history review sheet final

8/6/2019 History Review Sheet Final

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I. Archeology

A. Prehistory (Up to 5,500 years ago): Period before people developed writing.

B. Archeologists: People who study the remains of prehistoric and historicpeople (artifacts)

1.) Mary Leaky (1960-1974): Archeologist who found Laetoli footpringsand Homo habilis bones in Laetoli, Tanzania and Olduvai Gorge,

Tanzania, respectively

II. Oldest Human Ancestors

A. Hominids (3.6 million years ago): creatures who walk upright

III. Paleolithic Age/ Old Stone Age

A. Homo Habilis (2.5-2 million years ago): The tool-maker with a 50% largerbrain.

-Eastern Africa

B. Homo Erectus (1.6 million years ago): The upright man with a ¾ sizedbrain.

1.) Creators of Fire: Fire enabled them to migrate more to India, China,Asia, and Europe, as well as using it for warming, protection, andmeans of cooking

C. Homo Sapiens/ Neanderthals (500,000-200,000 years ago): The wisehumans

- Neander Valley, Germany, Africa, and Eastern Asia

D. Homo Sapiens Sapiens/ Cro-Magnon (100,000 years ago): The doubly wisehuman who was discovered in Europe in 1868

1.) Neanderthals (200,000-30,000 years ago): Powerfully build andhunters in Europe and Southwest Asia

2.) Inventions: Invented new things for pleasure and BURST OFCREATIVITY like: Spear, sewing needle, cave drawing,

3.) Altamira Cave (25,000-12,000 years ago): A cave on a rocky hill onthe Spanish archeologist Don Marcelino de Sautuola’s European estate(Altamira means high lookout) where painted bulls were discovered inthe cave

IV. Neolithic Age/New Stone Age (10,000 years ago- 3500 BC)

A. Agricultural Revolution: Occurring in the Fertile Crescent, it was whenhumans gave up hunting and gathering to become farmers and tend the land.

1.) Reasons: Global Warming ideal faming conditions, population

pressure needed to find fast, easy source of food

2.) Jarmo: In Zagros Mountains of northeastern Iraq was disovered byRobert Braidwood



V. The Beginning of Monotheism

A. Monotheism: The doctrine of belief that there is only one God; God isomnipresent, omniscient, and omnipotent.

B. Judaism: The first monotheistic religion, and an ethical monotheism.

1.) Abraham: considered the father of religion by all 3 monotheisticreligions, founded Judaism by word of god in 2000 BC, in Canaan.-God promised to give Abraham many kids if he worshiped him

C. Moses: The greatest leader in Jewish History

1.) Freeing the Jews from slavery (1300-1200 AD): He led the Jews fromEgypt after freeing them from the Egyptian emperors, and led them allthe way to Canaan (always had been promised to them). Took 40years.

2.) 10 Commandments: A covenant, (or promise between god and the

Jewish people) written on two tables of stone delivered to the Jewishpeople by Moses. They were all based justice, morality, and individualrelationship with god.-Moses got them on Mount Sianai-The most important commandment being #2

VI. Beginning the Age of Empires

A. Hittites: People in Asia Minor who learned how to smelt iron in the FertileCrescent and were responsible for the shift from bronze to iron, which gaveurban civilizations a great advantage over less settled people/ paved the wayfor the age of empires (1200-700 BC).

1.) Why Iron?: harder than bronze, very common, and cheaper soarmies could have more weapons.

B. Assyrian Empire: An empire that took over most of Southwestern Asia (850-650 BC) through fear and harsh government

1.) Assurbnipal: Greatest king who, along with his soldiers, conqueredall of Syria, Palestine, Babylonia, Egypt.

2.) Nineveh: (on the Tigris River) the greatest city in its day.-library

3.) Reasons for Success: Army had the precision of a machine, andrulers were very harsh. The Assyrians had learned to be tough fighters

because of constantly being attacked by the barbarians from themountains in northern Mesopotamia.

C. Chaldean Empire: Empire that defeated the Assyrians and made Babylonthe capital from which to govern their Empire from.

1.) Babylon: Hanging gardens, thick walls, a huge ziggurat.

2.) Nebuchadnezzar: The chief builder of Babylon ruled from 605-562



BC, and conquered the Jews.- Army captured Jerusalem in 586 BC and burned the city,selling the 15,000 captured Jews to slavery in Babylon, sothey’d be away from their homeland (no revolt)

C. Persian Empire: Empire that built itself upon tolerance and wise

government.

1.) Cyrus: King who conquered most of the Fertile Crescent and AsiaMinor gracefully and peacefully, and even allowed Jews to return to

Jerusalem (550-530)

2.) Darius: The successor of Cyrus’s son who put down revolts,extended the Persian conquests to the east and figured out how togovern the large empire.

a.) Governing: divided the empire into 20 provinces (nationalities), allof which practiced their own religion, spoke their own language, spoketheir own language, and sometimes followed their own laws.

-Satraps were the governors, but Darius was the king of kings, withinspectors being his eyes and ears.

b.) Royal Road: Ran from Susa (Persian capital to Sardis in Asia Minor,making traveling time much shorter so royal commandments couldreach all parts of the empire.

c.) Standardized Coinage: trade easier held the empire together

3.) Zoroaster: A Persian prophet (600 BC) who offered an answer to thequestion of why there is so much evil in the world.-People of the Fertile Crescent had suffered from war, conquest, andfamine.

a.) Gods: Ahura-Mazda: god of truth and light VS. Ahriman: god of eviland darkness

b.) Result: In the end of time, all souls would be judged on what sidethey where on.

VII. Ancient Egypt

A. Geographical Amenities: Responsible for uniting such diversity in race,ethnicity, and culture.

1.) Nile River: Religiously and agriculturally, Egypt depended and

began with the Nile.

a.) Gift of the Nile: The regular floods left behind a rich depositof soil, and farmers were able to make irrigation ditches,making Egypt “the gift of the Nile”b.) Worship of the Nile: Because of the regular floods, Egyptianfarmers felt a sense of security and felt t heir life revolvearound it. So they observed all the religious rituals to please thegods and in turn the river.



2.) Cataracts: Churning rapids that, divided Lower and upper Egypt.- By 3200 BC, the nomes (agricultural districts) were divided into twogroups under two kings (Upper and Lower Egypt)

B. Menes: In 3100 BC, Menes united all of Egypt and created the red and

white double crown. He placed the capital at the spot where both Egyptsmet: Memphis.

VIII. Egyptian Dynastic Age

A. Dynasty: A series of rulers from a single family.- The history of Egypt would later consists of 31 dynasties, spanning over

2,800years.

B. Old Kingdom/3rd Dynasty: (2660-2180 BC) set the pattern for Egypt’s futureculture.

1.) Pharaohs: The kings of Egypt who were considered Gods. Theystood at the center of Egypt’s religion as well as government, and borefull responsibility for everything.

2.) Ka: The spirit of the pharaoh lived on after death

a.) Mummification: The ka needed to refresh itself occasionally byentering the human body, so the body was preserved.

b.) Pyramids: Huge structures built by peasants for the glory of thegod-king were the mummies alongside their riches were stored: thegreatest being the Pyramid at Giza.

First illness (poor harvests, lawlessness, warfare) 2180-2080 BC Middle Kingdom

(2080-1640) Second Illness (rule of the Hyksos) 1640-1570 BC NEW KINGDOM!

C. Hatshepsut: Declared himself pharaoh around 1487 BC while her son Thutmose was still a child. She ruled for 22 years, and known for encouragingtrade rather than waging war.

D. Ramses II: Egypt’s last great pharaoh who reigned from 1279-1212 BC, andcreated the giant temple to Amon, and decorated all his temples with giantstatus of himself (not as skillfully built as the temples of the Old Kingdom)

IX. Egypt’s way of life prospered through invasions

A. Osiris: Egyptians believed that they would be judged for their deeds whenthey died by Osiris (god of the dead)- To win eternal life, the heart could not be any heavier than a feather; if itwas, the Devourer of Souls would eat it.

B. Book of the Dead: Book where priest’s prayers protected the living and thedad from all troubles.- Priests controlled more land, more slaves, and more wealth than the pharaohhimself

C. Hieroglyphics: pictures of objects representing sounds



1.) Rosetta Stone: Discovered by Jean Francois Champollion in 1799,near the village of Rosetta, polish black stone was found with messagesinscribed in 3 languages; ancient Greek, simple hieroglyphs, and hieroglyphs

D. Tutankhamon: Ruler after Akhenaton who in 1362 destroyed the recent

practice of only worshiping to Anton (god of the sun). As a reward, his tombwas packed with unsurpassable amounts of treasure.-LATER…. Tomb discovered by Carter in 1922.

X. The Origins of Civilization in India

A. Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa: 2 of the largest Indian cities from approx. 2500BC. They had a regular pattern of building, which suggests that they wereplanned by a strong central gov’t. The cities had specialized structures (ex.Bathhouses, storehouses, shops), and shower unique concern with cleanlinessand sanitation. They had bathrooms and garbage disposals.

B. Aryan Migration: 1500 BC- nomads from central Asia to the Indus Valleywho conquered cities but did not inhabit them. Between 1500-500 BC, Aryan

and native cultures merged together in northern India, producing Hinduism.

1.) Vedas: Oral traditions that serve as the foundation for Indianphilosophy, religion, and society. The most important clue to thehistory of India during the Vedic Age (1500-500 BC).

a.) Rig-Veda= the most important Veda, and includes 1,028hymns of praise, and is still in active use.

2.) Upanishads: Written interpretations of the Vedic hymns by thewisest Hindu teachers (Shaman).

If you follow your Dharma, you get good Karma, you are released fromSamsara, achieve Moksha, and become one with Brahman.

a.) Four Goals of Lifetimes:

-Dharma: duty/virtue

-Artha: pursuing power, wealth, and success

-Kama: pleasure

-Moksha: perfect understanding and release from the wheel of life

*Bhakti: devotion (only way to experience all those things)

3.) Castes: Social divisions that were created from the different parts of the god Brahman. Ritual purity was the basis for the ranking of thecastes.

a.) Brahmin: priestly caste

b.) Kshatriyas: ruler and warrior caste

c.) Vaishyas: landowner, merchant, and artisan caste



4.) There is a path for accomplishing this: the Middle Way (Dharma).

XIII. Introduction to China

A. The Middle Kingdom: Ancient China was isolated from all other civilizations:the Pacific Ocean to the east, the forbidden desert Takla Makan lay to thewest, as well as the Tibet Plateau. To the southwest were the Himalayas, andto the north were the warlike nomads of Mongolia. Therefore, because inChinese view, only barbaric people lived outside of China’s borders, theircountry was the center of the civilized world.

B. Society Bonds: Made for unity, the group was always more important thanthe individual and people’s lives were governed by their duties to 2 importantauthorities: their family and their king/emperor

1. The Family: The center of society; everyone’s role in the family was

fixed from birth to death. The elderly had all the privileges and powerwhile the young had almost none.

2. The Government: People owed obedience and respect to the ruler of the Middle Kingdom as though he were their grandfather.

a.) Mandate of Heaven: Divine approval given to a ruler.

- A wicked or foolish kind could lose the Mandate of Heaven if the spirits showed displeasure (flood, riot ect.)

b.) Dynastic Cycle:

The Eightfold Path

1.) Right view

2.) Right aspiration

3.) Right speech

4.) Right action

5.) Right livelihood

6.) Right effort

7.) Right mindfulness

8.) Right concentration

ng dynasty established peace and prosperity; it is considered to have Mandate of Heaven.

In time, dynastynes and becomes corrupt; taxes as raised; power grows weaker. Disasters such as floods, famines, peasan

lts, and invasions occur. Old dynasty is seen as having lost Mandate of Heaven; rebellion justified. Dyna

thrown through rebellion and bloodshed; new dynasty emerges. New dynasty gains power, restores peace r, and claims to have Mandate of Heaven.



XIV. The Chou Dynasty (1027-221 BC)

A. The First 300 Years: The Chou ruled a large empire including eastern andwestern lands, and the king’s power was wielded locally by mighty lords, butthe final power lay in the hands of the king.

B. Weakening of the Chou Rule: In 771 BC, the barbarians from the north andwest sacked the Chou capital (Hao) and murdered the Chao monarch. The restof the royal family pretended to rule for 500 more years…

1.) Time of the Warring States (475-221 BC): Neighboring lords pickedfights with each other.

C. Confucius: China’s most influential scholar, also known as K’ung Futzu(Master Kung) who was born in 551 BC. He led a scholarly life studyinghistory, music, and moral character.

1.) Five Basic Relationships: Social order and good government could

be restored if society were organized around 5 basic relationships.Each relationship contains an inferior and superior.

-Concept of Filial piety: respect for parents and elders, and Li: properbehavior.

a.) Rightiousness in the heart leads to beauty in the character,which leads to harmony in the home, which leads to harmony inthe nation, which leads to peace in the world.

2.) Minister of Crime: Confucius was not content with merely being agreat teacher; he wanted to reform Chinese society by showing how togovern wisely: was appointed by the Duke of Lu to be the Minister of Crime.

B. Taoism: Developed by Lao Tzu who believed that only the natural order wasimportant.

1.) The Way: (Tao/dow) is the universal force that guides all things.

a.) Humans are the only creatures that do not follow Taobecause they argue about questions of right and wrong, goodmanners and bad, and such arguments are futile.

-one cannot be wise if it just argues and does not follow the Taoof its nature; you will become ill if so

b.) Humans who adopted the Taoist philosophy withdrew from

society to live close to nature.

c.) Wu Way: actionless activity

B. Legalists: Believed that a highly efficient and powerful government was thekey to restoring order, and a ruler should provide rich rewards for people whocarried out their duties well. Likewise, the disobedient should be harshlypunished. Eventually gained favor. (Two Handles)

1.) In practice: Stressed punishment more than rewards.



a.) Chastisement: Inflicting torture and death onto criminals

b.) Commendation: Bestowing rewards or encouragement tothose who were good subjects.

2.) Controlling Ideas as well as Actions: A ruler should burn all writingsthat might encourage people to think critically about the government

b/c it was for the prince to govern and the people to obey.

XV. The Ch’in Dynasty builds an Empire

A. Ch’in Shih Huang-ti (First Emperor): Became king of the state of Chin in 246BC with the strongest army in the world, alongside his advisor Li Si. By 221BC, declared himself the first emperor of China as a whole. He was the firstperson to use the title “Emperor” and China became Legalist

1.) Conquering the “Warring States”: Used a huge army to conquer allrivals/neighbors.

a.) Seals deal by marriage

b.) concubines were used to create more kids to use as politicalpawns

2.) Ending Feudalism: Destroyed power of rival warlords bycommanding them all to live at the capital city and melted all theirweapons.

3.) Establishing Bureaucracy: He divided the empire into 36 units, andthe units (commanderies) were overseen by 3 people, although he hadsupreme power over all.

a.) Civil governor: oversaw civil issues (ex. Agriculture, building)

b.) Military governor

c.) Imperial overseer: directly informed the emperor

-Each commanderie was split into counties with court-appointed judges.

4.) Book Burning: Confucian books were in conflict with the beliefs of his reforms (legalist views ≠ Confucian beliefs)

a.) Li Si criticized scholars and ordered their execution and bookburning.

-Scholars disobeyed the order would be marked with a tattoo

and sent into forced labor

-Scholars who discussed Confucian teachings would beexecuted (460) were killed

5.) Building the Great Wall: Its purpose was too keep people in andinvaders out, but it did not succeed. One of the public works projectsthat unified China.

a.) Early history: Meng Lian, the general, connected and



extended all defensive walls to cover Northern frontier.

b.) Building: 300,000 workers who were mostly soldiers,peasants and old gov’t officials.

-the conditions were extremely difficult (ex. Bad weather,dangerous, fighting off invaders= “Longest Graveyard in the

World.”

6.) Fall of the Ch’in Dynasty: The Ch’in dynasty was short-livedbecause Shih Huang-ti’s son was much less able, and the peasantsrebelled.

a.) Ch’in Shih Huang-ti died during his search for immortality.

XVI. Flowering of Civilization Under the Han Dynasty (207 BC- AD 220)

A. Basic Changes: The Han years were the years of glory, unity, and peace;the bated laws of the Ch’in emperors were revoked and legalist thinkers wereexpelled from the imperial palace. Chinese people call themselves “people of

Han.”

B. Wu-ti: Most powerful of all the Han emperors, who ruled from 140-87 BC.

1.) Martial Emperor: Known as this because his armies from thenorthern barbarians (the Huns) out beyond the wall, and he extendedthe boundaries of the empire westward into central Asia, south toVietnam, and east into Korea.

2.) Confucian Scholars: A renewal of learning occurred becausescholars were again allowed to read Confucian literature. In 124 BC,national university was founded to teach about the Classics; graduatewho passed the examinations about them went on to hold the highestpositions in the Wu-ti gov’t and the most powerful officials soon

became those who had mastered the classics. (Confucian meritocracy)

a.) Five Classics: the greatest writings of Chou timescollected by Confucius before he died.

b.) Analects: contained Confucius’s words of wisdom asrecorded by his students

3.) The Great Silk Road: Stimulated the growth of overland trade.

a.) Silk was the first the first link the connected Chinawith the rest of the world; silk was the main export, andit changed hands various times over the long journey,each time for a higher price.

b.) Rocky, mountainous rout that led past Tibet, acrossthe Takla Makan, and into central Asia (4,000 miles) toreach the markets of Syria and Asia minor.

C.) Fall of the Han Dynasty: After Wu-ti’s reign, secret societies and rebelliouswarlords overthrew the Han dynasty (Early Han dynasty). The return of theHan to the throne was followed by short-lived peace (Later Han dynasty).



1.) End of Early Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 8): Chinese peasantssuffered; they lived under lots of tax and debt, bad harvest forcedthem to sell their kids to slavery, famine and plague took the villages.

a.) Secret Societies: Thousands of peasants fled into themountains and became bandits joining secret societies such as:

The Red Eyebrow, the Green Woodsmen, the Yellow Turbans---and then revolted.

2.) End of Later Han Dynasty (AD 25-220): Cruel and corrupt gov’tofficials gained power, in the countryside generals led armies in theemperors name but actually for themselves, and peasants turnedagain to bandity.

D. Spread of Buddhism (50 BC-100 AD): During the late years of the Handynasty, , Buddhism became increasingly popular in China.

1.) Means of Travel: Came with traders on the Great Silk Road, or ontrade vessels from the Indian Ocean.

a.) Silk Road:

2.) Methods of Teaching: Buddhist monks taught that the Buddha hadbeen a merciful god who had come to earth to save human souls;people in India and China began carving statues of him and bowingberfore them.

a.) Bitter times for Chinese of all classes= needed religiouscomfort; Chinese turned to the kindly Buddah

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------XVII. Culture from Civilizations of the Bronze Age

A. Minoan Civilization (2000-1200 BC): Sea faring people with great power inthe Mediterranean world, who inhabited the island of Crete.

1.) Aspects of the culture: Thriving trade, magnificent palaces,pleasant life (athletic contests, festivals, stylish dress ect.), pluming,appreaciation of nature.

B. Mycenaean Civilization (2000-1200 BC): Group of people who settled intomainland Greece as part of a wave of migration from India to the FertileCrescent and beyond.

1.) Location: Steep, rocky ridge surrounded by a wall

2.) Rulers: Warlike rulers lived all over southern Greece, and the warsociety dominated the economy.

a.) Trojan War: Mycenaean siege against the seaport of Troy inAsia Minor.

XVIII. Dark Ages (1200 BC-750 BC)

A. Dorian Migration: Moved into war-torn mainland countryside after



Mycenaean palaces were burned.

B. Homerian Epics: long, heroic poems which reflected Greek ideals

1.) The Iliad: story of the end of the Trojan War

2.) The Odyssey: Great adventures of Odysseus coming back from thewar

A. Religion: Worshiped human-like gods who lived in Mount Olympus

1.) Myths: stories about god, used to understand the mysteries of nature and the power of human passions.

XIX. Rise of City States

A. Acropolis: fortified hilltop where meeting between citizens to sharediscussion of public matters.

B. New Army: Developed as a result of the use of iron, so citizens could bewarriors.

1.) Phalanx: a body of hoplites (soldiers on foot) with a wall of shieldsand spears.

XX. Rise of Tyrants

A. Sparta (600-371 BC): Army Sate located in the southern part of Greece: thePeloponnesus, cut off by the Gulf of Corinth from the rest of Greece.

1.) Conquered Messenia (725 BC):

a.) Took over their land and turned the Messenians into helots-Helots: peasants forced to stay on the land they worked

b.) Messenians revolted in 600 BC, and so Code of Lycurgus wasadopted-Code of Lycurgus: harsh set of laws-Lycurgus: gave Sparta its laws, then starved himself to deathto save food for his polis

2.) Spartan Way: Sparta was a uniquely militaristic state that forced allmen into the army, gave many rights to women, and had the strongestarmy in Greece (duty, strength, discipline > beauty, freedom of thought

B. Athens: The first democracy, or government in which all citizens took part.

1.) Solon (594 BC): A middle-aged poet, philosopher, and merchantwho prevented civil war because he was well known for his fairness.

a.) Solon’s reforms:

Economically Politically

1. Cancelled all debt 1. Allowed every male citizen to attendassembly; all important matters were



decided by vote

2. Made farming profitable 2. Allowed any citizen to bring chargesagainst anyone who had committed a

wrong

3. Encouraged industry required everyfather to teach his son a trade

2.) Cleisthenes (508 BC): Made Athens a full democracy though aseries of laws

a.) Increased the Power of the Council of Five Hundred topropose laws and advise the assembly, and allowed any citizento participate

b.) HOWEVER only 1/5th of the people in Athens were citizens,and women did not have many rights.

XXI. Persian Wars

A. Herodotus: Full story of the Persian wars told by him, a Greek scholar, in his

History of the Persian Wars, and is known as the first historian.

B. First Invasion (490 BC)/ Battle of Marathon: Persian fleet carried 25,000men across the Aegean Sea and landed on the plain of Marathon, where10,000 Athenians were waiting for them. ATHEN WON.

1.) Pheidippides: Athens was defenseless, so Pheidippides ran fromMarathon to Athens: “Rejoice, we conquer” and died. So when thePersians arrived, they say the situation was helpless

C. Second Invasion (480 BC)/ Battle of Thermopylae: Xerxes, the son of Dariusthe Great, assembled an incredibly exhibit of the Persian Empire. Greeks werebadly divided between fighting and letting the Xerxes win. But then Xerxes

came to a narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae…PERSIA WON BUT NOTREALLY

1.) 300 Spartans: Leaders of the 7,000 Greeks who were blocking theway at Thermopylae and held off the Persian army for a while

a.) Leonidas: Spartan commander who told all the other Greekcity states to retreat to safety and held off the Spartans, until aGreek traitor told the Persians about a secret path to the Greeks



2.) Salamis: Themistocles told Athens to evacuate the city, and dependon a victory at sea, so then ATHENS WON

C. Battle of Platea: Where the rest of the Persian army was defeated, on aplain.

D. Delian League: Alliance of 140 city states, lead by Athens, to ward off further Persian attacks.- REAL USE: Athens began to use its powerful navy to control the othermembers of the league; city states were forced to join;

XXII. Athenian Golden Age (480-430 BC)

A. Pericles (461-429 BC): First leader of the war-scarred city who’s rule is alsoknown as the Age of Pericles.

1.) Strengthen Athenian Democracy: Increased the number of publicofficials with paid salaries.

2.) Build a Commercial Empire: Used the Delian league’s treasury tomake Athen’s navy the strongest in the Mediterranean, whichsafeguarded Athenian commerce and kept order.

3.) Glorify Athens: Persuaded Athenian assembly to buy gold, ivory,and marble, to build the Parthenon

a.) Parthenon: with Athena in the middle, it expressedthe pride of Athens

B. Grecian Drama: Theatrical productions were an expression of civic prideand tribute to the gods, and honored the god Dionysus.

1.) Aeschylus: Shared Athen’s glory and wrote tragedies.

2.) Sophocles: Won a dramatic contest again Aeschylus in 468 BC



- Most famous play= Oedipus

XXIII. Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)A. Thucydides: An Athenian who wrote about the wars in his journal

B. Beginning of the War (431 BC): Tension had been building between Athensand Sparta, and war was inevitable: Athens was the strongest sea power, butSparta was the strongest land power.

C. 1st Disaster for Athens (430 BC): A plague stuck Athens because of overpopulation and Spartan mess= killed 1/3rd of the population, includingPericles.D. 2nd Disaster (415 BC): Spartans defeated the huge Athenian fleet thatcarried 27,000 soldiers to the island of Sicily.

E. End of the War: Spartans forced the Athenians to tear down the Long Walls(symbol of Athen’s strength)

XXIV. Philosophers

A. Socrates: Questioned all accepted values of Athens- democracy, patriotism,and religion.

1.) Socratic Method: Teaching by asking questions

2.) Trial of Socrates (399 BC): Accused of “corrupting the youth” and“failing to revere the gods”; convicted.

B. Plato: Follower of Socrates who established The Academy and wrote, aswell as taught.

1.) The Republic (385-380 BC): Vision of a perfectly governed society.

C. Aristotle: One of Plato’s best students who was incredibly hungry forknowledge of all sorts

1.) Syllogism: A set of logical statements that later helped developrational, scientific thought.

1. All people are mortal.

Roman Republic (1000B.C.E. - 27B.C.E.) – after the great city was built, a prosperoustime when Rome spread its power occurred, eventually collapsing

Growth of the Roman Republic (509B.C. – 44B.C.)1. First period (509-265 B.C.): plebeians gained power, Romestruggled to gain control of the Italian peninsula

2. Second period (265-44B.C.): civil war, extending of rule throughthe Mediterranean Sea A. Romulus and Remus: according to mythology, Romulus was the son of wargod Mars and Latin princess, and after killing his twin Remus, founded the cityof Rome on the Palatine hilltop.

B. After Italy’s prehistory ended, three groups formed the region and itsculture:



1.) Latins: wandered through the Alps stopping in Italy (1000 B.C.),settled in their region of Latium on the Tiber River, worked asshepherds and farmers

2.) Greeks: settlers formed around 50 colonies on the southern coast of

Italy and Sicily (750 B.C.-600B.C.), commercially active, “Greece-ified”other cities

3.) Etruscans: entered northern Italy (1200B.C.-800B.C.), may havecome from Asia Minor, very civilized, had a writing system derived

from the Greek alphabet, smiles in art, wealthy iron tradea) influenced Roman architecture and trade

C. Class Division in Society

1.) Patricians: upper class, privileged families who claimed they wererelated to the fathers of Rome ( patres )

2.) Plebeians: common folk—farmers, artisans, merchants. Freecitizens, but rarely held public office

3.) Key Concept: status (political and social) was determinedsolely by birth, rigid structure

D. Rome’s Army

1.) Double life of Patricians and Plebeians: Farmer Soldier

2.) Requirement of Service, public office required ten years of service—suggesting physical strength may have been desired for political roles

3.) Legion: military unit of 4000 to 6000 soldiers, with a correspondingcavalry, divided into 60 centuries

a) Legion > Phalanx more flexible, independent movement,fighting force!

E. Forum Romanum: place of politics, public and private business; areabetween Palatine and Capitoline; surrounded by temples and buildings

Roman Government

A. Twelve Tables (451B.C.): written law code after Patricians had abused theirpolitical privileges, and been demanded that the laws of Rome be written

1.) base for later Roman law

2.) key idea: free citizens had the right of protection by law

B. Consuls (2): joint head of state, could veto other consul

1.) veto: the power of a political officer to oppose a piece of legislation

C. Senate: council of elders, derived from latin word senex meaning ‘oldman’.



D. Cincinnatus – Roman ideal of a dictator (458 B.C.E.)

1.) common farmer, named dictator when Roman armies were introuble

2.) left the farm to defeat Rome’s enemies and stepped down in 15

days

E. Rome attacked by Gauls (390 B.C.E.): fell horribly, paid embarrassingamount

FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Fall in Farm Prices

Hannibal’s Invasion (Carthage leader) Abandonment of FarmsFarmers become Soldiers

Growth of a large unemployed class in cities Rome imports grainsSellout of Farms

Growth of LATIFUNDIA: poor selling land to rich, result=large estatesPyramiding of wealth: Rich vs. Poor

Unemployment – Civil War – Search for Leadership

Gracchus Brothers: (Tiberius and Gaius) First Triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus(the

richBoth tried to reform, one clubbed to man who invested in Caesar) andPompeydeath one declared enemy of the state

Julius Caesar – Dictator + ConsulCivil War – 42 B.C.E. Feared by Nobles and Senators March 15, 44 B.C.E.

Second Triumvirate: Lepidus, politician, Octavian, victor of war following Caesar’s death, and Marc Antony, Octavian’s rival

Civil War, 31 B.C.E.



Brutus Defeated (fell on his sword) Antony and Cleopatra defeated in seabattle

Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler of Rome

END OF ROMAN REPUBLIC!

Punic Wars

A. Carthage: former Phoenician colony, dominated Mediterranean trade, wentto war with Rome over Sicily and the western Mediterranean, began the PunicWars

1.) Advantages of Carthage: 250,000 population, 500 ship navy,wealthy with Numidian mercenaries

B. First Punic War: 23 years long, Carthage’s fleet defeated in 241 B.C.

C. Second Punic War: Hannibal (Carthaginian leader, military mastermind)Invasion, marched up and down Italian peninsula

1.) Battle of Zama: Roman general, Scipio, attacked Carthage, whichwas then thrashed by Scirpio. Hannibal killed himself.

D. Third Punic War: Rome forced war on Carthage, Scirpio’s grandson finishedthem off

During the Fall of Rome…

A. Gladiatior: fought opponents to death in public arenas, Romanentertainment

B. Spartacus: a slave trained as a gladiator, led the third slave uprising of 70,000 slaves

C. Marius: Army leader who saved Rome from an invasion of the Germanictribes (105 B.C.), died in bed

D. Sulla: Rival of Marius, held power for a long time, killed followers of Marius,named himself dictator, died in bed

Time of the Triumvirates

A. First Triumvirate (60 BC): consisted of Julius Caesar, Marcus LiciniusCrassus, and Gnaeus Pompey (Pompey the Great).

1.) Gaius Julius Caesara. Started off governing a Spanish provinceb. Part of First Triumviratec. Conquests in Gauld. Occupied Rome, and became absolute ruler in 46 B.C.E.e. Set up new calandarf. Killed by senators followers of Brutus and Cassius “Et tu, Brute!”



B. Brutus: chief conspirator of Caesar’s murder, friend of Caesar, thoughtCaesar was to disregard the constitution of the Roman Republic

C. Cleopatra: Egypt’s queen, got Marc Antony to marry her, defeated

D. Second Triumvirate: consisted of Marc Antony, Octavian, and Marcus

Lepidus.

1.) Octavian: Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son, part of theSecond Triumvirate to try and destroy Caesar’s enemies, defeatedAntony and Cleopatra, became sole ruler of Rome for 41 years, andstarted a period of peace

2.) Cicero: killed in the rampage of the Second Triumvirate, senate’sgreatest orator, had often spoke in defense of the republic (so wasassumed to be an enemy of Caesar)

HellenismMacedonPhilip IIAlexander the GreatAlexandriaEuclidArchimedes

Chapter EightIcon

ExcommunicateHereticPatriarchConstantine

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JustinianHaiga SophiaEastern OrthodoxRoman Catholic ChurchHeigiraMosque

CaliphKaabaMuhammadQuran (Koran)RamadanFive Pillars of IslamUmayyad caliphateAbbasid caliphateSunniShiite Chapter NineMedievalDark AgesMonasteryBenedictGregory ICharlemagneBattle of ToursVikingsEric the RedLeif EricsonFeudalismLordVassalSerf ManorInvestiture

Be able to locate the following: MesopotamiaNile River

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Yellow RiverIndus RiverGreeceItaly

RomeMediterranean SeaAegean SeaAachenPersiaChinaRomeAlpaCarthage



MeccaConstantinople (Istanbul)

JerusalemArabian PeninsulaSpainCarthage

Asia Minor

history review sheet final

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