) 20 (_n) 10(kn) 24 (Un) 12

38. sj- o¬-Uv F-∂ ÿ-ew G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\m-Wp]-kn-≤w?(F) I-Sv-e-dn (_n) sS-Iv-ssÃ¬-kv(kn) I-∏¬ \n¿-am-Ww (Un) se≥-kp-Iƒ

39. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-k- -bp-sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-b-√m-Ø-Xv:(F) kv-]m-\n-jv (_n) A-d-_n-Iv(kn) P¿-a≥ (Un) ^-©v

40. "sl-bv-en \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v' C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-:(F) tIm¿-_-‰v \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v(_n) am-\-kv \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v(kn) N-µ-]-` \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v(Un) Kn-≠n \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v

41. C-¥y≥ A-Wp-i-‡n I-Ωn-j-s‚ ]-Y-a A-[y-£≥:(F) hn-Iw km-cm-`m-bn (_n) tUm.F-®v.sP.`m-`(kn) tUm.cm-Pm cm-a-Æ (Un) tUm.F-®v.F≥.tk-Xv-\

42. C-¥y≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sm-Ø cm-Pyw(F) `q-´m≥ (_n) t\-∏mƒ(kn) aym≥-a¿ (Un) _w-•m-tZ-iv

43. C-¥y≥ k-ap-Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v(F) sk-bv-j¬-kv (_n) io-e-¶(kn) a-U-K-kv-I¿ (Un) P-∏m≥

44. "]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-Iƒ' B-cp-sS k-Z- n-s\-bm-Wv A-e-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv?(F) am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a (_n) am-\-hn-I-a-tZ-h≥(kn) i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ (Un) tIm-e-Øn-cn

45. "ta-cn C-hm≥-kv-' G-Xp-t]-cn-em-Wv ]-kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-®-Xv?

(F) tPm¿-Pv Hm¿-h¬ (_n) tPm¿-Pv G-en-b-‰v(kn) hn¿-Pn-\n-b hqƒ-^v (Un) F-an-en tkm-f

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 21

46. k¿-Km-tkm I-S¬ G-Xp k-ap-Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv?(F) A-Xv-em‚n-Iv (_n) ]-k-^n-Iv(kn) B¿-Sn-Iv (Un) C-¥y≥

47. a-e-_m¿ kn-a‚ v m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p?(F) hm-f-bm¿ (_n) \m-´-Iw(kn) \-√-fw (Un) s]m-∂m-\n

48. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Aw-K-ta-Xv?(F) hym-gw (_n) i-\n(kn) bp-dm-\-kv (Un) kq-cy≥

49. In-°-‰v _m-‰v \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ G-Xp-a-c-Øn-s‚ X-Sn-bm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv?(F) B-™n-en (_n) tX-°v(kn) hn-t√m (Un) Cu-ń

50. A-tlm-cm-Xw Pm-K-ssX-' G-Xn-s‚ B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv?(F) C-¥y≥ t\-hn (_n) C-¥y≥ hm-bp-tk-\(kn) F≥.kn.kn. (Un) sd-Uv tIm-kv

51. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv A-\p-t—-Zw ]-Im-c-am-Wv au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-h-k-c-ß-fn¬H-cn-¥y≥ ]u-c-\v ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb k-ao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xv?(F) 356 (_n) 226(kn) 326 (Un) 123

52. hm-kv-tIm U Km-a-sb B-Zyw kw-kv-I-cn-® sk‚ v^m≥-kn-kv ]-≈n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv?(F) sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ (_n) t^m¿-´v sIm-®n(kn) Im-∏m-Sv (Un) A-©p-sX-ßv

53. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Im-bn-I am-am-¶w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv (_n) tIm-a -sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv(kn) G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv(Un) B-t^m- -G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv

54. "a-e-bm-fw-' G-Xp-`m-jm-tKm-X-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p?(F) C-t¥m-˛-B-cy≥ (_n) kn-t\m-˛-Sn-_-‰≥(kn) Zm-hn-Uw (Un) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√

55. G-Xp tcm-K-am-Wv "ep-°o-an-b-' F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?(F) c-‡m¿-_p-Zw (_n) £-bw(kn) Ip-jvTw (Un) F-bv-Uv-kv

56. "i-Im-cn-' F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv:(F) N-µ-Kp-]v-X≥ c-≠m-a≥ (_n) k-ap-Z-Kp-]v-X≥(kn) Nm-W-Iy≥ (Un) I-\n-jv-I≥

57. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ ]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn F-X-t]-cm-WvtIm¨-Ãn-‰p-h‚ v A-kw-ªn-bn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv?(F) 6 (_n) 7(kn) 9 (Un) 12

58. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-Xm-a-sØ A-\p-t—-Z-am-Wv "kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS H-cp bq-Wn-b-\m-Wv C-¥y-' F-∂p ]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂-Xv?(F) H-∂v (_n) aq-∂v(kn) G-gv (Un) ]-Øv

59. "th-gv-km-bv D-S-º-Sn-' ]-Im-cw A-h-km-\n-® bp-≤-ta-Xv?(F) H-∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w (_n) c-≠mw tem-I-bp-≤w(kn) sIm-dn-b≥ bp-≤w (Un) I-d-∏p-bp-≤w

60. C-¥y-bn¬ [-cm-X-eo-b `q-]-Sw \n¿-an-°p-∂ G-P≥-kn:(F) C-¥y≥ sa-‰n-cn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ h-Ip-∏v(_n) k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y(kn) tZ-io-b hn-Zq-c kw-th-Z-\ G-P≥-kn(Un) Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y

61. C-¥y-bn¬ m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy kw-ÿm-\w:(F) a-Zm-kv (_n) I-iv-ao¿(kn) Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n (Un) B-‘

62. C-¥y-bn¬ -©p-Im-cp-sS km-am-Py-tam-l-ßƒ-°v A-¥yw Ip-dn-® bp-≤-ta-Xv?(F) 1757˛-se πm-kn bp-≤w(_n) 1764˛-se _-Iv-k¿ bp-≤w(kn) 1760˛-se hm-≠n-hm-jv bp-≤w(Un) aq-∂mw ]m-\n-∏-´p bp-≤w(1761)

63. "kq-^n hn-`m-Kw-' G-Xp-a-X-Øn-em-Wv cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv?(F) In-kv-Xp-a-Xw (_n) ln-µp-a-Xw(kn) ]m-gv-kn-a-Xw (Un) C-…mw

64. \n-cm-lm-c-k-a-c-a-\p-jvTn-®v P-bn-en¬ a-c-W-a-S-™ kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bm-Wv:(F) `-K-Xv-kn-Mv (_n) _n-]n≥ N-µ-]m¬(kn) P-Xn≥-Zm-kv (Un) A-Pn-Xv-kn-Mv

65. ap-Kƒ `-c-W-Im-e-sØ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j:(F) t]¿-jy≥ (_n) Xp¿-°n(kn) D¿-Zp (Un) A-d-_n

66. G-Xp ]-In-b-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kq-cy-\n¬ Du¿-Pw D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?

(F) \yq-¢n-b¿ ^yq-j≥ (_n) \yq-¢n-b¿ ^n-j≥(kn) A-b-ssW-tk-j≥ (Un) Hm-Iv-kn-tU-j≥

67. "cm-Pyw \n-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n F-¥p-sN-øpw F-∂-√, cm-Py-Øn-\p-th-≠n \n-ßƒ-°v F-¥p-sN-øm-\m-hpw F-∂m-Wv Nn-¥n-t°-≠-Xv-' C-]-Im-cw ]-d-™ A-ta-cn-°≥]-kn-U‚ v:(F) ^m-¶v-fn≥ Un.dq-kv-sh¬-‰v(_n) F-_-lmw en-¶¨

(kn) tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¨ (Un) tPm¨ F- v. sI-∂-Un68. ⁄m-\-]oT-tP-Xm-hm-b sF.F.F-kv.Hm-ô-k¿:

(F) bp.B¿.A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn (_n) A-Jn-e≥(kn) ko-Xm-Im-¥v a-lm-]m-X (Un) in-h-cm-a-Im-c-¥v

69. Im¿-Kn¬ bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw:(F) 2000 (_n) 1998(kn) 1997 (Un) 1999

70. C-¥y-bn¬ aw-K-tfm-bv-Uv h¿-K-°m¿ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv?(F) ]-©m-_v (_n) I-iv-ao¿(kn) Z-£n-tW-¥y (Un) h-S-°p In-g-°≥ C-¥y

71. C-¥y-bn¬ bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ tIm-´:(F) sIm®nt°m-´ (_n) sk‚ v B-Rv-P-tem tIm-´(kn) A-©p-sX-ßp tIm-´ (Un) X-e-t»-cn-t°m-´

72. "Ip-‰n-°m-Sp-I-fp-sS \m-Sv-' F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈ kw-ÿm-\w:(F) Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv (_n) _o-lm¿(kn) O-Øn-kv-K-Vv (Un) an-skm-dw

73. "hn-kv-sU≥-' F-¥n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® B-[n-Im-cn-I ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-Wv?(F) kn-\n-a (_n) In-°-‰v(kn) Im¿ td-kv (Un) ^p-Sv-t_mƒ

74. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv:(F) cm-a≥ ]n-≈ (_n) \m-cm-b-W-]n-≈(kn) A-ø-∏≥ (Un) i-¶-c≥ ]n-≈

75. A-¥m-cm-jv-S kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv a-’-c-ß-fn¬ G-sX-¶n-epwH-cn-\-Øn-\v hy-‡n-K-X Nm-ºy-\m-b B-Zy C-¥ym-°m-c≥:(F) en-bm-≠¿ ]-b-kv (_n) a-tl-jv `q-]-Xn(kn) hn¬-k¨ tPm¨-kv (Un) Hmw A-K¿-hmƒ

76. C-¥y-bn¬ cm-jv-So-b ]m¿-ń-Iƒ-°v Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv:(F) Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v I-Ωn-j≥ (_n) ]m¿-e-sa‚ v(kn) cm-jv-S-]-Xn (Un) kp-]ow tIm-S-Xn

77. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬`-c-W-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-b ]-tZ-iw:(F) tKm-h (_n) bm-\w(kn) \-K¿ l-th-en (Un) kq-d-‰v

78. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ N-W-an-√p-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w:(F) D-Ø¿ ]-tZ-iv (_n) ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ(kn) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (Un) a-lm-cm-jv-S

79. 1912- ¬ "P-\-K-W-a-\-' F-¥p io¿-j-I-Øn-em-Wv "X-Øz-t_m-[n-\n'bn¬ ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv?(F) ]-`m-X-Ko-Xw (_n) `m-c-Xv hn-[m-X(kn) `m-c-X-Ko-Xw (Un) h-tµ-am-X-cw

80. "Po-h≥ a-im-bn-' F-∂ I-Ym-]m-Xw B-cp-sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv?(F) _-¶nw N-µ Nm-‰¿-Pn(_n) Xm-cm-i-¶¿ _m-\¿-Pn(kn) A-ar-Xm ]o-Xw(Un) hn-`q-Xn `q-j¨ _-tµm-]m-[ym-b

81. F-¥n-s‚ h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv "Nm¿-t°mƒ-?(F) Im¿-_¨ (_n) Hm-Iv-kn-P≥(kn) ssl-U-P≥ (Un) C-cp-ºv

82. In-kv-Xp-a-X-sØ t]m-’m-ln-∏n-® B-Zy N-I-h¿-Øn:(F) tXm-a-kv A-Izn-\-kv (_n) tIm¨-Ã-ss‚≥

(kn) t¢m-hn-kv (Un) A-K-Ãn≥83. hn≥-Ã¨ N¿-®n¬ km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\v A¿-l-\m-

b h¿-jw:(F) 1952 (_n) 1953(kn) 1954 (Un) 1955

84. "Izn-ss\≥-' e-`n-°p-∂-Xv G-Xp k-ky-Øn¬ \n-∂v?(F) B-S-tem-S-Iw (_n) bq-°m-en-]v-‰-kv(kn) ss]≥ (Un) kn-t¶m-W

85. G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv "kn-∂m-_m¿-?(F) a-·o-jyw (_n) sN-ºv(kn) sa¿-°p-dn (Un) C-cp-ºv

86. "ko-tdm-kn-kv-' G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv?(F) a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw (_n) lr-Z-bw(kn) Xz-°v (Un) I-cƒ

87. "_n-Kv s_≥-' t¢m-°v F-hn-sS ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p?(F) e-≠≥ (_n) ]m-co-kv(kn) \yq-tbm¿-°v (Un) s_-bv-Pn-Mv

88. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ cm-Py-X-e-ÿm-\-am-b \-K-c-ta-Xv?(F) P-\o-h (_n) s_¿-en≥(kn) \yq-tbm¿-°v (Un) ^m-¶v-^¿-´v

89. C¥y≥ dn∏ªnIv Zn\ BtLmjØn¬apJymXnYnbmb BZy Atacn°≥ ]knU‚ v?(F) _cmIv H_ma (_n) sFkt\mh¿(kn) PnΩn Im¿´¿ (Un) tPm¿Pv _pjv

90. "ªm-°v j¿- v-kv(I-cn-¶p-∏m-b-°m¿)-' F-∂ kw-L-S-\ ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv?(F) ln-‰v-e¿ (_n) Ãm-en≥(kn) s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n (Un) Km-cn-_mƒ-Un

91. "t_m-Iv-k¿ I-em-]w-' G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv?(F) ssN-\ (_n) Cw-•-≠v(kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) d-jy

92. _-bv¬ en-]n-bn¬ F-X Ip-Øp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-WvB-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xv?(F) 8 (_n) 6(kn) 4 (Un) 7

93. "I-\y-Im-dm-Wn' sb-∂ t]-cn¬ tem-I-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]-kn-≤-bm-b-Xv:(F) H-∂mw F-en-k-_-Øv dm-Wn(_n) c-≠mw F-en-k-_-Øv dm-Wn(kn) ta-cn cm-⁄n (Un) Im-X-dn≥

94. cm-Py-k-`-bn-se Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ Aw-K-ßƒ F-X?(F) 238 (_n) 250(kn) 245 (Un) 233

95. tIcf \nbak`bn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ _P‰vAhXcn∏n®n´p≈Xv:(F) DΩ≥ Nm≠n (_n) kn. ANypXtat\m≥(kn) tXmakv sFkIv (Un) sI.Fw.amWn

96. Um¿-hn-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-a K-th-j-W-ßƒ-°p th-Zn-bm-b Zzo-]v:(F) io-e-¶ (_n) a-U-Km-kv-I¿(kn) Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv (Un) Ko≥-em≥-Uv

97. tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-t´w kv-]o-°¿:(F) A-bn-jm-`m-bn (_n) tdm-k-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv(kn) i-¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ X-ºn (Un) B¿.i-¶¿

98. l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I ]- m-hw Im-c-Ww G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬Nq-S-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂ K-lw:(F) _p-[≥ (_n) `q-an(kn) ip-I≥ (Un) sNm-∆

99. ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-I-\m-bn-cp-∂ F-Uv-a-≠v ln-em-cn G-Xpcm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p?(F) \yq-kn-e≥-Uv (_n) Cw-•-≠v(kn) t\-∏mƒ (Un) Hm-kv-tS-en-b

100.C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xn-te-°p-≈ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏m-Wv tI-µ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v I-Ωn-j-s‚ Np-a-X-e-b-√m-Ø-Xv?(F) tem-Iv-k-` (_n) \n-b-a-k-`(kn) X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\w (Un) cm-Py-k-`

Answers1 (a) 2(c) 3 (d) 4 (b) 5(c) 6(a) 7(d) 8(d) 9(c) 10(b) 11(b) 12(a)13(a) 14(a) 15(b) 16(b) 17(b) 18(c) 19(d) 20(c)2 1 (d) 22(c)23 (c) 24 (d) 25(b)2 6(a) 27(d) 28(d) 29(a) 30(d) 31(a) 32(b)33(d) 34(d) 35(c)36(d)37(d) 38(a) 39(c) 40(a) 41(b) 42 (c) 43(c)44 (b) 45(b) 46(a) 47 (a) 48(d)49(c) 50(a) 51(b) 52(b) 53(a)54(c) 55(a) 56(a) 57(a) 58(a) 59(a) 60(b) 61(d) 62(c) 63(d)64(c)65(a) 66(a) 67(d)68(c) 69(d) 70(d) 71(a) 72(a) 73(b) 74(c)75(c)76(a) 77 (a) 78(b)79(b)80(b) 81(a) 82(b) 83(b) 84(d) 85(c)86(d) 87(a) 88(b) 89(a) 90(c) 91(a) 92(b) 93(a) 94(d) 95(d)96(c) 97(b) 98(c) 99(a) 100(c)

22 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15

tcmK-ßƒ Poh-imkvXw

* tcmKß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- ]-tXm-f-Pn.-*- -F-tUz¿-Uv- P-∂-dm-Wv- tcm-K-]-Xn-tcm-[- im-kv-X-Øn-s‚-

]n-Xm-hv.-*- -tcm-K-an-√m-Ø- H-cm-fn¬- tcm-Km-Wp-hn-s‚-X-s∂- t\¿-∏n-

®- em-b-\n- Ip-Øn-h-®v- tcm-K-]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn- D-≠m-°p-∂- ]-In-b-bm-Wv- hm-Iv-kn-t\-j-≥.-

*- -]-Xn-tcm-[- Ip-Øn-h-bv-]v- B-Zy-am-bn- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- eq-

bn- ]m-Ã-dm-Wv.-*- -eq-bn-kv- ]m-Ã-dm-Wv- td-_o-kv- hm-Iv-kn-\pw- tIm-f-d- hm-

Iv-kn-\pw- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv.-*- -A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- ^v-sf-anw-Kv- B-Wv- s]-\n-kn-en-≥ I-≠p-

]n-Sn-®-Xv.- B-Zy-sØ- B-‚n-_-tbm-ń-Iv- Hu-j-[-am-Wn-Xv.-*- -\-h-Pm-X- in-ip-°ƒ-°v- Un.-]n.-Sn.- hm-Iv-kn-≥ (Sn-∏nƒ-

B-‚n-P-≥)- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- Un-^v-Xo-cn-b,- hn-√-≥Np-a-(s]¿-´q-kn-kv-),- sS-‰-\-kv- F-∂n-h- X-S-bm-\m-Wv.-

*- -i-co-c-Øn¬- ap-dn-hp-≠m-bm¬- F-Sp-t°-≠- Ip-Øn-h-bv-]m-Wv- Sn.-Sn.- (sS-‰-\-kv- tSm-Iv-tkm-bn-Uv-).-

*- -ssh-d-kv- aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-K-ß-fm-Wv- F-bv-Uv-kv,- Nn-°-≥ t]m-Iv-kv,- sU-¶n-∏-\n,- sl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv,- P-e-tZm-jw,-t]m-fn-tbm,- dm-_o-kv,- h-kq-cn,- ap-≠n-\o-cv- (aw-]v-kv-),- ]-£n-∏-\n,- ]-∂n-∏-\n,- C-≥^v-fp-h-≥k,- s]m-ß-≥]-\n,-km¿-kv- F-∂n-h.-

*- -ssh-d-kp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-T-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- d-jy-°m-c-\m-b- Zn-an-Xn- C-hm-t\m-kv-In- (1892).- ssh-d-kv-B-Zy-am-bn- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xpw- t]-cp-\¬-In-b-Xpw- U-®v- ssa-tIm-_-tbm-f-Pn-Ãm-b- am¿- n-\-kv- hn-eyw- s_-bv-sP-dn-≥Iv-(1898).-

*- -_m-Iv-So-cn-b- aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-K-ß-fm-Wv- B-¥m-Iv-kv,-t_m-ss¶-‰n-kv,- sN-¶-Æv,-Un-^v-Xo-cn-b,- F-en-∏-\n,-sKm-tW-dn-b,-tIm-f-d,-Ip-jv-Tw,-£-bw,- tπ-Kv,-kn-^n-en-kv,-\yq-tam-Wn-b,-sS-‰-\-kv,- ssS-t^m-bv-Uv,-hn-√-≥Np-a- F-∂n-h.-

*- -…o-∏nw-Kv- kn-°v-\-kv,-A-ao-_n-bm-kn-kv,-I-e- A-km¿- F-∂n-h-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv- t]m-t´m-tkm-h- Im-c-W-am-Wv.-

*- -^w-K-kv- aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-K-ß-fm-Wv- dnw-Kv- thw,- A-Xv-e-‰v-kv- ^p-Sv- F-∂n-h.-

*- -A-Uo-\¬- K-Ÿn-sb- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- A-Un-k-¨-kv- tcm-Kw.-

*- -F-bv-Uv-kv- H-cp- ssh-d-kv- tcm-K-am-Wv.-*- -F-bv-Uv-kn-\p- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂- tcm-Km-Wp- lyp-a-≥ C-ayp-

tWm- ssh-d-kv- (F-®v.-sF.-hn.-)- B-Wv.-*- -F-bv-Uv-kv- tcm-K-Øn-s‚- sS-Ãp-I-fm-Wv- F-en-k-bpw- sh-

tÃ-¨- _v-tfm-´pw.- F-en-k- ]m-Y-an-I- ]-cn-tim-[-\-bpw-sh-tÃ-¨- tªm-´v- ÿn-co-I-c-W- sS-kv-‰p-am-Wv.-

*- -F-bv-Uv-kv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- i-co-c-Øn-s‚- ]-Xn-tcm-[- kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-bm-Wv.-

*- -F-bv-Uv-kv- B-Zy-am-bn- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-bv-X-Xv- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-em-Wv- (1981).- C-¥y-bn¬- sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- F-bv-Uv-kv- dn-t∏m¿- v- sN-bv-X-Xv- (1986).- tI-c-f-Øn¬-]-Ø-\w-Xn-´- Pn-√-bn¬.-

*- -Kn-Uv- tcm-Kw (Gay Related Immune Deficiency) F∂vA-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv- F-bv-Uv-kv- B-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- \m-j-W¬- F-bv-Uv-kv- I- -tSmƒ- t]m-Kmw-B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1992˛-em-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- H-∂mw- L-´w- 1992˛-1999 Im-e-b-f-hn-epw- c-≠mw- L-´w- 1999˛-2006epw- aq-∂mw-L-´w- 2007˛-2012˛-epw- \-S-∏m-°n.-

*- -1992˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \m-j-W¬- F-bv-Uv-kv- I- -tSmƒ-Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-s‚- (\m-tIm-)- B-ÿm-\w- \yq-U¬-ln-bm-Wv.-

*- -F-bv-Uv-kp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-c-W- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv- sd-Uv- dn-_-¨- F-Iv-kv-]-kv.-

*- -tem-I- F-bv-Uv-kv-Zn-\w- Un-kw-_¿- H-∂m-Wv.-*- -ap-Sn-bn-epw- Xz-°n-epw- \n-d-an-√m-Ø- A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv- B¬-

_n-\n-kw.- Cu- P-\n-X-I- tcm-Kw- A-tIm-an-b- F-∂pw-A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -A¬-jn-ta-gv-kv- tcmKw (Alzheimer's disease) _m[n-°p-∂-Xv- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-sØ-bm-Wv.- C-Xv- kv-ar-Xn-\m-i- tcm-Kw- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -tem-I- A¬-jn-ta-gv-kv- Zn-\w- sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 21.-*- -B-lm-c-Øn¬- C-cp-ºn-s‚- Ip-d-hv- aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-

K-am-Wv- A-\o-an-b.-*- -I¬-°-cn- iz-kn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- izm-k-tIm-i-

tcm-K-am-Wv- B-¥-t°m-kn-kv.- C-Xv- ªm-°v- e-Mv- Un-ko-kv- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- -

*- -ar-K-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-\p-jy-cn-te-°v- ]-I-cp-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv-B-¥m-Iv-kv.- _m-kn-√-kv- B-¥m-kn-kv- _m-Iv-So-cn-b-B-Wv- tcm-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww.- t]m-^n-em-Iv-kn-kv- F-∂-B-‚n- _-tbm-ń-Iv- Cu- tcm-K-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- hqƒ- tkm¿-t´-gv-kv- Un-ko-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- B-¥m-Iv-kv- B-Wv.-

*- -tem-I- B-kv-X-a- Zn-\w- sa-bv-am-k-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sNm-∆m-gv-N-bm-Wv.-

*- -s_-dn- s_-dn- F-∂- A-kp-Jw- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv- hn-‰m-an-≥_n-˛-1 (X-b-an-≥)- s‚- Ip-d-hv-Im-c-W-am-Wv.-

*- -\n-»-_v-Z-\m-b- sIm-e-bm-fn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- c-‡-k-Ω¿-±-am-Wv (Blood pressure).

* Im≥k¿- \n¿-W-bn-°m-≥ \-S-Øp-∂- sS-Ãm-Wv- _-tbm-]v-kn- sS-Ãv.- kv-X-\m¿-_p-Zw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-≥ k-lm-b-I-am-b- sS-kv-‰m-Wv- am-tam-K-^n.- K¿-`m-i-b- K-f- Im-≥k¿-\n¿-W-bn-°p-∂- sS-kv-‰m-Wv- ]m-]v-kv-an-b¿- sS-Ãv.-

*- -Im-≥k¿- h-cp-Øp-∂- Po-\p-I-fm-Wv- Hm-t¶m- Po-\p-Iƒ.-Im-≥k-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- Hm-t¶m-f-Pn.- sIm-_mƒ- v- -60 Im-≥k¿- Nn-In-’-bv-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- sF-tkm-tSm-∏m-Wv- .-

*- -Xz-°n-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂- Im-≥k-dm-Wv- sa-e-t\m-a.-*- -Im-≥k¿- _m-[n-°m-Ø- A-h-b-h-am-Wv- lr-Z-bw.-*- -tem-I- Im-≥k¿- Zn-\w- s^-_p-h-cn- \m-em-Wv.-*- -tIm-gn-h-f¿-Ø¬- tI-µ-ß-fn¬- tPm-en- sN-øp-∂-h-cn¬-

Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- Im¿-∏¬- S-W¬- kn-≥tUmw.-ssI-∏-Øn-bp-sS-bpw- hn-c-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-c-hn-∏m-Wv- tcm-K-e-£-Ww.-

*- -Xn-a-ncw (Cataract) _m[n-°p-∂-Xv- I-Æn-s‚- se-≥kv- F-∂- `m-K-sØ-bm-Wv.-

*- -th-cn-sk-√m- tkm-Ã¿- ssh-d-kp-≠m-°p-∂- ]-[m-\- tcm-K-am-Wv- Nn-°-≥ t]m-Iv-kv.-

*- -Nn-°p-≥ Kp-\n-b- ssh-d-kv- tcm-K-am-Wv.- h-f-™p-\n¬-°p-I- F-∂m-Wv- Nn-°p-≥ Kp-\n-b- F-∂- hm-°n-\¿-Yw.-

*- -Xm-≥km-\n-b-bn-em-Wv- Nn-°p-≥ Kp-\n-b- tcm-Kw- B-Zy-

am-bn- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv.- Cu-Un-kv- sIm-Xp-Ip-I-fm-Wv- tcm-Kw- ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv.-

*- -B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn¬- hn-jq-Nn-I- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tcm-Kw-tIm-f-d-bm-Wv.-

*- -B-am-i-bw-/-sN-dp-Ip-S¬- B-Wv- tIm-f-d- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw.-

*- -hn-_n-tbm- tIm-f-sd- F-∂-bn-\w- _m-Iv-So-cn-b- Im-c-W-am-Wv- tIm-f-d- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]-sc- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-Kw- P-e-tZm-j-am-Wv (Cold). \mtkm-^m-cn-ss©-‰n-kv- F-∂-Xm-Wv-C-Xn-s‚- ssh-Zy-im-kv-X-\m-aw.-

*- -ssd-t\m- ssh-d-kv- Im-c-W-am-Wv- P-e-tZm-jw- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- iz-k-\- hy-h-ÿ-sb-bm-Wv.-

*- -G-‰-hpw- km-[m-c-W-am-b- ssh-d-kv- tcm-K-hpw- P-e-tZm-j-am-Wv.-

*- -]m-Y-an-I- h¿-W-ßƒ- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-≥ km-[n-°m-Ø- P-\n-X-I- ssh-I-ey-am-Wv- h¿-Wm---‘X (Colour blind-ness). CXv Umƒ-´-Wn-kw- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -F-bv-Uv-kn-s\m-∏w- \n¿-Øm-hp-∂- tcm-K-am-bn- tem-Im-tcm-Ky- kw-L-S-\- I-W-°m-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- `m-¥n-∏-ip- tcm-Kw- .- 1985˛¬- _n-´-Wn-em-Wv- `m-¥n-∏-ip- tcm-Kw-B-Zy-am-bn- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.- amw-kw- tN¿-Ø- Im-en-Øo-‰- -£n-°p-∂- I-∂p-Im-en-I-fn¬- Cu- tcm-Km-Wp- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.- X-e-t®m-dn-s‚-bpw- \-s´-√n-s‚-bpw- A-h-in-jv-S-ß-fn¬-°q-Sn-bm-Wv- tcm-Kw- ]-I-cp-∂-Xv.- `m-¥n-∏-ip-tcmK (Mad Cow Disease)tØm-Sv- h-f-sc- A-Sp-Øp- _-‘-ap-≈- tcm-K-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-cn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- Iq-kv-s^¬-‰v-˛-tP-°-∫v- tcm-Kw.- 1920˛-I-fn¬- tcm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-bv-X- tUm.-lm-≥kv- sP-dm-Uv- Iq-kv-s^¬-‰n-s‚-bpw- tUm.-A¬-t^m-≥kv- tP-°-∫n-s‚-bpw-t]-cm-Wv- tcm-K-Øn-\n- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- th-cn-b-‚m-Wv- _n-´-Wn¬- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.

* t_°v- t_m-¨- Un-ko-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sU-¶n-∏-\n-bm-Wv.-

*- -sU-¶n-∏-\n- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw- πo-l-bm-Wv.-*- -sU-¶n-∏-\n-°v- Im-c-Ww- sU-¶n- ssh-d-km-Wv.- Cu-Un-

kv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn- F-∂-bn-\w- sIm-Xp-Im-Wv- ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv.-*- -sU-¶n-∏-\n- ÿn-co-I-cn-°m-≥ \-S-Øp-∂- sS-Ãm-Wv- Sq¿-

Wn-°-‰v- sS-Ãv.-*- -tπ-‰v-se-‰p-I-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬- Ip-d-hv,- Xm-gv-∂- c-‡- k-

Ω¿-±w- F-∂n-h- sU-¶n-∏-\n-bp-sS- tcm-K- e-£-W-ß-fm-Wv.-

*- -C-≥kp-en-s‚- Ip-d-hv- aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- U-b-_-‰n-kv- sa-en-‰-kv.-

*- -tem-I- U-b-_-‰n-kv- Zn-\w- \-hw-_¿- 14 B-Wv.-*- -Hm-d¬- do-ssl-tU-j-≥ sX-dm-∏n- A-Xnkmc (diarrhoea)

Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv-*- -sXm-≠-ap-≈v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Un-^v-Xo-cn-b-bm-Wv.-

jn-°v- sS-Ãv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- Un-^v-Xo-cn-b- \n¿-W-bn-°m-\m-Wv.-

*- -sIm-ssd-≥ _m-Iv-So-cn-bw- Un-^v-Xo-cn-tb- Im-c-W-am-Wv-Un-^v-Xo-cn-b- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-

2016 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 23

*- -Un-^v-Xo-cn-b- _m-[n-°p-∂- i-co-c-`m-Kw- sXm-≠-bm-Wv.-*- -B-‚n- tSm-Iv-kn-\pw- B-‚n- _-tbm-ń-°p-I-fp-am-Wv- Un-

^v-Xo-cn-b-bp-sS- Nn-In-’-bv-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-*- -F-Iv-kn-a- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- Xz-°n-s\-bm-Wv.-*- -ssU- Cu-ssY¬- ssU- Im¿-_m-a-kn-≥ kn-tS-‰v- (Un-C-

kn-)- a-¥v (Elephantiasis) tcm-K-Øn-s‚- ]-Xn-tcm-[- a-cp-∂m-Wv- .-

*- -P-\-t\-µ-b-sØ- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- tKm-tW-dn-b.-s\-bv-sk-dn-b- tKm-tWm-dn-tb (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)F∂ _m-Iv-So-cn-b-bm-Wv- tcm-K-Im-cn.-

*- -Pn-≥Pn-ssh-‰n-kv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- tam-W-sb-bm-Wv.-*- -ªo-tU-gv-kv- Un-ko-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- lo-tam-ô-

en-b-bm-Wv.- _n- n-jv- cm-P-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬- tdm-b¬- Un-ko-kv- F-∂pw- Cu- P-\n-X-I-tcm-Kw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -tem-I- lo-tam-ô-en-b- Zn-\w- G-]n¬- 17 B-Wv.-*- -I-c-fn-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- sl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv.- sl-

∏-ss‰-‰n-kn-\p- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂- tcm-Km-Wp- F,-_n,-kn,-Un,-C- C-\w- ssh-d-kp-I-fm-Wv.-

*- -tem-I- sl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv- Zn-\w- Pq-sse- 28.-*- -t]-∏-ń- hn-j-_m-[-bm-Wv- ssl-tUm-t^m-_n-b- A-Y-hm-

P-e-`-b- tcm-Kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- \m-Uo-hy-h-ÿ-sb-bm-Wv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -l-≠n-Mv-k-¨-kv- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- \m-Un-I-sf-bm-Wv.-

*- -F-®v.-sF.-_n.- hm-Iv-kn-≥ ]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv- C-≥^v-fp-h-≥k-sb-bm-Wv.- Cu- tcm-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww- _m-kn-√-kv-lo-tam-^n-en-kv- F-∂- tcm-Km-Wp-hm-Wv.-

*- -]-£n-∏-\n-bv-°p (Avian influenza or Bird Flu) ImcWwF®v5 F≥1 sshdkmWv.

* F®v1 F≥1 hn`mKØnep≈ sshdkvaqeap≠mIp∂tcmKamWv ]∂n∏\n (Swine influenza or Pig Flu).

* CXmbv-˛-C-Xm-bv- tcm-K-Øn-\p- Im-c-Ww- Im-Uv-an-b-am-Wv.-P-∏m-\n-em-Wv- tcm-Kw- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv.- a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬- J-\-\w- \-S-Øn-b- I-º-\n-Iƒ- \-Zn-I-fn-te-°v- hn-´-Im-Uv-an-b-am-Wv- tcm-K-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv.- A-ÿn-Iƒ- ar-Zp-hm-Ip-∂-Xpw- hr-°-I-fp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- X-I-cm-dn-em-Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv- tcm-K-e-£-W-ßƒ.-

*- -B-¥-cm-h-b-h-ß-sf- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-kp-J-am-b- P-∏m-≥ Pz-cw- ]-I¿-Øp-∂-Xv- Iyq-e-Iv-kv- sIm-Xp-Ip-I-fm-Wv.-

*- -_n-en-dq-_n-≥ sS-Ãn-eq-sS- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv-a-™-∏n-Øw.- a-™-∏n-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Hu-j-[-k-ky-am-Wv- Io-gm¿-s\-√n.-

*- -se-s]m-an-≥ sS-Ãv- Ip-jv-T-tcm-K-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.-

*- -ln-Ãm-an-≥ sS-Ãn-eq-sS- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- Ip-jv-Tw.-

* ]I¿®- hym-[n-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- ]-I¿-®m- km-[y-X-bp-≈- tcm-K-am-Wv- Ip-jv-Tw.-

*- -Ip-jv-T-Øn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- lm-≥k-¨-kv- tcm-Kw.-*- -Ip-jv-Tw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- \m-Uo-hy-h-ÿ-sb-bm-Wv-˛- ]-

tXy-In-®v- Xz-°n-s\-bpw- D-]-cn- m-K-Øp-≈- \m-Un-I-sf-bpw.-*- -kv-sS-]v-t‰m-ssa-kn-≥ Ip-jv-T-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂- H-cp- B-‚n-_-tbm-ń-Iv- B-Wv.-*- -tem-I- Ip-jv-T-tcm-K- \n-hm-c-W-Zn-\w- P-\p-h-cn- 30.-

*- -F-en-∏-\n- A-Y-hm- se-]v-t‰m-kv-ss]-tdm-kn-kv- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv- se-]v-t‰m-kv-ss]-d- F-∂- _m-Iv-So-cn-b-bm-Wv.-

*- -ho¬-kv- Un-ko-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- F-en-∏-\n-bm-Wv.-ªm-°v- tPm-≠n-kv- F-∂pwhn-fn-°-s∏-´- Cu- tcm-K-Øn-\v- P-∏m-\n¬- \m-\p-I-bm-an- ]-\n (nanukayami fever)F∂ t]-cp-ap-≠v.- 7˛-tU- ^n-h¿,- lm¿-sh-Ãv- ^n-h¿,- dm-‰v- Iym-t®-gv-kv- sb-t√m-kv- F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fpw- Cu- tcm-K-Øn-\p-≠v.-

*- -I-cƒ-/-πo-l-bm-Wv- F-en-∏-\n- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw.-*- -se-]v-t‰m-kv-ss]-d- F-∂- C-\w- _m-Iv-So-cn-b-bm-Wv- tcm-K-

Im-cn.- tcm-Km-Wp- D-≈- P-e-hp-am-tbm- a-Æp-am-tbm- D-≈-k-º¿-°w- h-gn- tcm-Kw- ]-I-cmw.- F-en,- dm-°q- ,- H-t∏m-kw,- Ip-dp-°-≥ F-∂o- ar-K-ßƒ- Cu- tcm-Kw- a-\p-jy-cn-te-°v- ]-I-cp-∂-Xn-\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.-

*- -ep-°o-an-b-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- c-‡m¿-_p-Zw.-*- -hn-i-∏n-s‚- tcm-Kw,- ]-ń-Wn- tcm-Kw- F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn¬-

A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- a-cm-kv-a-kv.-*- -a-te-dn-b-bm-Wv- N-Xp-∏p-tcm-Kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-*- -a-te-dn-b- tcm-K-sØ- ]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- Hu-

j-[-ß-fm-Wv- t¢m-tdm-Izn-≥,- ss]-am-Izn-≥ F∂nh.* ‘Ague’ F∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tcm-Kw- a-te-dn-b-

bm-Wv.-*- -i-co-c-Øn-se- πo-l-sb- B-Wv- a-te-dn-b- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv.-*- -sdm-Wmƒ-Uv- tdm-kv- B-Wv- a-te-dn-b-bv-°v- ]-Xn-hn-[n- I-

s≠-Øn-b-Xv.-*- -A-t\m-^n-e-kv- s]-¨-sIm-Xp-Im-Wv- a-te-dn-b- ]-c-Øp-

∂-Xv.-*- -a-te-dn-b-bp-sS- H-cp- k-¶o¿-W-cq-]-am-Wv- ªm-°v-hm- ¿- n-

h¿- (lo-tam-t•m-_n-\p-dn-b-).-*- -G-]n¬- 25 B-Wv- tem-I- a-te-dn-b- Zn-\w.-*- -a-ßn-b- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- Im-gv-N-i-‡n- Ip-d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-

tcm-K-am-Wv- am-e-°-Æv.-*- -tdm-kv- _w-Kmƒ- sS-kv-‰v- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- am-e-°-Æv- \n¿-W-

bn-°m-\m-Wv.-*- -sa-e-t\m-a- F-∂- Im-≥k¿- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- Xz-°n-s\-bm-

Wv.-*- -sa-\n-ss©-‰n-kv- F-∂- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- X-e-t®m-

dn-s\-bm-Wv.-*- -hy-h-km-b- a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚- ^-e-am-bp-≠m-b- am¿-

Pm-c- \r-Ø-tcm-Kw- (an-\-am-Xm- tcm-Kw-)- B-Zy-am-bn- I-≠-Xv- P-∏m-\n-em-Wv.- sa¿-°p-dn-bm-Wv- tcm-K-Im-c-Ww.-

*- -tI-µ- \m-Un- hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS- \yq-\-X-aq-ew- N-e-\-ti-jn-

sb- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-kp-J-am-Wv- ]m¿-°n-≥k-¨-kv.- tj-°n-Mv- ]mƒ-kn- F-∂- t]-cn-epw- Cu- tcm-Kw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -tem-I- ]m¿-°n-≥k-¨-kv- Zn-\w- G-]n¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-Wv.-

*- -s]¿-´p-kn-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-X-v hn√≥Npa (Whoop-ing Cough)bmWv.

* izk\ hy-h-ÿ-sb-bm-Wv- hn-√-≥ Np-a- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv.-*- -t_m¿-sU-s‰-√- s]¿-´p-kn-kv- F-∂- _m-Iv-So-cn-b- B-Wv-

hn-√-≥ Np-a-bp-sS- tcm-K-Im-cn.-*- -Un.-]n.-Sn.- (Un-^v-Xo-cn-b-˛-s]¿-´p-kn-kv-˛-sS-‰-\-kv-)- A-Y-

hm- Sn-∏nƒ- hm-Iv-kn-≥ ap-tJ-\-bm-Wv- hn-√-≥Np-a-sb- ]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -I-dp-Ø- a-c-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- tπ-Km-Wv.-*- -tπ-Kn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b- tcm-Km-Wp-hm-Wv- sb¿-kn-\n-b- s]-

Ãn-kv.- F-en-s®-≈m-Wv- tπ-Kn-s‚- tcm-Km-Wp- hm-l-I-≥.-*- -tπ-Kv- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw- izm-k-tIm-i-am-Wv.-

*- -C-≥^-ss‚¬- ]m-c-en-kn-kv- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-kp-J-am-Wv- t]m-fn-tbm.- \m-Uo-hy-h-ÿ-sb- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-kp-J-am-Wn-Xv.- t]m-fn-tbm- ssh-d-kv- Im-c-W-am-Wv- tcm-K-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-

*- -t]m-fn-tbm- hm-Iv-kn-≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- tPm-\m-kv- C.-km¬-°v.- Hm-d¬- t]m-fn-tbm- hm-Iv-kn-≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- B¬-_¿-´v- km-_n-≥.-

*- -tem-I- t]m-fn-tbm- Zn-\w- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 24.-*- -A-an-X- Zm-l-am-Wv- t]m-fn-Un-]v-kn-b.-*- -P-\-t\-µn-b-sØ- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- kn-^n-en-kv.-*- -Sn-t∏m-\n-a- ]-√n-Un-bw- F-∂- _m-Iv-So-cn-b-bm-Wv- kn-^n-

en-kn-\v- Im-c-Ww.-*- -hm-k¿-am-≥ sS-Ãv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- kn-^n-en-kv- \n¿-W-bn-

°m-\m-Wv.-*- -hn-Un-B¿-F¬- sSÃv (venereal disease research labo-

ratory) hgnbpw kn^nenkv- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂p.-*- -]-d-¶n-∏p-Æv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- kn-^n-en-km-Wv.-*- -tkm-dn-bm-kn-kv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- Xz-°n-s\-bm-Wv.-*- -]-tbm-dn-b- (]n-cn-tbm-tUm-≠n-‰n-kv-)- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- tam-

W-sb-bm-W-v.* Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome F∂m-Wv- km¿-

kn-s‚- ]q¿-W-cq-]w.-*- -km¿-kv- F-∂- ssh-d-kv- tcm-Kw- ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv- ssN-

\-bn-se- Kym-Mv-tZm-Mv- ]-hn-iy-bn-em-Wv- (2002).- C-¥y-bn¬-B-Zy-am-bn- km¿-kv- tcm-Kw- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-bv-X-Xv- tKm-h-bn-em-Wv- (2003).-

*- -sIm-tdm-W- ssh-d-km-Wv- km¿-kn-s‚- tcm-K-Im-cn.- hm-bp-hn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- tcm-Kw- ]-I-cp-∂- Cu- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- iz-k-\- hy-h-ÿ-sb-bm-Wv.-

*- -In-√¿- \yq-tam-Wn-b- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw- km¿-kn-\p-≠v.-*- -kv-I¿-hn- F-∂- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- Xz-°n-s\-bm-Wv.-

\m-hn-I-cp-sS- tπ-Kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Cu- tcm-K-am-Wv.-*- -kn-en-t°m-kn-kv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- izm-k-tIm-i-sØ-bm-Wv.-

]m-d-a-S-I-fn¬- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿-°v- Cu- A-kp-Jw- h-cm-dp-≠v.- ssK-≥tU-gv-kv- B-kv-X-a- F-∂- t]-cn-epw- Cu-tcm-Kw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -th-cn-tbm-f- ssh-d-km-Wv- h-k-qcn (Small Pox)bp≠m-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -sS-‰-\-kv- tcm-K-Øn-s‚- e-£-W-am-Wv- hm-b- Xp-d-°m-≥]-‰m-Ø- A-h-ÿ- A-Y-hm lock jaw. AXn-\m¬- Cu-tcm-Kw- tem-°v- Pm- Un-ko-kv- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -Ip-Xn-c- k-∂n- F-∂v- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-kp-Jw- sS-‰-\-kv- B-Wv.- k-‘n-I-sf-bpw- t]-in-I-sf-bp-am-Wv- C-Xv-_m-[n-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -t¢m-kv-Sn-Un-bw- sS-‰-\n- F-∂- _m-Iv-So-cn-b-bm-Wv- sS-‰-\-kn-s‚- tcm-Km-Wp.- i-co-c-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂- ap-dn-hn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- tcm-Km-Wp- A-I-Øv- ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -c-‡-Øn¬- Im¬-ky-Øn-s‚- A-f-hv- Ip-d-bp-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- sS-‰-\n.-

*- -I-Æn-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-kp-J-am-Wv- S-t°m-a.-*- -tcm-K-ß-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hv - F-∂-dn-b-s∏-S-p∂Xv £b

(Tuberculosis)amWv.-*- -ssh-‰v- tπ-Kv,- tIm-°v- Un-ko-kv- F-∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-ß-fn-

epw- £-bw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-*- -ssa-tIm-_m-Iv-So-cn-bw- Syq-_¿-°p-tem-kn-kv- F-∂- _m-

Iv-So-cn-b-bm-Wv- £-b-tcm-K-Øn-\p- Im-c-Ww.-*- -£-bw- _m-[n-°p-∂- i-co-c-`m-Kw- izm-k-tIm-i-am-Wv.-*- -tem-I- £-b-tcm-K-Zn-\w- am¿-®v- 24.-*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- £-b-tcm-Kn-I-fp-≈- cm-Pyw- C-¥y-bm-

Wv.-*- -£-b-tcm-K-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-b- Ip-Øn-h-bv-]m-Wv- _n.-kn.-Pn.-*- -_m-kn-√-kv- Im¬-sa-‰v- Kz-dn-≥ F-∂m-Wv- _n.-kn.-Pn-bp-

sS- ]q¿-W-cq-]w.- Im¬-sa-‰v- Kzm-dn-≥ B-Wv- _n.-kn.-Pn.-I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv.-

*- -am-≥tSm-Iv-kv- sS-Ãv,- ssS-≥ sS-Ãv,-tUm-Sv-kv- sS-Ãv- F-∂n-h- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- £-b-tcm-Kw- ÿn-co-I-cn-°m-\m-Wv.- U-b-d-Iv-Sv-en- H-_v-k¿-hv-Uv- So-‰v-sa-‚ v- tjm¿-´v- tIm-gv-kv- F-∂m-Wv- tUm-Sv-kn-s‚- ]q¿-W-cq-]w.-

*- -F-‚-dn-Iv- ^n-h¿,- Pz-cw- F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- ssS-t^m-bv-Uv.- km¬-sam-W-√- ssS-^n-F-∂- _m-Iv-So-cn-b- C-\-am-Wv- tcm-K-Im-cn.- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- Ip-S-en-s\-bm-Wv.-

*- -ssS-t^m-bv-Un-s‚- Nn-In-’-bv-°m-Wv- t¢m-tdm-ssa-k-‰n-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -ssh-U¬- sS-Ãn-eq-sS- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- ssS-t^m-bv-Uv.-

*- -hr-°-bp-sS- tcm-Km-h-ÿ-bm-Wv- bp-do-an-b.-*- -lr-Z-b-hm¬-hp-Iƒ-°v- X-I-cm-dp-≠m-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- hm-

X-∏-\n-

PSC BULLETINFortnightly

1. R.N. 44588/86 Reg. No. KL/TV (N)34/2015-172. Licence No. for posting without pre payment - KL/TV(N)/WPP/165/2015-17

Rupees 10September 15, 2016

Views and ideas expressed in the articles published in PSC Bulletin are not, necessarily, those of the Commission. Edited and Published by Saju George, SecretaryKerala Public Service Commission on behalf of Kerala Public Service Commission and Printed by him at P. Krishna Pillai Memorial Printing & Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram.

* 2016 \hw-_-dn¬- km¿-°v- D-®-tIm-Sn-°v-B-Xn-tY-b-Xzw- h-ln-°m-≥ t]m-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥

*- -G-Xv- cm-Py-hp-am-bn- tN¿-∂m-Wv- C-¥y- kq-cy-In-c- - F-∂- ssk-\n-I- A- ym-kw- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- t\-∏mƒ-

*- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ,- kz-bw- Hm-Sp-∂-Sm-Iv-kn- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv- F-hn-sS-˛-knw-K-∏q¿-

*- -2015˛-16 se- bp-th-^- s_-Ãv- sπ-b¿- C-≥ bq-tdm-∏v- A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-

˛- In-Ãym-t\m- sdm-Wmƒ-tUm-*- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Nn¬-U-

≥kv- tIm¿-´v- ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv- (sX-e-¶m-\-)-

*- -H-cp- Km-a-Øn-\v- H-cp- hn-f- F-∂- ]-≤-Xn-B-cw-`n-®- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- kn-°nw-

*- -Zo¿-L-Im-ew- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-K-h¿-W-dm-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-®- H-cp- t\-Xm-hv-Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®p.- t]-cv-˛- F.-B¿.-In-Zzm-bv-

*- -l-cn-bm-\-bn¬- t_-Tn- _-®m-thm- t_-Tn-]-Tm-thm- Im-º-bn-\n-s‚- _m-≥Uv- Aw-_m-k-U-dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-bm-b-Xv- - km-£n-am-en-Iv-

*- -2016˛-se- tem-I- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- Zn-\-Øn-s‚-]-am-W-hm-Iyw-˛- tKm- t^m¿- ssh¬-Uv-sse-^v-

*- -In-an-\-ep-I-fp-sS- Un-F-≥F- s]m-ss^¬-Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- Un-F-≥F- C-≥U-Iv-kv- kn-Ãw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- B-‘- ]-tZ-iv-

*- -2016˛-se- I-_-Un- tem-I-I-∏v- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- \-S-°m-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- - Kp-P-dm-Øv-

*- -G-Xv- cm-Py-hp-am-bn- tN¿-∂m-Wv- C-¥y- K-cp-U-i-‡n- F-∂- ssk-\n-I- A-`ym-kw-\-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- C-t¥m-\n-jy-

*- -B-`y-¥-c- kp-c-£-bv-°m-bn- kz-¥-am-bn-\n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- _n¬- X-øm-dm-°n-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛-a-lm-cm-jv-S-

*- -2015˛-se- hym-kv- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-bm-b-Xv-˛- kp-\n-X- P-bn-≥

*- -hym-kv- k-Ωm-\-Øn-s‚- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øp-I-˛- 2.-5 e-£w-

*- -G-Xv- h¿-j-am-Wv- hym-kv- k-Ωm-\w- G¿-

s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- 1991*- -apw-ss_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b-

No-^v- P-Ãn-kv-˛- a-Rv-Pp-f- sN-√q¿-*- -P-bv-Xm-]q¿- B-W-h-\n-e-b-hp-am-bn- k-l-

I-cn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- ^m-≥kv-*- -2016˛-se- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- tJ¬- c-Xv-\-

A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-cm-b-h¿- - km-£n- am-en-Iv,- ]n.-hn.-kn-‘p,- Zo-]- I¿-am-I¿,- Pn-Xp- dm-bv-

*- -Pn-Xp- dm-bv- G-Xv- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-˛- jq-ń-Mv-

*- -G-I-Zn-\- In-°-‰n¬- A-c-tß-‰-Øn¬-Ø-s∂- sk-©z-dn- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-

c-≥˛- tem-tI-jv- cm-lp¬-*- -tem-I- _m-¶v- ]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- Inw- tbm-Mv-

Inw-*- -X-an-gv-\m-ń¬- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- K-h¿-W-dm-b-Xv-

˛- kn- hn-Zym-km-K¿- dm-hp- (a-lm-cm-jv-S-K-h¿-W¿-)-

*- -F.-sI.-kn-≥l- I-Ωn-‰n- ]-T-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- G-Xv- \-Zn-sb- kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv- - Kw-K-

*- -kv-tIm¿-]o-≥ A-¥¿-hm-ln-\n- kw-_-‘-am-b- tc-J-Iƒ- ]p-d-Øp-hn- - hn-tZ-i-]-Xw-˛- Zn- Hm-kv-tS-en-b-≥

*- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- k-lm-b-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- kv-Im¿-]o-≥ A-¥¿-hm-ln-\n- \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛- ^m-≥kv-

*- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-Zo-Zzo-]m-bn- Kn-∂-kv- _p-°n¬- ÿm-\w- t\-Sn-b-

Xv-˛- a-Pp-en- (A-kw-)-*- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv- a-Pp-en-˛- _-“-]p-X-*- -B-Zy-sØ- _n-Iv-kv- ^n-enw- s^-kv-‰n-h-

en-\v- th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛-\yq-sU¬-ln-*- -G-Xv- I-∏¬-]m-X-bm-Wv- ho-Xn-Iq-ń- ho-

≠pw- K-Xm-K-X-Øn-\v- Xp-d-∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛- ]m-\-a-

*- -I-gn-™- \q-‰m-≠n¬- h-kq-cn- \n¿-am¿-P-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- tem-Im-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-tcm-[- Zu-Xyw- \-bn-®-hy-‡n- A-Sp-Øn-sS- A-¥-cn-®p.- t]-cv--˛-sUm-Wmƒ-Uv- F.-sl-≥tU-gv-k-¨-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- k-º-∂-\m-b- hy-‡n-˛- _n¬- tK-‰v-kv-

*- -_n-Iv-kv- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- Sq-dn-kw- kw-_-‘-am-b- I-¨-sh-≥j-≥ \-S-∂-Xv- G-Xv-kw-ÿm-\-Øv- h-®m-Wv-˛- a-[y-]-tZ-iv-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-e-tb-dn-b- ho-Sv-˛- ^m-≥kn-se- en-sk-tZm¿-

*- -D-Pm-e- kv-Iow- ]-Im-cw- c-≠p- tIm-Sn- F¬-C-Un- _ƒ-_p-Iƒ- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- Kp-P-dm-Øv-

*- -kn-B¿-]n-F- n-s‚- _m-≥Uv- Aw-_m-k-U-dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-bm-b- H-fn-ºy-≥˛-]n.-hn.-kn-‘p-

*- -e-≠-≥ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬- e-`n-®- t_m-¨-kv- sa-U¬,- F-Xn-cm-fn- D-tØ-P-I-a-cp-∂v-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏- -Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v,- sh-≈n-sa-U-em-bn- D-b¿-Ø-s∏-´-C-¥y-≥ H-fn-ºy-≥˛-tbm-tK-iz¿- Z-Øv-

G-P-≥kn- C-√m-Ø- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬- G-P-‚p-am-sc- B-h-iy-ap-≠v.- e-fn-X-am-b- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ.- B-I¿-j-I-am-b- I-Ωn-j-≥.- an-\n-aw- Un-t∏m-kn-‰v- 300 cq-]-am-Xw.- sIm-dn-b¿- Nm¿-Pv- ku-P-\yw.- ]n-F-kv-kn- Hm-ô-kp-I-fn-epw- S-j-dn-I-fn-epw- ]-W-a-S-bv-°mw.- Un.-Un.,-a-Wn-tbm¿-U¿- F-∂n-h-bpw- kzo-I-cn-°pw.

G-P-≥kn- A-t]-£-bv-°pwhn-i-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ-°pw- 0471 2546270

G-P-‚p-am-sc- B-h-iy-ap-≠v

X]m¬hgnhcp-Øn-bm¬40 cq]bpsSB\p-Iqeyw

24 e°w- hm-ßm-≥ 240 cq-]- sN-e-hp-h-cp-tºmƒ- X-]m¬-am¿-Kw- h-cp-Øm-≥ 200 cq-]-am-Xw.-h-cn-kw-Jy- a-Wn-tbm¿-U-dm-tbm- ]n-F-kv-kn- Hm-ô-kp-I-fn¬- t\-cn-t´m-s]m-ss^¬-h-gn- Hm-¨-sse-\m-tbm-A-S-bv-°mw.-h-cn-kw-Jy-°v- Un.-Un.,- sN-°v,- t]m-Ã¬- Hm¿-U¿- kzo-Im-cy-a-√.-a-Wn-tbm¿-U¿- A-b-bv-t°-≠- hn-em-kw:-]-ªn-Iv- dn-te-j-≥kv- Hm-ô-k¿-tI-c-f- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωn-j-≥]-´w,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛-695 004

-

*- -io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- P-b-¥n- B-tLm-jn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®- A-b¬- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- I¿-Wm-S-Iw-

*- -2015˛-se- k-c-kz-Xn- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-bm-b-Xv-˛- ]-Zv-a- k-®v-tZ-hv-

*- -sh-≈-°-Sp-h-Iƒ-°v- k- m-cn- ]m¿-°v- B-cw-`n-®- a-[y-]-tZ-in-se- ÿ-ew-˛- ap-Ip-µv-]q¿-

*- -B-W-h-]-co-£-W-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈-A-¥m-cm-jv-S- Zn-\w-˛- Hm-K-Ãv- 29

*- -tI-c-f- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®p.- t]-cv-˛- P-Ãn-kv- (dn-´.-)- Pn.-cm-P-ti-J-c-≥

*- -G-Xv- cm-jv-So-b- I-£n-°m-Wv- tZ-io-b-]m¿-ń- F-∂- ]-Z-hn- \¬-Im-≥ Cu-bn-sS-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv-˛- Xr-W-aq¬- tIm-¨-K-kv-

*- -A-gn-a-Xn- B-tcm-]-W-ß-fp-sS-t]-cn¬- ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏- - _-kn¬- ]-kn-U-‚ v- - Zn¬-a- dp-k-^v-

*- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- 2008˛-se- c-k-X-¥-s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hv- tdm-P¿- ko-≥ G-Xv-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛- bp-F-kv-F-

*- -a-Z¿- sX-tc-k-sb- hn-ip-≤-bm-bn- ]-Jym-

]n-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛-2016 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 4*- -A-dp-]-Xv- h-b- v- I-gn-™-h¿-°v- k¿-°m¿-

sN-e-hn¬- Xo¿-Ym-S-\- ku-I-cyw- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®- kw-ÿm-\w- - Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv-

*- -ap-Jy-a-¥n- h-ln-®n-cp-∂- bp-h-P-\-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Np-a-X-e- B¿-°m-Wv- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- C.-]n.-P-b--cm-P≥

hmww˛ {io-zv- b-iwk-iƒ-...vol. 28 issue 2 fortnightly september 15, 2016 page 24 ` 10 psc...

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