history of physical education and sport -...

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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Chapter #24

History of Physical Education and Sport



Why is the History of Sport Important?

How sport was developed

How sport was affected by the historical, cultural and social traditions of the time period



HISTORY OF SPORT

History of sport is probably as old as the

existence of people.

Sport has been a useful way for people to

increase their mastery of nature and the

environment.

The history of sport can teach us a great deal

about social changes and about the nature of

sport itself.

Sport seems to involve basic human skills

being developed and exercised for their own

sake, in parallel with being exercised for their

usefulness.



Evolution of Sport Humans’ main focus was survival-

obtaining their basic needs (food, shelter, clothing, etc..)

As time went on, concerns about basic survival became less pressing and some people came together for athletic competition.

Soon humans became to see the psychological and physiological benefits of physical activity.

Physical education and sport soon evolved from ancient times to the present day.



Survival

Many ancient sports lend their origin to fitness and to be able to survive in dangerous surroundings.

The ability to obtain food and military efficiency with a weapon.

Often here, you get an interesting transition from functional to recreational activities.



What are some examples of skills that have become sports?

Gladiators in Rome fought and killed for the amusement

of the audience, rather than to protect the Empire.

Yachting is the travel across water for enjoyment or

competition rather than for transport or commerce.

Running is done on a course for a fixed length of time or

distance, rather than simply to catch a bus.



Early Olympic Trivia

What did competitors of the

Games wear?

Nothing

What was the only Olympics event

until 724 BC?

200 m footrace (stade)

What did winners receive?

a wreath of olive branches.

How long did athletes train?

10 months



The Greeks and Romans Greeks first to derive an idea of how

pursuit of physical activity could

promote mental health.

Greeks formed early Olympic

Games.

Originally one event, the 200 yard stade,

or foot race.

More event added like wrestling, boxing,

long jump and javelin.

First recorded games in 776 B.C.

Measurement of 4 years called

Olympiad.



The Stade

The stadion was the oldest event of the Games. Runners sprinted

for 1 stade (192 m.), or the length of the stadium. The other races

were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which

ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).

And if these races weren't enough, the Greeks had one particularly

grueling event which we lack. There was also a 2 to 4-stade (384

m. to 768 m.) race by athletes in armor. This race was especially

useful in building the speed and stamina that Greek men needed

during their military service. If we remember that the standard

hoplite armor (helmet, shield, and greaves)weighed about 50-60

lbs, it is easy to imagine what such an event must have been like.



The Greeks and Romans Olympics held at beginning of

each new Olympiad in homage

to Zeus.

One month before games

started a truce called for

athletes to travel to Olympia

without fear of traveling through

warring states.

“Olympic Peace” concept still

embraced by modern Olympics.



Romans

The Bloody Colosseum

• Fights between gladiators

• Fights between gladiators and animals

• Used for entertainment purposes

• Funerals (honour the dead)



Roman Colisseum



The Colisseum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colloseum_through_the_city_street.jpg



Colisseum

Over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre.

Animal entertainments in the morning session, followed by the executions of criminals around midday, with the afternoon session reserved for gladiatorial combats and recreations of famous battles.

Mock sea battles and animal hunts.

Capable of seating 50,000-80, 000spectators

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg



Top Ten Largest Stadiums in the

World



10. Melbourne Cricket Ground



9. National Stadium Bukit Jalil Malaysia (87,411)

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/National-Stadium-Bukit-Jalil.jpg



8. Neyland Stadium Knoxville, Tennessee

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Neyland-Stadium.jpg



7. Ohio Stadium

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Ohio-Stadium.jpg



6. Jornalista Mario Filho Rio de Janeiro, Brazil



5. Beaver Stadium University Park, Pennsylvania

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Beaver-Stadium.jpg



4. Michigan Stadium

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Michigan-Stadium.jpg



3. Estadio Azteca is a stadium in Mexico City, Mexico

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Estadio-Azteca-Stadium.jpg



2. Salt Lake Stadium (120,000)

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Salt-Lake-Stadium.jpg



#1 Rungnado May Day Stadium Pyongyang, North Korea

(150,000)

http://wondrous.ipl.netdna-cdn.com//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Rungnado-May-Day-Stadium.jpg



What are the similarities and differences amongst today’s

modern stadiums and the Roman Colosseum?



Modern Stadiums vs. The Roman Colosseum

Similarities

Basic shape (round/oval)-

allowing for non-obstructed

views

Purpose-public entertainment

Capacity-both large venues for

spectators

Premium seating-class seating

Retractable roof

Concessions

Paid athletes/fighters

Differences

Romans-Fight to the

death

Romans-use of animals

Romans-use of slaves



The Americas Aztecs played game considered to be forerunner to modern

basketball, called Tlachtli

Object to get ball through hoop without using hands

Winners claimed losers clothes, jewelry, heads

Sports important to Native Canadian culture also

Many athletic games, like Greeks, part of religious ceremonies

Greatest contribution of Native Canadians was lacrosse

Originally called baggataway

More violent than current game

French called it la crosse due to the fact that sticks looked like

crosses



Tlachtli



The World

Egypt Warriors trained

Dancing was valued in religion

China Only the military class valued

physical development

India Yoga, a system of meditation

and regulated breathing



The Europeans Decline of Roman Empire

caused athletic decline

Events left to elite; those who

had leisure time

Idea that physical activity was

important part of life and

education made resurgence

during Renaissance (1400-1650)

Renaissance time of expanding

knowledge



Renaissance Man Person who is equally good at and

interested in multiple things

Not unusual for intellectuals of the

day to be scientists, poets,

painters, historians and sculptors

all at once

List began to include athletics as

people began to acknowledge

benefits of physical activity on

body and mind



The Europeans In response to changing view, Italian physician

began first childhood physical education classes in

1420

New sports developed at this time in Europe

Scotland advanced 2 major sports still popular today

First written references to golf made in 1457

Curling in 1541

Versions of ice and field hockey popped up in France

and England about this same time

Rough and tumble “folk football” predecessor to such

games as soccer, rugby, and American football



Athletics and the Victorian Era

Middle class developed in 1800’s,

blurring the line between rich and poor

Population grew, especially in urban

centres

Middle class eager to join upper class

in activities

Since middle class worked long hours,

little time available for recreation

Because of this, many clearly set

rules for games and strict time limits

placed on games we still enjoy

today




Sports a reflection of life; same

values hold true in life as in

sports

Developed manly character

and camaraderie in men

However, opposite effect on

women; harmful to their

delicate constittuions




Physical education and sport

large part of young man’s

education

Qualities necessary for sport

deemed desirable

“Sport builds character”

Physical education and organized

sports implemented into growing

British school system



Calisthenics Prominent method of keeping fit during

Queen Victoria’s reign

Means beauty and strength in Greek

Strong connection between calisthenics and early gymnastics

Series of vigorous exercises and stretches often done as a group, sometimes set to music

Enabled average citizen to keep fit and healthy

Series of movements basis for many exercises done today



Restricted and Segregated Sport

Sport often mirrors restrictive or

segregationist practices in society

South Africa banned by

international sporting

community until 1996 because

of apartheid

North American “Negro

Leagues” when much of

American society prevented

African-Americans from equal

access to public facilities



Baron Pierre de Coubertin re-created ancient Olympics with modern sport

Founded International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894

First modern Olympics in Greece in 1896

43 events including cycling, track and field, fencing, lawn tennis, gymnastics, swimming and wrestling; 245 athletes competed

No women or non-European countries competed

Only gentleman competed

The Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years until 1992, when the governing body for the Olympic Games, the IOC, decided to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years.

The Olympic Movement



Goal of Olympic Movement

Has evolved over the years.

Help create a better world by educating

through sport without discrimination and

fostering understanding, friendship and

fair play.



International Olympic Committee

Non-profit, non-governmental body of international members who represent Olympic movement in their countries but DO NOT act as delegates for their country

Elected via nominations committee

Serve 8-year renewable terms

Meet once a year

Main responsibility is to govern the Winter and Summer Olympics

President-Jacques Rogge from Belgium



Olympics and Politics



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1XclGwJY8s





The Nazi Olympics Berlin was awarded 1936 Olympics in ’33 (2 years before Hitler came

to power).

By ’36, power had moved from German Olympic Committee to Hitler

and Nazi party.

Adolf Hitler regarded it as his Olympics and he took them as a

chance to show off the post-First World War Germany

Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority"

These games marked 1st time host country moved control of games

from organizing committee to government

Jesse Owens won four medals

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXIe5GbLSUs&feature=related&s

kipcontrinter=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qix2oiw9px4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXIe5GbLSUs&feature=related&skipcontrinter=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXIe5GbLSUs&feature=related&skipcontrinter=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qix2oiw9px4



“German sport has only one

task: to strengthen the

character of the German

people”. Joseph Goebbels

German façade-modern, civilized, and benevolent

Propaganda campaign!

The city of Berlin had been cleaned, as well as all

of the signs of the evils against the Jews.

The city looked perfect, in Nazi eyes



Aryans only policy-non-Aryans were excluded for

sports facilities and associations

eg. Gretel Bergmann, a world-class high jumper was

expelled from association

Encouraging Jewish athletes to boycott games- did

not fully understand the problem at the time (they

chose to compete)

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/videos/?content=ja







Camouflage! In August 1936, the Nazi regime tried to camouflage its

violent racist policies while it hosted the Summer

Olympics.

Most anti-Jewish signs were temporarily removed and

newspapers toned down their harsh rhetoric.

Thus, the regime exploited the Olympic Games to

present foreign spectators and journalists with a false

image of a peaceful, tolerant Germany.



Camouflage! Germany skillfully promoted the Olympics with colorful

posters and magazine spreads.

Athletic imagery drew a link between Nazi Germany and

ancient Greece, symbolizing the Nazi racial myth that a

superior German civilization was the rightful heir of an

"Aryan" culture of classical antiquity.

This vision of classical antiquity emphasized ideal

"Aryan" racial types: heroic, blue-eyed blonds with finely

chiseled features.



Participation Forty-nine athletic teams from around the world

competed in the Berlin Olympics, more than in

any previous Olympics.

Germany fielded the largest team with 348

athletes.

The US team was the second largest, with 312

members, including 18 African Americans.

The Soviet Union did not participate in the Berlin

Games.



German Success! Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

Germany 33 26 30 89

United States 24 20 12 56

Hungary 10 1 5 16

Germany emerged victorious from the XIth Olympiad. German athletes captured the most medals, and German hospitality and organization won the praises of visitors. Most newspaper accounts echoed the New York Times report that the Games put Germans "back in the fold of nations," and even made them "more human again." Some even found reason to hope that this peaceable interlude would endure



Post-Games As post-Games reports were filed, Hitler pressed on with grandiose

plans for German expansion. Persecution of Jews resumed. Two

days after the Olympics, Captain Wolfgang Fuerstner, head of the

Olympic village, killed himself when he was dismissed from military

service because of his Jewish ancestry.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Within just three

years of the Olympiad, the "hospitable" and "peaceable" sponsor of

the Games unleashed World War II, a conflict that resulted in untold

destruction.

With the conclusion of the Games, Germany's expansionist policies

and the persecution of Jews and other "enemies of the state"

accelerated, culminating in the Holocaust.



Olympics and Politics Con’t

1956 Summer Olympics-7

countries boycotted the games

1964-South Africa expelled from

games due to Apartheid until

1992

1968 Summer Olympics- Black

Power Salute

http://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=S49Tw679AKc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S49Tw679AKc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S49Tw679AKc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlos-Smith.jpg



HIGH JUMP: Dick Fosbury

http://www.yo(strutube.com/watch?v=3pXm

cm_ZUBA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCCuEI

EdSRg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB0Fq3

UXEqA

http://www.yo(strutube.com/watch?v=3pXmcm_ZUBA

http://www.yo(strutube.com/watch?v=3pXmcm_ZUBA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCCuEIEdSRg



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB0Fq3UXEqA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB0Fq3UXEqA



Munich

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-scWZngSQjc&feature=related

“The Happy Games”






Munich – 1972 – The Olympics are changed forever. (Munich massacre)

US-Soviet B-ball controversy

Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September which had ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization. Eleven athletes were murdered by the terrorists.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEy5OOS1eAI&feature=related







1976 Summer Olympics (Montreal)-Quebec, the host

province, incurred $1.5 billion in debt, which was not

paid off until December 2006

1980 Winter Olympics (Lake Placid)-The Republic of

China (Taiwan) refused to compete under the name of

Chinese Taipei. It is the only case of boycotting the

Winter Olympic Games

1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow)- protest the Soviet

invasion of Afghanistan, Polish gold medalist pole

vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene

bras d'honneur gesture.



Gesture was in revenge to cheating Russian officials who were opening stadium door during his attempts to allow disturbing flow of wind. His gesture caused an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn0in1fzqoI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozakiewicz_gesture.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn0in1fzqoI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn0in1fzqoI



1980 Boycott The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred Jimmy

Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20, 1980 that

the United States would boycott the Moscow Olympics if

Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within

one month

Sixty-five countries did not participate in the Olympics

despite being invited. While some of these may not

have participated because of the boycott, some did not

participate for economic reasons.



Should the World Boycott the Beijing Olympics?

Because she practiced Falun Gong, Ms. Wei Fengju was tortured to near death in the Heizuizi Forced labor Camp. Unable to recover, she passed away on July 11, 2007.



Olympic boycotts 1976 1980 1984

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Olympic_boycotts_1976_1980_1984.PNG




1988 Summer Olympics (Soeul)-7 countries boycotted the games;

Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal for the 100

metres when he tested positive for stanozolol after the event

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-il82AfPGY&feature=related

2002 Winter Olympics (Salt Lake)-A number of I.O.C. members were forced

to resign after it was uncovered that they had accepted inappropriately

valuable "gifts" in return for voting for Salt Lake City to hold the Games.

2014 Winter Olympics (Sochi, Russia)-In August 2008, the government of

Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics, set to be held in

Sochi, Russia, in response to Russia's participation in the 2008 South

Ossetia war.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanozolol




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics



Winter Games No country in the Southern Hemisphere has

ever hosted a Winter Games

Only four athletes have ever won medals at

both the Winter and Summer Olympic Games

The most medals won by any athletes at the

Winter Olympic Games is 12 by cross-country

skier Bjorn Dählie of Norway

The youngest athlete to win a gold medal at

the Winter Games was 15-year-old American

figure skater Tara Lipinski in Nagano 1998

Norway has won the most number of medals

at the Winter Games



Canada at the Winter Olympics

Barbara Ann Scott Olympic gold in women’s figure skating at 1948 games

Nancy Greene Olympic gold in giant slalom in 1968 games

Gaetan Boucher Gold in 1500 and 1000 metres at 1984 games

Elizabeth Manley Silver in women’s figure skating at 1988 games

Myriam Bedard Gold in 15.5 km and 7.5 km biathlon at 1994 games



Summer Games When London hosts the Olympic Games

in 2012, the city will become the first to host the Games three times: 1908, 1948 and 2012

The oldest woman to compete in the Olympics was British rider Lorna Johnstone, who participated in Equestrian at the 1972 Olympic Games at 70 years old and 5 days.

Pigeon shooting was one of the sports on the program in Paris in 1900

Great Britain is the only nation to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Games



Canada at the Summer Olympics

Ethel Catherwood

Won gold in high jump at 1928 games

Donovan Bailey

Gold in 100 m dash and 4x100 m relay at 1996 games

Marnie McBean and Kathleen Heddle

Combined for 3 gold medals

Gold in coxless pairs in 1992 and 1996 games

Gold in women’s eight in 1996



Will Usain Bolt break his own world record?

19.19 WR Men's 200m 9.58 WR Men's 100m

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEiD-

PzsfEE

Usain Bolt wants to "amaze" the world at London

2012 by running 9.4 seconds for the 100m and 19

seconds for the 200m.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/17730104

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M638Kwy8II

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEiD-PzsfEE



http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/17730104





I'm now a legend. I'm also the greatest athlete to live. —Usain Bolt, after winning his seventh straight title in the 100 and 200 m, 9 August 2012



Early Canadian Sports Pioneers

George Beers “Father of Lacrosse”

Founded Montreal Lacrosse Club in 1856; made

standardized rules in 1860; organized National Lacrosse

League in 1867

Edward “Ned” Hanlan

Remembered as best sculler in history of the sport

Tom Longboat

Won Boston Marathon in 1907

Dr. James Naismith “Father of Basketball”

Founded basketball; first game played in 1891



Who’s the man?

Longboat

Beers

Naismith

Hanlan



The Rise of Professional Sports

Around early 20th

century professional

leagues and teams

began to develop

Teams started to pay

the best players to play

for them and

professionalism was

born



Professional Sports and Leagues

National Hockey League

Began in 1917

Early stars included Maurice Richard, Gordie

Howe, Bobby Orr

Hockey Night in Canada introduced in 1952

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO-

bVMevT4I&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1Xo95WFDew

&feature=related

Best player ever is Wayne Gretzky

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO-bVMevT4I&feature=related



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1Xo95WFDew&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1Xo95WFDew&feature=related



Professional Sports & Leagues

Canadian Football League

Evolved in late 1800’s and early 1900’s from rugby

1909 Governor Early Grey donated trophy; first Grey

Cup in December of same year

CFL formed in 1958

Only professional league to operate solely in Canada

National Lacrosse League

Formed in 1986

12 teams; 4 in Canada

Toronto won championship in 2003

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9WSMxQ7uJw&fe

ature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9WSMxQ7uJw&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9WSMxQ7uJw&feature=relmfu



Professional Canadian Athletes-Mike Weir

Won Masters Championships in April, 2003

Became first left-handed golfer to win Masters

Became first Canadian golfer to win Masters

Rookie of Year in 1993 on Canadian Tour

Won 1998 PGA Qualifying School to get on tour

Won Air Canada Championship in 1999

Named male Canadian Athlete of the Year in 2000 and 2001

Always quick to identify himself as a Canadian



20th Century Canadian Achievements in Sports

The Summit Series was the first competition between the full-strength Soviet and Canadian national ice hockey teams, an eight-game series held in September 1972. Canada won the series four games to three, with one tie.

1972 Canada-USSR “Summit Series”

Only amateurs allowed to play in Olympics

Some soviets were playing for the red army to maintain amateur status

Canadian team consisted of some NHL’ers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pvP4CFCboU







The Canada Games

First held in Quebec in winter of 1967

Alternate between winter and summer every 2 years

All provinces have hosted games

Springboard for international-level athletes to start competing in respective sports in a friendly and encouraging environment

Summer in Regina, Saskatchewan in 2005

Winter in Whitehorse, Yukon in 2007

Halifax, Nova Scotia-2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH8TEnOOE8Y&feature=re

lated

Sherbrooke-Quebec 2013

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH8TEnOOE8Y&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH8TEnOOE8Y&feature=related



20th Century Canadian Achievements in Sports

The Crazy Canucks In 1970’s kamikaze, fearless, high-

speed skiing

http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/skiing/topics/417/

Major League Baseball Arrived in Canada in 1969 with National

League Montreal Expos (2004-Washington Nationals)

American League Toronto Blue Jays began in 1977

Blue Jays won World Series in 1992 and 1993



http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://mopupduty.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/MontrealExpos2.png&imgrefurl=http://mopupduty.com/index.php/youtube-tribute-to-the-montreal-expos/&h=545&w=543&sz=17&tbnid=oFtF_UElw0RmxM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=133&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmontreal%2Bexpos%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=montreal+expos&hl=en&usg=__WGtKk8NWddwr3cZBQNbCvroFoK4=&sa=X&ei=NhyuTe_JOMiJrQGej5hg&ved=0CDwQ9QEwAg



The Commonwealth Games Contested every 4 years, only by

countries with direct political and cultural ties to the former British Empire

Began in Hamilton, Ontario in 1930

British Empire Games

Missed in 1942 and 1946 due to WW II

Several non-Olympic sports played

Lawn bowling, 7’s rugby, netball, table tennis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG1PhJFirII&feature=related

2014-256 events in 17 sports; 72 countries



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commonwealth_games_2006_countries_map.PNG



Modern Development of Physical Education and Sport in Canada

ParticipAction

Created in 1971 by Trudeau administration to encourage

public to become more physically active on a regular basis

Urged Canadians to incorporate some form of activity into

their lives every day

Encouraged competition within schools and awarded

badges and pins for participation

Body Break television segments introduced

Shut down in 2000 due to lack of funding



Marathon of Hope

Terry Fox began marathon in 1980

Leg amputated in 1977 due to cancer

Raise money to fund cancer research

Ran 42 km every day through Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario

Had to stop after 143 days due to cancer spread

Died in 1981 at age 22

Terry Fox Run founded and has raised over 300 million for cancer research

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjgTlCTluPA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjgTlCTluPA



Man in Motion World Tour Rick Hansen completed 40 000 kilometres

worldwide to raise 24 million dollars for

spinal cord injury (2 years, 2 days)

Competed in 1984 Olympics

First physically disabled Physical

Education graduate of the University of

British Columbia

Tour spanned four continents and 34

countries

Last leg through Canada where thousands

lined the route to support him

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEJGOz

n9CqU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEJGOzn9CqU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEJGOzn9CqU



Influence of Sport Role Models

Persons who occupy certain positions

(“roles”) in a society and upon whom others

try to base (or “model”) certain aspects of

their behaviour

Sports heroes come to be regarded as some

of the most influential role models in modern

world

Many feel sports role models are good

E.g., Tiger Woods, Wayne Gretzky

Others disagree

E.g., Dennis Rodman, Kobe Bryant

Must be selective and recognize other

choices



Exploitation and Sport Equity

Exploitation refers to any relationship in which one

party engages in the majority of the effort without

receiving a fair share of the results

Sport Equity occurs whenever the same athletic

opportunities are afforded to on group of people as

they are to another

Includes participation, equipment, access to membership,

funding, etc.

Groups that have had to struggle for equal access include

women, disabled persons, etc.

history of physical education and sport -...

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