hkceechemistry introduction. matter (substance) the three states of matter gas solid liquid...
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HKCEE CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
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MATTER (substance)
THE THREE STATES OF MATTERGas
Solid
Liquid(solution)
ATMOSPHERE
EARTH
OCEAN
\
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A beaker of muddy water
Air - gas (g)
Sea water – solution (aq)
Water – liquid (l) Mud /sand –
solid (s)
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MATTER (classification)
EL EM ENT COM POUND
PURE SUBSTANCE M IXTURE
M ATTER
ELEMENT: simplest substance (112 known)COMPOUND:two or more elements joined together
chemicallyMIXTURE: two or more substances
(not joined together chemically)
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MATTER
Q1 State some substances present inthe ocean (solution/ liquid), the atmosphere (gas)the earth (solid)
Q2 Is the substance stated above an element(e), a compound( c) or a mixture(m)?
Q3 What is the substance made of?
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MATTER(LIQUID/ SOLUTION)
(element) (mixture) (compound)mercury Sea water detergent
orange juice waterbeer alcoholcoffeetearpetroleum petrol
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MATTER(GAS)
(element) (mixture) (compound)oxygen Air carbon dioxidenitrogen water vapourhydrogenozone
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MATTER(SOLID)
(element) (mixture) (compound)gold steel Sandsilver tin-plated iron plasticcopper bone icealuminium bronze mudiron rusttin limestone
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MATTER(What is the substance made of?)
1 Mixture (substance a?.. substance b?..)
2 Compound(element x?element y? element ..)
3 Element(Atom 1? Atom 2? Atom..)
(4) Atom(? ? ?..)
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MIXTURE – separation? MIXTURE PURE
SUBSTANCES Example: Muddy sea water Separate Air (pumping, sucking) Separate Mud from Water (filtering) Separate Water from Sea water
(distillation) Separate Salt from Sea Water
(evaporation, crystallization, filtration)
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COMPOUND – separation? COMPOUND ELEMENTS Example: WATER Electrolysis of water At the ANODE: oxygen At the CATHODE: hydrogen
Test for oxygen? Test for hydrogen?
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Change (burning a match)
change
Wood Ash/ soot
(Substance A) (Substance B)
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Change(1)
SUBSTANCEB
CHANGE
WHAT is substance A / substance B made of?
WHAT are the properties of the substance (A / B)? (Physical properties and Chemical properties)
SUBSTANC
EA
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Change (2)
SUBSTANCEB
CHANGE
Q1 WHAT is the CHANGE? (Physical change or Chemical change /Chemical Reaction)
Q2 WHAT do you OBSERVE? (DESCRIBE the observation)
Q3 EXPLAIN WHY the CHANGE occurred.
SUBSTANC
EA
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Change (3)
(MACROSCOPIC WORLD)
(MICROSCOPIC WORLD)
Wood (A)changes to
Ash(B)
Rearrangement of atoms of A and B
(particles in A and B)(A B)
OBSERVATION
EXPLANATION
(A B)
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Change (4) - PHYSICAL CHANGE
No NEW substance is formed.
(only change in physical state of the substance)
-Boiling l g
-Condensing g l
-Melting s l
-Freezing l s
-Sublimation s g
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Change(5)- CHEMICAL CHANGE
NEW substance(s) is(are) formed.
(Change in STRUCTURE and PROPERTIES)
-Burning
-Rusting
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Property (1) - PHYSICAL Property
Can be Measured / observed
(without change to new substance)
-Colour Smell Taste
-Physical state (at room temperature)
-Density
-Melting point / Boiling point
-(Conductor of electricity)
-(Solubility in water)
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Property (2) - Chemical Property
Chemical reactions
(able to change to new substances)
-React with oxygen in air (burning)
-React with oxygen in air (oxidation)
-React with water (..)
-React with ..
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Particles (microscopic world)
n,p,e
+
ION
-
MOLECULE
(stable)
ATOM
ATOMB
ATOMA
CATION
(stable)
ANION
(stable)
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Sub-atomic Particles
NEUTRONS(n)
PROTONS(p)
ELECTRONS(e)
ATOM
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MODELS OF SUBSTANCES
*ARE NOT REAL
*HELPS US TO VISUALIZE THE ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES OF THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD
EXAMPLES:
-MODEL OF ATOM
-MODEL OF MOLECULE
-MODEL OF ELEMENT
-MODEL OF COMPOUND
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CHEMISTRY OF PURE SUBSTANCE
(MACROSCOPIC WORLD)
(MICROSCOPIC WORLD)
ELEMENTCOMPOUND
ATOMSIONS
MOLECULES
SAMPLES
of substances
MODELS
(of atomic particles)
EXPERIMENT
EXPLANATION
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PURE SUBSTANCE (CLASSIFICATION)
M ETAL(M )
NON-M ETAL(N)
EL EM ENT
COVAL ENT(N1-N2-...)
IONIC(M 1 N2)
COM POUND
PURE SUBSTANCE
ELEMENT: METALSNON-METALS(SEMI-METALS)
COMPOUND: IONIC (metal & non-metal)COVALENT(non-metals only)
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PURE SUBSTANCE (MICROSCOPIC WORLD)
ATOM M OL ECUL E
EL EM ENT
COVAL ENT(M OL ECUL E)
IONIC(CATION, ANION)
COM POUND
PURE SUBSTANCE
ELEMENT: ATOMS (of the same type)MOLECULES (of same type of atoms)
COMPOUND: IONIC COMPOUND (CATIONS & ANIONS from metals and non-metals) COVALENT COMPOUND (MOLECULES of different non-
metal atoms)