The History ofTraining and Development

1800

Antiquity through pre-1800sApprenticeship and on-the-job training

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1812

1812Kriegsspiel (wargame) developed to train Prussian and German armies.

1872 Hoe and Company establishes the first documented factory school to train machinists, and the need for

quicker training driven by the industrial revolution meant many companies soon followed suit with their own

factory schools.

18721850

1860

1870

1830

1840

18201812

1880

1890

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1880

1890

1892

1900

1872

1910

1892John H. Patterson, founder of the National Cash Register Company, creates the first widespread sales training by giving his sales team the NCR Primer. Vestibule training was also introduced during the late 1800s, which combines the strengths of classroom and on-the-job methods in smaller classrooms.

1910

1917

1911

1911Frederick Taylor published a book on his method of productivity, called scientific management. He studied the motion and time use of employees to develop ways of doing work that reduced non-productive time.

1917

1920

1930

1940

Charles R. Allen creates the “Show, Tell, Do and Check” method of training in response to an increased need for

shipyard workers. This e�ciently walked workers through complex processes in a way that escalated responsibility

with capability and allowed for feedback.

1917

Furthermore, the First World War time period created a serious need for more defense workers and manufacturing. Training played a critical part in filling that need as many experienced workers were enlisting.

1942

1941

1920

1930

1940

1941Following the United States’ entry into World War II, a government commission developed job instruction training (JIT), a systematic on-the-job training method that put learners at ease, explained the job, had learners explain and demonstrate each step, then regularly followed up with inspections and evaluations. JIT also contributed to the creation of job aids.

1942

1950

19411940

1942The American Society of Training Directors was founded. The organization later changed its name to the American Society for Training and Development, and currently goes by the Association for Talent Development.

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Following the World Wars, companies wanted a way to train people e�ciently and reduce expense while still

getting high instructional value. Individualized instruction became prominent, which replaced teachers with

materials that broke the learning into small steps with an activity afterward to check comprehension. This and reinforcement behavior research opened the door for

di�erent methods of practicing new skills.

1950s1 2 3

1942

1954

1950

1954

1950

1956

1954Donald Kirkpatrick first outlines the Four Levels of Learning Evaluation, giving learning and development professionals one of the first ways to evaluate training programs.

1954

1956

i 1956Benjamin Bloom led a committee in the publication of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, which helped trainers better match the information to instructional methods.

1960

1956

Instructional System Design was born from a desire to bring the various pieces of the instructional process into

an e�ective system. As computers progressed in the 1960s, virtual reality begins to develop, although it

wouldn’t see widespread interest for many decades.

1950s & 1960s

1960

1961

1960First computer-assisted instruction launches at the University of Illinois with the PLATO system. Albert Bandura begins writing about observational learning, laying the foundation for modern social learning.

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1961

1960

1962

1961McDonald’s founds Hamburger University, the first corporate university.

1962

1961

1970

The concept of instructional design was first articulated by Robert Glaser. Training Magazine begins publication.

1962

1970

1962

1983

1970Malcolm Knowles originates the term informal learning.

1983

1970

1984

1983Howard Gardner introduces the theory of multiple intelligences.

1984

1983

1989

1984ADDIE evolves and becomes more flexible and less linear.

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1989

1984

AT&T launches the first electronic performance support system, an updated version of job aids that came with

the benefit that assets could be immediately updated for all people.

1989

1980s1990sComputer-based training uses the methods of individualized instruction to provide instruction to employees on computers.

1989

1990

Mid to late

1990Blended learning grows as people realize elearning and computer-based training are not silver bullets. The term elearning debuts, but grows in popularity when Jay Cross begins using it in 2004. Elearning is the latest iteration of computer-based training, and is typically accessed online. Elearning often encompasses other, more niche delivery methods or training techniques.

1990

2000

1990

2002

2000 Mobile learning enters the training lexicon at the beginning of the new century, but mobile learning

doesn’t really start gaining traction until the explosion of personal smartphones in the mid to late 2000s. In addition, chunking gets rebranded as microlearning.

Early 2000s

2002Nick Pelling coins the term gamification, although people have been using gaming elements in many applications for two centuries.

2002

2000

2008

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20082008MOOCs start seeing use in distance education and the training industry isn’t far behind.

2002

2010

2010

2008

The success of personal social networking sites catches the attention of training departments, and the concept of

social learning takes on new dimensions.

Mid to Late 2000s

LEARN THE PROS ANDCONS OF THE MOST POPULAR

TRAINING TRENDS

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https://www.msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsspiel_%28wargame%29

https://books.google.com/books?id=1nixs6VZnl0C&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=hoe+and+company+factory+school&source=bl&ots=EygN15zNlF&sig=-9LBZ3Ltg70f_t1YMmyK3rwzOmU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtmIn-8JPLAhUX3GMKHVGLCWIQ6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=hoe%20and%20company%20factory%20school&f=false

http://www.ncr.com/locations/uk/about-us/History.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/vestibule.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/roleplay.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_management

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/war1.html

https://www.msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/astd.html

https://www.msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/practice.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kirkpatrick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom%27s_taxonomy

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/isd.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO_%28computer_system%29

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/bandura.html

http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/corporate_careers/training_and_development/hamburger_university.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/id.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/trainingmag.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/informal.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/addie.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/epss.html

https://www.msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/blended.html

https://www.msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html

http://joshbersin.com/2009/05/modern-corporate-training-the-enterprise-learning-framework/

http://www.educationalappstore.com/blog/history-future-mobile-learning-part-1/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification#History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learning_theory

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