History of psychologyHistory of psychology

CHARLES DARWIN 1809-1882Published theory of evolution in 1859

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

Was an English biologist - psychology not a Was an English biologist - psychology not a science at that timescience at that time

Darwin’s writings inspired others to study Darwin’s writings inspired others to study animals in an attempt to understand humans animals in an attempt to understand humans betterbetter

Published Published Origin of Species- Origin of Species- 1859 and1859 and

The Descent of Man The Descent of Man - 1871 - 1871

Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

Father of PsychologyFather of Psychology German philosopher and psychologistGerman philosopher and psychologist Started the first laboratory for studying Started the first laboratory for studying

humans in 1879humans in 1879 Trained people to describe in detail all Trained people to describe in detail all

sensations they received from objects that sensations they received from objects that they came in contact withthey came in contact with

The information was collected and analyzedThe information was collected and analyzed

Wundt used technique of introspection

The process of looking inside oneself and describing what one feels, thinks,remembers.

This approach still used today in This approach still used today in

clinical psychologyclinical psychology Wundt believed that people could use Wundt believed that people could use

introspection to learn about introspection to learn about themselvesthemselves

WUNDT JAMES

WILLIAM JAMES 1842-1910WILLIAM JAMES 1842-1910

American philosopher considered to be oneAmerican philosopher considered to be one

of the founders of American psychologyof the founders of American psychology Wanted to understand how the mind Wanted to understand how the mind

“functioned” to help people adapt to their “functioned” to help people adapt to their environment rather than just describe itenvironment rather than just describe it

Humans should be studied as complete Humans should be studied as complete wholeswholes

Wrote a voluminous textbook on psychologyWrote a voluminous textbook on psychology

UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIORUNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR

PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHPSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH BEHAVIORAL APPROACHBEHAVIORAL APPROACH HUMANISTIC APPROACHHUMANISTIC APPROACH COGNITIVE APPROACHCOGNITIVE APPROACH NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHNEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACH SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHSOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH

SIGMUND FREUD FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

SIGMUND FREUD1856-1939

•Austrian physician•Emphasized the power of un- conscious conflicts and early childhood experiences•Developed one of the first theories of personality

PSYCHOANALYSISPSYCHOANALYSIS

Unconscious urgesUnconscious urges Hidden aggressive tendenciesHidden aggressive tendencies Sexual impulsesSexual impulses Childhood experiencesChildhood experiences Suppressed memoriesSuppressed memories FantasiesFantasies

THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES CONTROL MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIORCONTROL MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIOR

Freud used hypnosis, then free association Freud used hypnosis, then free association and interpretation of dreams to learn about and interpretation of dreams to learn about the unconscious. the unconscious.

Free association: saying whatever comes to Free association: saying whatever comes to your mind without fear of judgment. your mind without fear of judgment.

IDID –CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS –CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS

AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND

AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATEDAGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED

IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF

MINDMIND SUPEREGOSUPEREGO- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS

OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSESOUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES

GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDEGUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE

FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGSFOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS

EGOEGO- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSIONCONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OFWITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SUPEREGO.THE SUPEREGO. The unconscious can surface in The unconscious can surface in our dreams, through free our dreams, through free

association, and our “ego” whichassociation, and our “ego” which allows the expression of the ID. allows the expression of the ID. (Dance of the Boxes)(Dance of the Boxes)

OEDIPUS COMPLEX/OEDIPUS COMPLEX/ELECTRA COMPLEXELECTRA COMPLEX

Occurs during the “phallic” stage of Occurs during the “phallic” stage of

childhood developmentchildhood development The child develops sexual fantasies ofThe child develops sexual fantasies of

the parent of the opposite sex and the parent of the opposite sex and

resentment and a feeling of resentment and a feeling of

competition with the parent of the competition with the parent of the

same sex.same sex.

Freud’s theory of child developmentFreud’s theory of child development

Refer to pp. 395-396 for more on Refer to pp. 395-396 for more on this controversial theory. this controversial theory.

SEDUCTION THEORYSEDUCTION THEORY

HYSTERIA IN ADULTS WAS DUE TOHYSTERIA IN ADULTS WAS DUE TO

ABUSES (PRIMARILY SEXUAL) THATABUSES (PRIMARILY SEXUAL) THAT

OCCURRED IN CHILDHOOD. OCCURRED IN CHILDHOOD. LATER CHANGED THEORY AND SAIDLATER CHANGED THEORY AND SAID

THAT THESE ABUSES MAY HAVE BEENTHAT THESE ABUSES MAY HAVE BEEN

“ “FANTASIES” OF SEXUAL ABUSE FANTASIES” OF SEXUAL ABUSE

RATHER THAN ACTUAL ABUSES.RATHER THAN ACTUAL ABUSES.

DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS Freud believed that the ego, trying to Freud believed that the ego, trying to

balance the pressures from the id, balance the pressures from the id, superego and external forces, uses superego and external forces, uses defense mechanisms .defense mechanisms .

When threatened or under stress, we When threatened or under stress, we do our best to keep some kind of do our best to keep some kind of balance. balance.

We all use defense mechanisms, We all use defense mechanisms, however, they can be used too often.however, they can be used too often.

DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS RepressionRepression DenialDenial DisplacementDisplacement Reaction formationReaction formation IntellectualizationIntellectualization Identification with the aggressorIdentification with the aggressor RegressionRegression ProjectionProjection SublimationSublimation RationalizationRationalization

ENTER THE BEHAVIORISTSENTER THE BEHAVIORISTS

BEHAVIORISMBEHAVIORISM

Learned behavior through rewards and Learned behavior through rewards and punishments-positive and negative punishments-positive and negative reinforcements, associationsreinforcements, associations

Emphasis on observable behaviorEmphasis on observable behavior Our behavior is more influenced by Our behavior is more influenced by

consequences (positive or negative) ratherconsequences (positive or negative) rather

than free will.than free will. Much of our learning is through conditioningMuch of our learning is through conditioning

IVAN PAVLOV-(1849-1936)IVAN PAVLOV-(1849-1936)

Learned important principles of conditioning Learned important principles of conditioning through his experiments with dogs (initially through his experiments with dogs (initially investigating the role of saliva in digestion)investigating the role of saliva in digestion)

Not a psychologist, but aRussian physiologist

Major contributor to modernpsychology.

Learned important principles of conditioning Learned important principles of conditioning through his experiments with dogs through his experiments with dogs (investigating the role of saliva in digestion)(investigating the role of saliva in digestion)

JOHN B. WATSON 1878-1958JOHN B. WATSON 1878-1958

One of the first to study the impact of One of the first to study the impact of learning on human emotionlearning on human emotion

Believed that we are what we “learn” to beBelieved that we are what we “learn” to be Wrote a book on child rearingWrote a book on child rearing Watson believed that Watson believed that behaviorbehavior NOT the NOT the

mind should be the focus of psychologymind should be the focus of psychology Conducted controversial learning by Conducted controversial learning by

association experiment on “Little Albert” association experiment on “Little Albert”

JOHN WATSONJOHN WATSON

Founder of behaviorismFounder of behaviorism Did not believe that psychologist should Did not believe that psychologist should

concentrate on consciousness or mentalconcentrate on consciousness or mental

processes, but on observable behavior. processes, but on observable behavior.

EXPERIMENT ON CONDITIONING CONDUCTED

ON “LITTLE ALBERT” 9-11 MONTHS OLD

BY WATSON IN THE 1920S

DRINK COORS

LIGHT !

B. F. SKINNER 1904-1990B. F. SKINNER 1904-1990

Believed we are controlled by our Believed we are controlled by our environment and become whatever the environment and become whatever the environment forces us to beenvironment forces us to be

Must focus on Must focus on observableobservable behavior behavior Automated his experiments and designed Automated his experiments and designed

the now famous “Skinner Box” –a sound the now famous “Skinner Box” –a sound proof chamber with a bar or key than an proof chamber with a bar or key than an animal presses or pecks to release food or a animal presses or pecks to release food or a rewardreward

B.F.SKINNERB.F.SKINNER Invented the operant chamber which Invented the operant chamber which

became known as the “Skinner Box”became known as the “Skinner Box” Coined the term “operant behavior” whichCoined the term “operant behavior” which

refers to behaviors that “operate upon the refers to behaviors that “operate upon the environment to generate consequences”environment to generate consequences”

Mr. and Mrs. Skinnerview daughter, Debbie,In “box”.

HUMANISMHUMANISM Carl Rogers believed that people had withinCarl Rogers believed that people had within

themselves the resources for self-under-themselves the resources for self-under-

standing and the ability to alter their self-standing and the ability to alter their self-

concept, attitudes, and behavior with the propernurturing and environment.

People are basically good.

CARL ROGERS1902-1987•HUMANIST•Believed the en- vironment does not force us to do any- thing.•Maintained that people are basically good

•ROGERS –

•We are in control of our own destinies•Can exercise free will to make changes in our lives•With the right nurturing, we can reach our highest potential•Emphasized importance of self-esteem

Humanism (continued)Humanism (continued) Being understood and valued gives us the Being understood and valued gives us the

freedom to grow. Used “unconditionalfreedom to grow. Used “unconditional

positive regard” in his therapy.positive regard” in his therapy. His approach revolutionized therapy. His approach revolutionized therapy.

Roger’s techniques became known asRoger’s techniques became known as

Rogerian therapy (client-centered)Rogerian therapy (client-centered) Abraham Maslow was another psychologistAbraham Maslow was another psychologist

who supported the humanistic approach.who supported the humanistic approach.

ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist)

DEVELOPED IDEAOF HIERARCHY OFNEEDS WITH THEHIGHEST LEVELOF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT BEINGSELF-ACTUALIZATION

pp. 140-142 in textbook

COGNITIVE (THINKING)COGNITIVE (THINKING)

Belief that our Belief that our thoughtsthoughts and and internal internal sentencessentences are key motivators for behavior. are key motivators for behavior.

Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing,Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing,

jumping to conclusions, labeling, and jumping to conclusions, labeling, and

mental filters lead to socially and mental filters lead to socially and

psychologically destructive behavior.psychologically destructive behavior.

JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980)

ALBERT ELLIS (1913-2007)

IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOROUR BEHAVIOR

All or nothing thinkingAll or nothing thinking OvergeneralizationOvergeneralization Mental filterMental filter Disqualifying the positiveDisqualifying the positive Jumping to conclusionsJumping to conclusions Exaggerating or minimizingExaggerating or minimizing Emotional reasoningEmotional reasoning Should statementsShould statements Labeling and mislabelingLabeling and mislabeling

NEUROBIOLOGICALNEUROBIOLOGICAL

Emphasizes physical changes or conditions Emphasizes physical changes or conditions in our bodies when explaining behaviorin our bodies when explaining behavior

brain chemistry, glandular system, nervousbrain chemistry, glandular system, nervous

system, genes, and any other systemssystem, genes, and any other systems

operating in the body. operating in the body.

SOCIOCULTURALSOCIOCULTURAL

Focuses on the impact of cultural Focuses on the impact of cultural considerations including :considerations including :

racial and ethnic backgroundracial and ethnic background traditionstraditions religionreligion family customsfamily customs expectations in society. expectations in society.

Evolutionary perspectiveEvolutionary perspective

Explores how the natural selection of traits Explores how the natural selection of traits and behavior promotes the perpetuation of and behavior promotes the perpetuation of certain genes which insure survival.certain genes which insure survival.

Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics

Focuses on the impact of genes on how we Focuses on the impact of genes on how we interact with our environment.interact with our environment.

Studies how genes contribute to our Studies how genes contribute to our intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to mental or physical and vulnerability to mental or physical problemsproblems

““ECLECTICISM” IN PSYCHOLOGYECLECTICISM” IN PSYCHOLOGY

THE INTEGRATED USE OF TECHNIQUES FROM DIFFERENTPSYCHOTHERAPIES.