History of Marine Animal PopulationsProposal for Phase III, 2003-2004

Submitted to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

By

Poul Holm, Andrew Rosenberg, David J. Starkey, Robert C. Francis, Tim D. Smith

Executive Summary

The Census of Marine Life (CoML) is a decade-long research program that aims to assess and

explain what did, what does and what will live in the world’s oceans. Focusing on the historical

dimension of this program, the History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) program is

designed to illuminate the dynamic interplay of anthropogenic and natural factors in the evolution

of marine ecosystems. Realizing this vision has so far involved the establishment of HMAP

Centers at the universities of New Hampshire, Southern Denmark and Hull (UK), the engagement

of over 50 historians and scientists from 18 different countries in seven case study research teams,

the development of a sophisticated data management system, and the tuition of 58 research

students at two HMAP summer schools and in a range of graduate programs. The research effort

has already yielded a series of exciting findings which confirm that HMAP’s innovative

multidisciplinary approach can deliver fresh, enlightening perspectives on the process of long-

term change in the diversity, distribution and abundance of life in the oceans.

In seeking to build on this substantial platform, the HMAP Steering Group now requests

funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to support the first two years (2003-2004) of the

third phase (HMAP III: 2003-2007) of the History of Marine Animal Populations project.

The HMAP Vision

Mankind has interacted with the marine and aquatic environments since the earliest times. While

animals of all kinds have been harvested in lakes, rivers and estuaries, in coastal waters, and in the

open oceans, the welfare of human communities has been influenced by changes in the marine

environment. While the history of marine animal populations is today one of the great unknowns,

recent advances in scientific and historical methodology will allow us to expand the realm of the

known and the knowable in the course of the proposed research program. The principal aim of

HMAP is to improve our understanding of these interactions, specifically with regard to long-term

changes in stock abundance, the ecological impact of large-scale harvesting by man, and the role

of marine resources in the development of human societies. This goal can only be attained by

integrating the research methods and analytical perspectives of historians and scientists. By

adopting a truly interdisciplinary approach, HMAP is designed to utilize historical evidence and

an understanding of the past to broaden and deepen our knowledge of the contemporary condition

of the marine environment and provide the time series and ecological insight required for the

modeling studies to be undertaken by the research program Future of Marine Animal populations

(FMAP).

At the root of establishing that collaboration between humanists and scientists is dealing with

the fundamental issue of events in time. Clearly in the natural world there are things that repeat

themselves – that is why we have models. And yet in order to understand the complex interactions

between humans and nature we need to understand the contexts within which events unfold. And

thus statistics, interpreted for context, blended with modeled nature, can help us understand the

history of the interactions between humans and marine ecosystems. It is the interface of context

with strong repeatable relationships that we are after.

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With this aim in view, HMAP addresses four basic questions:

• How have the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine animal populations altered over

the last 2,000 years?

• Which factors have forced or influenced changes in the diversity, distribution, and abundance

of marine animal populations?

• What has been the anthropogenic and biological significance of changes in marine animal

populations?

• By what processes have marine ecosystems interacted with human societies?

Such issues bear upon the concern of conservationists that entire marine ecosystems have

been depleted beyond recovery. One proposed solution is to introduce Marine Protected Areas to

safeguard ecosystems or perhaps restore them to a pristine state (Pauly et al 2002). Such a quest

entails the assembly of historical data to identify what has actually been lost in the habitat and

ecosystem. The development of protected areas is a difficult task and certainly not a panacea for

protecting marine ecosystems. Understanding how ecosystems have changed through time, and

even how the geographical distribution of marine communities has varied are critical to the

development of the concept of protected areas and other management methods. The HMAP

approach offers a means to obtain a much broader theoretical and analytical perspective on marine

ecosystems to inform present and future environmental management policies.

HMAP is developing this broader perspective by fostering the collaboration of ecologists,

marine biologists, historians, archaeologists, and oceanographers. Such an innovative strategy has

led to the emergence of marine environmental history / historical marine ecology, a new

discipline that is developing apace through the training of graduate students in HMAP summer

schools and MA/PhD programs. It also involves the collection of historical evidence from a vast

range of archival sources, and the collation of this material in the HMAP database facility.

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Interoperable with the Ocean Biogeographical Information System (OBIS), this important

resource is accessible to historians, ecologists, biologists and other scientists, including colleagues

working on the Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) project. In the next year, an

ambitious outreach program Argosy Network (A-NET) will be implemented to disseminate the

main findings of the HMAP project to the wider world.

As a result of HMAP, light will be shed on the structure and dynamics of past ecosystems, on

the influence of mankind on the natural environment, and on the reasons why life in the oceans

appears as it does today. This is the vision of the History of Marine Animal Populations project.

HMAP I: Research Design

The initial phase of HMAP comprised a series of investigations into the feasibility of using

historical and ecological data to elucidate the long-term patterns and processes of change in

marine ecosystems. In February 2000, the results of these enquiries were delivered to a workshop

attended by historians, ecologists and scientists. On the basis of the reports presented, the

workshop devised an agenda for a structured program of research into the anthropogenic and

natural factors that have interacted to condition the evolution of selected marine ecosystems over

the last 2,000 years. After review and refinement, this agenda was adopted by the Scientific

Steering Committee of CoML and built into the draft science plan of the Census [see Appendix

6].

The agenda also formed the basis of a funding proposal that attracted $1.2m from the

Sloan Foundation to implement the second stage of the HMAP program (HMAP II), which

commenced in January 2001 and will close in the spring of 2003.

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HMAP II: Structure and Progress

The HMAP program comprises three inter-related elements: institution building; discipline

building; and research effort. Since the inception of HMAP II in January 2001, the three elements

of the program have progressed rapidly, as follows:

Institution Building

It was decided in the initial design stage (HMAP I) that a strong organizational structure should

be established within a secure institutional structure to manage, service and develop the program.

During the course of HMAP II, much progress towards attaining this objective has been made in

the following respects:

Management: HMAP is managed by the Steering Group (HMAP-SG) formed in the initial

phase of the project. HMAP-SG comprises five members – Poul Holm (chair), Robert C. Francis,

Andrew Rosenberg, Tim D. Smith and David J. Starkey [see Appendix 6] – who have met seven

times (five roundtable and two telephone conferences) since January 2001 to decide policy and

budget issues. Responsibility for particular facets of the program is delegated to individual

HMAP-SG members, each being accountable, for instance, for the conduct of one or more of the

seven case study research projects, as well as co-coordinating learning programs for graduate

students engaged in the HMAP initiative. Moreover, to provide the institutional underpinning

essential for the execution of a major research program, HMAP Centers have been established in

three universities – the College of Life Sciences and Agriculture at the University of New

Hampshire (UNH), the Center for Maritime and Regional History at the University of Southern

Denmark (SDU), and the Maritime Historical Studies Centre at the University of Hull (UH) [see

Appendix 4]. The three Centers are jointly engaged in HMAP’s endeavors to extend knowledge

5

and understanding of ecosystem dynamics through basic research and graduate education. They

also provide particular services for the project.

Services: in allocating resources to the HMAP Centers, HMAP-SG has adopted a strategy

of specialization of task. Accordingly, UNH is responsible for the financial administration of

HMAP II, serving as the grant holder for the Sloan Foundation award and distributing funds via

sub-contracts to the research teams and other HMAP Centers. SDU’s specific role is that of

communications office, a function that entails liaising with those engaged directly in the project,

acting as the hub of a network of researchers and institutions interested in the HMAP vision, and

disseminating information about marine environmental history to the wider world. The particular

contribution of UH is data management. With office space and computing equipment (including a

server) dedicated to the project, the UH team has designed a database capable of collating the

historical evidence mined by the HMAP research teams, established a set of data protocols and

contributed to the development of the Ocean Biogeographical Information Service (OBIS).

Development: HMAP-SG has sought to foster the project by raising funds to build upon

the Sloan Foundation grant that instigated HMAP II. To date, approximately $2.5m in matching

funds to the Sloan grant of $1.2 m have been generated to support a range of HMAP activities.

Matching funds have been raised as institutional support, rearch council grants, and other grants.

At UH, for instance, one-third of the accommodation and equipment (worth c.$260k) provided in

the newly opened maritime history unit at Blaydes House is utilized for HMAP purposes.

Studentships affiliated to the HMAP initiative and research training support worth a total of c.

$500k) have been founded at SDU, UNH and UH, and by the Danish Ministry for Education

(MARINERS grant), while monies to support HMAP case studies have been gained from the

International Whaling Commission, the Danish Science Research Council, the Niarchos

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Foundation, The Fulbright Fellowship program, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and

the Australian CSIRO[see Appendix 2].

Discipline Building

HMAP II is designed to foster the sub-discipline of marine environmental history. To achieve this

goal, the interaction of historians, ecologists and natural scientists has been encouraged and

facilitated in an endeavor to stimulate new multidisciplinary approaches to the complex problem

of long-term marine ecosystem change. In practical terms, such discipline building has been

cultivated by the award of stipends to PhD and MA students able and willing to embrace the

perspectives of a range of disciplines in their efforts to explain ecosystem dynamics. An important

component of these graduate programs have been the summer schools organized by HMAP-SG in

August 2001 in Esbjerg, Denmark, and in August 2002 in New Hampshire. Bringing together 24

and 32 students respectively, these intensive study periods have been structured so as to reveal the

intellectual benefits to be derived from a holistic approach to historical and biological issues

relating to human fishing activity [see Appendix 1]. This approach is generating positive results.

Neil Klaer, for instance, has drawn upon the perspectives and methods of historical and ecological

enquiry to inform his doctoral thesis on the impact of trawl fishing on the hitherto unexploited

South East Australian shelf (see Figure 2), while Bo Poulsen’s PhD research has revealed how

natural and anthropogenic factors interacted suddenly to curtail the once flourishing Limfjord

herring fishery in nineteenth-century Denmark (see Figure 1).

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catches of herring, 1600-1999

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

1600 1625 1673 1698 1721 1746 1794 1819 1842 1867 1890 1915 1940 1963 1988

tonn

es

Figure 1. Calibrated series of 400 years of herring catches of the Danish Limfjord area, based on composite data sets (Bo Poulsen).

Figure 2. Reconstructed catch per unit effort on trawl grounds on the Southeast Australian shelf and slope. The development of the fishery was accompanied by marked shifts in species composition from its inception in 1914 (Neil Klaer).

Research Effort

Seven teams of researchers and students are undertaking the HMAP II research effort. Each team

is drawing upon historical and/or ecological evidence pertaining to a specific marine ecosystem to

test one or more of the six sets of hypotheses devised in HMAP I [see Appendix 3]. Taken

together, the seven case studies will yield an array of insights into the role of human harvesting on

the dynamics of ecosystem development. Such insights will be based on a range of historical data

relating to various facets of a number of spatially diverse ecosystems in many different time

periods. HMAP-SG has established two mechanisms to co-ordinate and instil coherence into this

process. First, the team leaders have been obliged to present progress reports to HMAP

8

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

18 19 20 21 22 23 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 52 53 54 55 56 57

Year

CPUE

(kg/

h)

Flathead

Morwong

Redfish

Latchet

Leatherjacket

Shark/Skate

Other

Workshops 2 and 3 held in Esbjerg in August 2001 and in New Hampshire in August 2002. On

the basis of these reports, the progress of each case study has been reviewed and

recommendations made as to its future direction. Second, the data mined by the

research teams is being entered into the HMAP database in a standard format devised by the data

management team at UH. This database will comprise long time series of information relating i.a.

the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) achieved by human harvesters in particular ecosystems.

Presented in an interactive web-based facility, the database will be one of the chief outputs of the

HMAP program.

The reports delivered to the HMAP Workshop 3 in August 2002 indicated that

considerable progress had been made in all projects. For instance, the World Whaling case study

has successfully documented the catches of over 28,000 humpback whales since 1660, and

established that humpbacks migrate across the central Atlantic rather than along coastal waters as

was previously thought (see Figure 3). At the same time, the North-West Atlantic team has

demonstrated that there is a substantial body of detailed information on the fishery based in New

England during the nineteenth century. Utilizing ground-breaking historical research on logbooks

and other ‘virgin’ records from three principal ports (Frenchman’s Bay, Newburyport and

Salem/Beverly) it has been possible to examine three very different fisheries conducted in the

1850s and 1860s. Vessels from these ports operated in the inshore Gulf of Maine, on the Labrador

coast and on the Scotian Shelf respectively. In each case, simple ecological models (Leslie

DeLury analysis) have been applied to assess the impact of fishing on the cod stock. It is now

clear that the inshore fishery was influenced more by social dynamics than by the ecological

impact of harvesting. Conversely, the cod stocks at the heart of the two offshore fisheries declined

in abundance as exploitation proceeded.

9

In terms of tangible outputs, HMAP II has yielded 12 conference papers, three journal

articles, three web publications, eight datasets available via the HMAP Portal, and a volume of

proceedings from HMAP Workshop 1 published as Holm, Smith & Starkey (eds.), The Exploited

Seas: Essays in Marine Environmental History (St John’s Nfld, 2002) [see Appendix 7]. It is

expected that results of the seven case studies will be ultimately disseminated in 2-3 refereed

journal papers each.

Figure 3. Location of humpback whales sighted by Yankee whalers engaged in sperm whaling in the 19th century, by month (or grouping of months to achieve sufficient sample size), showing the across Atlantic migration and the summer occurrence of humpbacks far removed from the previously known summer feeding grounds.

HMAP III: Aims and Budget Outline

The broad aim of HMAP III is to build upon and develop the platform laid during the first two

phases of the program. This will entail consolidating the project’s institutional base, augmenting

the discipline building facet of the program and extending the research effort. Achieving these

10

objectives during 2003-2004 will constitute a major step towards realizing the HMAP vision as

well as contributing a major historical dimension to the CoML by the end of the decade.

In designing HMAP III, the Steering Group has considered the status of the program as a

whole and how it should develop over the next seven years. On the basis of this review, HMAP-

SG requests funding from the Sloan Foundation that will enable it to develop further the

institution and discipline building facets of the project while at the same time investing

strategically in the research effort. These strategic investments are intended to:

enable the current research teams to complete their tasks. Two of the seven initial research

projects will be brought to completion in 2003 (SE Australia and the Benguela Current), while

the five other original case studies will be built into full-blown research projects that will be

completed within the wider time frame of 2004-2007

assist the initiation of four new case studies

identify an additional 4-6 other case studies to be initiated in 2004-2005

provide leverage for raising funds from non-Sloan sources to sustain the program through to

2010

inform the discipline building process

The funds requested from the Sloan Foundation will be apportioned as presented in Table 1.

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HMAP field projects

Red = ongoing (HMAP II) to be completed in HMAP III

Blue = new proposed for HMAP III

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Table 1: Outline Budget, HMAP III, 2003-2004(000 USD)

2003 2004 TotalInstitution and Discipline Building

(1) University of Southern DenmarkCommunications Office 30 30 60Student Support, Admin etc 35 35 70

(2) University of New HampshireWorkshop 20 20 40Student Training 25 0 25Steering Group 10 10 20Student Support, Admin etc 35 35 70

(3) University of HullData Management 55 55 110Student Support, Admin etc 15 15 30

____ ____ ____Sub-total 225 200 425

Research EffortCurrent Case Studies

(4) North West Atlantic 25 25 50(5) South West Pacific 10 - 10(6) White & Barents Sea 35 25 60(7) Baltic Sea 25 15 40(8) South West African Shelf 10 - 10(9) World Whaling 10 - 10(10) Caribbean 20 25 45

New Case Studies(11) North Sea 25 20 45(12) Mediterranean - 15 15(13) North Pacific 10 40 50(14) Pelagics 10 10 20

____ ____ ____Sub-total 180 175 355

Total 780Overhead @ 15% 117

_____Grand Total 897

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HMAP III: Budget Rationale

The funds requested for the 14 budget items listed in Table 1 will be utilized as follows:

(1) University of Southern Denmark: $130,000

Liaison between participants, which include researchers and students from over 18 countries and a

range of disciplines, is important to instil coherence into the HMAP project. Likewise,

disseminating the outputs and vision to the scientific community and the wider world are vital

features of the project. It is intended that $60,000 will be expended on the appointment of an

HMAP Communications Officer at SDU for two years. The person appointed will construct and

maintain a unitary and engaging HMAP website (currently there are two sites), provide the hub of

the HMAP network, support the project’s developing outreach program Argosy Network, and

administer SDU’s HMAP interests under the direction of Professor Poul Holm.

A further $70,000 will be allocated for the development of the HMAP student program at

SDU and to cover general administrative expenses. The bulk of this money will support the

development of applied historical quantitative methods and GIS, especially through a PhD

program which will also be part-funded by the MARINERS grant awarded by the Danish

Research Fund.

(2) University of New Hampshire: $155,000

As the financial base of the HMAP program, UNH distributes the Sloan funds to the other

institutions engaged in the program. If HMAP III is funded, UNH will retain and administer

$155,000 for discipline and institution building purposes. Some $40,000 will be allocated to the

workshops that are planned for 2003 and 2004 to review progress and inform policy on the

HMAP research effort. A further $25,000 will be spent for the student summer school that is

planned for 2003. This funding will be augmented by monies provided by the MARINERS grant

14

made to SDU and by funding from other sources that will be sought to support a summer school

in 2004.

The UNH allocation also includes $20,000 to sustain the activities of the Steering Group.

While some of this funding will pay for the four HMAP-SG meetings planned for 2003-2004,

another tranche will support the outreach and project building activities of Steering Group

members, primarily the travel and accommodation costs incurred in presenting the HMAP vision

to conferences and workshops.

A large portion of the budget ($60,000) will be used to pay the fees and maintenance costs

of graduate students enrolled to study marine environmental history and marine ecology programs

at UNH. These students will not only be exposed to the interdisciplinary approach fostered by

HMAP, but will also contribute to the project’s research effort by dint of their dissertation work.

Administrative and miscellaneous research expenses will consume the residue of the UNH

allocation (c$10,000).

(3) University of Hull: $140,000

UH is responsible for the data management strand of the HMAP research program. During

HMAP II, much of the historical data assembled by the case study research teams has been

rendered accessible through the development of a common database format, which enables

diverse datasets to be presented as a coherent whole (http://www.hull.ac.uk/history/MHSC/hmap12). The

database, moreover, is available in an interactive form on the internet

(http://www.hmapportal.hull.ac.uk/). The design, construction and development of these facilities have

been undertaken by one research assistant and one clerical assistant. HMAP-SG has decided that

the further development of this data management system is vital to the execution of the program

as a whole. Some $110,000 of UH’s funding will therefore be expended on the appointment of

15

one full-time and one part-time research assistant to sustain the development of the system. More

specifically, during HMAP III, the UH team will not only continue to service the case study

research teams by processing the data they generate, but also improve the database by the

incorporation of new variables, notably environmental, paleoecological and economic indicators,

together with qualitative information. The research assistants will also establish and maintain

connectivity with the OBIS network, and progress the HMAP Portal by introducing GIS

visualizations and mapping, and enhancing the tools available for analyzing the data.

The remaining $30,000 of the UH budget will be allocated to the support of three MA

students (by the payment of tuition fees) and miscellaneous administrative costs.

(4) North West Atlantic: $50,000Steering Group Contact: David J StarkeyProject Leader: David J Starkey

The North West Atlantic case study comprises four sub-projects. Research to date has focused on

the extraction of data from a range of printed, archival and archaeological sources. This work has

confirmed the voluminous character of the sources available as well as the difficulties

encountered in standardizing formats and fields of information. Nevertheless, preliminary

analyses have proved informative. The Gulf of Maine team, for instance, has demonstrated that a

range of environmental and anthropogenic factors interacted to condition the scale of the region’s

fishery, while the Newfoundland team has unearthed an array of archaeological evidence which

sheds light on the age structure of the cod population in the eighteenth century. There is a need,

however, for additional ecological modeling expertise for all four of the sub-projects to support

the work being undertaken by historians in Newfoundland, Greenland and UNH. A sum of

$50,000 is therefore required to engage the services of a post-doctoral ecologist to analyze the

16

substantial time series that have been compiled, and to meld together the four branches of the case

study.

(5) South West Pacific: $10,000Steering Group Contact: Tim SmithProject Leader: Tim Smith

This case study comprises two parts. The first concerns the impact of fishing by the indigenous

populations of New Zealand on the fish stocks of the inshore waters of the South Island. To date,

collaboration with Maori people and other researchers in New Zealand has been successfully

initiated, and the team is currently in the process of establishing a research protocol for improving

our understanding of the possible effects of traditional fishing in this region. This project is

being undertaken by a PhD MS student at UNH and is funded by that institution. The second part

focuses on the development of a continental shelf and slope trawl fishery off the southeast coast

of Australian from 1914 to the present. This study has succeeded in completing a review of the

history of the fishery itself and extracting historical fishery and research data collected over the

entire period of the enterprise. The funds requested ($10,000) are needed to deploy the results of

this project as the historical component of an ambitious ecosystem study of this region to be

conducted in cooperation with the Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation of

Australia. This will focus on using historical data to determine what lives in the ocean, and to

predict what will inhabit the ecosystem in future.

(6) White & Barents Seas: $60,000Steering Group Contact: Poul HolmProject Leader: Julia Lajus

The White & Barents Seas project comprises the combined research efforts of a Russian team

dispersed in St Petersburg, Archangelsk and Moscow and deals with historical reconstructions of

17

Atlantic walrus, salmon, and herring. Records are very abundant, and initial modeling exercises

have been very promising. The team has initiated collaborative work with Norwegian partners to

elucidate the full Barents Sea ecosystem. While the team is seeking Russian funds, the team

continues to be very dependent on Sloan support for the continuation of its activities, and it is

therefore proposed to allocate a substantial sum for the continued work of the team.

(7) Baltic Sea: $40,000Steering Group Contact: Poul Holm Project Leader: Maibritt Bager

The Baltic Sea project focuses on long-term ecosystem dynamics, especially to elucidate the

forcing of the ecosystem through NAO, saline intrusions and human impacts. The source material

is very rich, and early results were published by Mackenzie et al in CJFAS 2002. The Baltic Sea

ecosystem is very well covered by modern fisheries and oceanographic data. Nevertheless, the

enigmas of understanding ecosystem dynamics, especially with regard to the occurrence and

fluctuation of marine mammals, cod and herring, have long been recognized to warrant historical

studies.The challenge of political barriers and linguistic diversity has until recently made long-

term studies difficult, but the Baltic team has successfully overcome these impediments and

identified partners in all Baltic countries. The Baltic Sea team is constituted of Danish and

Swedish researchers who are financed through their own institution and research grants, and of

Estonian, Latvian, Russian, and Polish researchers who are very dependent on outside funds. The

funds requested will be dedicated to the Eastern Baltic partners.

(8) South West African Shelf: $10,000Steering Group Contact: Robert FrancisProject Leader: Lance van Sittert

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This case study has focused on the Benguela Current with the aim of establishing whether

physical forcing caused the dramatic changes in productivity over the last century. Having

assembled an array of relevant historical data from government-generated sources (the ‘Blue

Books’), the research team have compiled a volume of analytical papers (edited by Charles

Griffiths) will shortly be submitted for publication. The project will be completed once the data

has been modeled. Funds are requested to recruit a graduate student to undertake this task at the

University of Cape Town.

(9) World Whaling: $10,000Steering Group Contact: Tim SmithProject Leader: Tim Smith & David J Starkey

The World Whaling project has focused on three areas: (1) with the International Whaling

Commission, organizing and making twentieth-century whaling data available on line; (2)

defining and describing the major characteristics of whale fisheries world wide; and (3)

estimating pre-1900 century humpback whaling in the North Atlantic. Over 28,000 whales were

caught by more than 30 separate fishing operations in the North Atlantic, roughly half from

breeding and half from feeding grounds. Catches peaked around 1900. One focus will be

estimating catches of sperm, humpback and right whales by “Yankee whalers” from the

seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. In addition, previous estimates of catches in other pre-1900

fisheries will be assembled and made available on line. This project has attracted funding from

the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, which has expressed particular

interest in the planned focus on Yankee whaling. The funds requested from the Sloan Foundation

(10,000) will be used to supplement and partially match funds being requested of NOAA for

accessing Yankee whaling records in logbooks held by the New Bedford Whaling Museum and

other regional institutions.

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(10) Caribbean: $45,000Steering Group Contact: Robert FrancisProject Leader: Jeremy Jackson

The Caribbean case study was initiated at the HMAP 2 workshop in August 2001. To date, it has

largely been conducted by ecologists working at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography under the

guidance of Jeremy Jackson. While the ecological analysis of historical data has progressed well,

a preliminary survey has revealed that a welter of archival source material remains untapped in

various European repositories, notably at Seville in Spain. The funds requested will engage the

services of a post-doctoral historian who will identify, assess, transcribe and assist in analyzing

historical evidence pertaining to the Caribbean possessions of the European colonial powers.

(11) North Sea: $15,000Steering Group Contact: Poul HolmProject Leader: Bo Poulsen & René Taudal Poulsen

This new case study was launched at a workshop held in Esbjerg on 27-28 September 2002. The

workshop devised a research plan and examined the prospects for funding a major appraisal of the

complex dynamics of one of the world’s most exploited ecosystems. With some funds provided

by the MARINERS and CONWOY projects (Danish Research Council), it was decided that

proposals would be submitted to the European Union, the Nordic Council and NorFA, as well as

to funding councils in the nations bordering the North Sea. To support the process of assembling

and collating data from an array of historical sources identified at the workshop, the funds

requested will be expended on a part-time research assistant to be based at UH and support for the

North Sea Steering group.

(12) Mediterranean: $15,000Steering Group Contact: Poul Holm

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Project Leader pro tempore: Lawrence V Mott

The Niarchos Foundation has allocated $23,000 US for a workshop to be held in 2003. A number

of interested parties have been identified, and support for a Black Sea component to this has

already been granted by the Danish Research Foundation Black Sea Studies Center. We apply for

funds to support the Mediterranean Steering Group to help initiate work and identify its own

regional funding.

(13) North Pacific: $50,000Steering Group Contact: Robert C FrancisProject Leader: to be decided

This new project was developed during the HMAP II Workshop. The coastal region of the NE

Pacific rim has been heavily exploited for the past 200 years, with industrial scale fishing having

ramped up only in the past 50 years. Ecosystem models (Ecopath with Ecosim) presently exist

for five large marine ecosystems of this coastal region (Pacific Northwest coast, British Columbia

coast, Gulf of Alaska coast, Eastern Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands), and comparative studies of

ecosystem management policy are currently being conducted at the National Center for

Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (Santa Barbara, CA) using these models as a basis for

comparison. Historical studies are lacking in this region with the exception of McEvoy (1986).

Francis et al (2001) showed how historical ecology, paleoclimatology and environmental history

might come together to describe the structure and dynamics of coastal marine ecosystems of the

region over multiple centuries. Finney et al (2002) created a 2200 year reconstruction of the

relationship between humans and marine ecosystems in Alaska and relate that to similar scale

trends in coastal pelagic fish populations observed by Baumgartner et al (1992). The missing link

in all of this is an understanding of the historical archives and records of human interactions with

these marine ecosystems over the past 500 years. Therefore the first year funds requested will be

used to conduct historical source reviews from Alaska to California. Based on the results and a 21

determination of the most promising directions for historical research, the second year funds will

be used to support a post-doctoral environmental historian to begin to plumb the archives.

(14) Pelagics: $20,000Steering Group Contact: Robert C FrancisProject Leader: to be decided

This new project was developed during the HMAP II Workshop in response to some of the

research results presented and observations made during the conduct of the historical reviews of

fishing in the Atlantic and Pacific. In particular, results of the White and Barents Sea study on

walrus, the Baltic Sea and North Pacific study reviewing of fluctuating catches of tuna, the World

Whaling study of humpback whale pelagic migration, and an earlier study of blue fin tuna

fisheries in the Mediterranean, taken together suggested that a study of fisheries for large pelagic

fish would fill in a large gap in our understanding of the open seas. The funds requested will be

used to conduct historical source reviews, especially in the Atlantic and the Pacific.

Beyond 2004

In line with the Census of Marine Life, HMAP is envisaged as a ten-year research program.

Having developed a research plan in 2000 and demonstrated feasibility and proof of concept

through the seven pilot projects of 2001-2002, HMAP III will see the continuation of five of these

projects and the birth and completion of additional 8-12 projects worldwide over the years 2003-

2007. These projects will feed into the historical component of OBIS. The HMAP SG will

collaborate closely with the developing FMAP program to ensure compliance with overall CoML

objectives. The program will conclude with a fourth phase, HMAP IV, in years 2008-2009, which

will focus on integration and a sustained modeling exercise in close collaboration with FMAP. In

the final year of the Census, the focus will be on synthesis and publication through a concerted

22

public outreach effort. Throughout the years 2003-2010, the institution and discipline building at

the heart of the project will be sustained.

23

Appendix 1: Summer Schools: Syllabus 2001 & 2002

Appendix 1: Summer Schools: Syllabus 2001 & 2002

Programme for HMAP International Summer School 14-22 August 2001

Most days structured according to basic pattern below:

08.30 Bus transportation from hotel to university campus

08.45-09.30 Keynote09.30 Coffee break09.45-11.00 Workshops11.00-12.00 Discussion in pleno12.00-13.00 Lunch13.00-16.00 Excursion or assigned work16.00-17.30 Student presentation seminar18.00 Dinner19.15 Bus transportation from campus to

hotel

Keynote lecturer to open the day by a 30 minute lecture followed by a 15 minute discussion by a lecturer from a different discipline.

Workshops: four simultaneous workshops will be led, each by two teachers. The workshops will work on questions raised by the lecturers, drawing on background material from the reading list and the full texts distributed in advance by the Esbjerg secretariat. The composition of workshop groups will be changed each day.

Student presentation seminars: Two parallel sessions with a fixed composition of participants and teachers. Students will present papers prepared in advance. 20 minute presentations, 20 minutes discussion per paper.

Monday 13 Aug Activity Lecturer Discussant21.00 - 22.00 Evening briefing session and

reception   

Tuesday 14 Aug Theme: Ocean Sustainability through the Ages: Perspective

   

08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture Daniel Alexandrov Jeff Bolster09.45 - 11.00 Workshops    11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    

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13.00-16.00 Excursion    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Wednesday 15 Aug Theme: Exploiting the Seas    08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture Poul Holm Tim Smith09.45 - 11.00 Workshops    11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    13.00 - 16.00 Excursion    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Thursday 16 Aug Theme: Changing Seas    08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture Tim Smith Poul Holm09.45 - 11.00 Workshops    11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    13.00 - 16.00 Excursion    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Friday 17 Aug Theme: Reading the Seas    08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture Jeff Bolster Daniel Alexandrov09.45 - 11.00 Workshops    11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    13.00 - 16.00 Excursion    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Saturday 18 Aug Rest day: No programme    

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Sunday 19 Aug Sourcing the Seas    08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture David J Starkey

with Neil Ashcroft 

09.45 - 11.00 Workshops    11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    13.00 - 16.00 Assigned work    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Monday Modelling the Seas    08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture Tim Smith with Bo

Ejstrud 

09.45 - 11.00 Workshops    11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    13.00 - 16.00 Assigned work    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Tuesday Unexploited and Exploited

Fisheries Ecosystems   

08.45 - 09.30 Keynote lecture Jeremy Jackson  09.45 - 11.00 Keynote lecture Robert C. Francis  11.00 - 12.00 Discussion in pleno    13.00 - 16.00 Excursion    16.00 - 17.30 Student presentations    Wednesday Student Group Presentations    08.45 - 12.00 Preparations    14.00 - 17.00 Presentations    Thursday HMAP Workshop II    Friday HMAP Workshop II    Saturday HMAP Project Meetings    

Program for HMAP International Summer School 5-12 August 2002

Mon 5 August

               8:00 AM – 9:45 AM – Introduction to Summer Institute – All Faculty – All Students – Pettee G10               9:45 AM – 10:15 AM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer

10:15 AM – Noon – Lecture – Hypothesis 1 – Holm – All Students – Pettee G10               1:00 PM – 3:00 PM – Student Projects

Student Group 1 - Pettee G10Student Group 2 - Pettee 114Student Group 3 - Rudman G15Student Group 4 - Rudman G17

3:00 PM – 3:30 PM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer               3:30 PM – 5:30 PM – Student Presentations – All Students – Pettee G10

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Tues 6 August

               8:00 AM – 9:45 AM – Lecture – Hypothesis 3 – Francis – All Students – Pettee G10               9:45 AM – 10:15 AM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer

10:15 – noon – Lecture – Hypothesis 2 – Van Sittert – All Students – Pettee G10               1:00 PM – 3:00 PM – Student Projects

Student Group 1 - Pettee G10Student Group 2 - Pettee 114Student Group 3 - Rudman G15Student Group 4 - Rudman G17

3:00 – 3:30 PM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer               3:30 – 5:30 PM – Student Presentations – All Students – Pettee G10

Wed 7 August

               8 – 9:45 AM – Lecture – Hypothesis 4 – Rosenberg – All Students – Pettee G10               9:45 AM – 10:15 AM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer

10:15 – noon – Lecture – Environmental History & Marine Mammals – Kurk Dorsey – All Students – Pettee G10               1:00 PM – 3:00 PM – Student Projects

Student Group 1 - Pettee G10Student Group 2 - Pettee 114Student Group 3 - Rudman G15Student Group 4 - Rudman G17

3:00 – 3:30 PM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer               3:30 – 5:30 PM – Student Presentations – All Students, Pettee G10

Thurs 8 August

               8:00 AM – 9:45 AM – Guest Lecture – Jay Taylor – All Students, Pettee G10               9:45 AM – 10:15 AM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer

10:15 – noon – Discussion – Jay Taylor – All Students – Pettee G10               1:00 PM – 3:00 PM – Student Projects

Student Group 1 - Pettee G10Student Group 2 - Pettee 114Student Group 3 - Rudman G15Student Group 4 - Rudman G17

               3:00 – 3:30 PM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer               3:30 – 5:30 PM – Student Presentations – All Students – Pettee G10

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Fri 9 August

               8:00 AM – 9:45 AM – Guest Lecture – Enric Sala – All Students – Pettee G10               9:45 AM – 10:15 AM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer

10:15 – noon – Discussion – Enric Sala – All Students – Pettee G10               1:00 PM – 3:00 PM – Student Projects

Student Group 1 - Pettee G10Student Group 2 - Pettee 114Student Group 3 - Rudman G15Student Group 4 - Rudman G17

               3:00 – 3:30 PM – Break – Pettee G10 Foyer               3:30 – 5:30 PM – Student Presentations – All Students – Pettee G10

Mon 12 August

On the final day presentations will be made by the four student working groups – All Students – Pettee G10

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Appendix 2: Funds Raised to Support the HMAP Program

All amounts in $US (exchange rate June 1, 2002)

Sloan, Dec 2000, USD 1200KMatching funds total, USD 2483K

Institutional funds

SDU: Maibritt Bager USD 150KUH: Blaydes House (HMAP portion) 260K

Not calculated: costs of internally funded research timeResearch Council grantsDanish Council for Postgraduate Studies: MARINERS, USD 400KDanish Research Councils (STF-grant) CONWOY, 600KBlack Sea Studies Centre (Danish Research Foundation) 200KDanish Research School for the Historical Sciences, PhD support grant, 55K

National Endowment for the Humanities (UNH, estimated HMAP portion) 200KFullbright Professorship (Jeffrey Bolster), UNH, 2002-3, 100KNOAA Nancy Foster Ph.D. Fellowship (5 yrs support of 1 PhD. Student at UNH) UH Research Support Fund (10K: part salary of post-doctoral research assistant)Economic & Social Research Council, UK ($50K: 1 PhD student at UH)

Other grantsNOAA (Weather Data for Light Ships) USD 30KInternational Whaling Commission 394KCSIRO Southeast Australian Shelf and Slope Project 11.5KNiarchos Foundation, Mediterranean workshop, 23K

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Appendix 3: Ecological and Historical Hypotheses Identified in HMAP I Smith, T.D. and P. Holm. 2000. Workshop on History of Marine Animals (H-MAP).http://www.fimus.dk/hmaprepo.htm.

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1 Historical records can be used to infer fish population and community structure, after accounting for anthropogenic factors.

1.2 Records from light exploitation can be interpreted as sampling the population1.2 Records form heavy exploitation can be interpreted as measuring the effect of harvest

2 Anthropogenic changes in fishery patterns include: 2.1 Changes in socio-economic-political-demographic factors (e.g. price, markets, subsidies & taxation, food preferences, transportation economy, access to fishing grounds)2.2 Changes in technology (e.g. improvements in fish finding, navigation and catching technology, vessels, processing technology2.3 Changes in numbers of vessels and individuals in the fishery2.4 Changes in knowledge (e.g. accumulated experience, knowledge transfer, traditional knowledge, scientific knowledge)

3 Environmental forcing causes changes in abundance and/or spatial distribution3.1 Highest amplitude variability at lower frequency (red noise spectrum)3.1.1 Centennial climate shifts (e.g. cooling of Greenland, mini-Ice Age) 3.2 Widest spatial coherence occurs at lower frequencies3.2.1 Inter-annual fluctuations are local (e.g. reflected in year_class strength)3.2.1 Decadal shifts are ocean basin wide (e.g. North Atlantic Oscillation, North Pacific Oscillation)3.3 Changes in patterns of environmental forcing (e.g. saline intrusions to Baltic) 3.4 Episodic events (e.g. Limfjord breaching, volcanos)

4 Fishing mortality has significant impacts on population abundance and/or spatial distribution4.1 Direct changes:4.1.1 Decreases in abundance4.1.2 Contractions in spatial distribution4.1.3 Changes in age and size composition (e.g. changes in average size, changes in fish quality)4.1.3.1 Changes in demographic parameters4.2 Indirect changes in species composition:4.2.1 Switches in abundances of competing species (e.g. skates & flatfish North Sea; capelin-herring Iceland)4.2.2 Declines in predator's 'carrying capacity' due to harvest of prey (e.g. cod_capelin in Barents Sea)4.2.3 Changes in prey abundance due to changes in harvesting of a predator (e.g. Antarctic krill surplus, trophic cascading in Baltic)

5 Changes in energy flows across trophic structure due to environmental change or fishing mortality:5.1 Predator switching prey (e.g. Pacific hake distribution and hence predation on forage fish)5.2 Changes in pathways from primary to secondary production (e.g +/_ microbial loop)5.3 Relative abundance of demersal and pelagic species groups switches (e.g. Georges Bank, North Sea)5.4 Increases in invertebrate abundance (e.g. salps, squid, crabs, lobsters)5.5 Habitat change due to fishing or coastal and other development (e.g. NW Australia shelf)5.6 Changes in energy flows due to pollutant loading (e.g. Chesapeake Bay, Southern Seas, PC Bs, heavy metals, sub-lethal effects)5.7 Megafauna structures marine communities (turtles, walruses, whales)

6 Diversity of marine animals has declined due to exploitation and habitat loss.6.1 Changes in genetic diversity (e.g. DNA analyses of preserved specimens)6.2 Changes in population richness (e.g. loss of discrete spawning stocks of Atlantic herring, loss of substocks)6.3 Changes in species richness (number of species in the community)6.4 Introductions and invasions of species (hatcheries, starfish, zebra mussels)

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Appendix 4: HMAP Institutions

Southern Denmark University

Lead: Prof., Dr. Poul Holm

Assist Prof., Dr. Lawrence V. Mott

PhD Students: Maibritt Bager (Danish marine resources, 1570-1720)Bo Poulsen (North Sea fisheries, 1600-1850)René Taudal Poulsen (North Sea fisheries, 1850-1914)

Research Assistants: Anne Lif Lund Jacobsen (historical GIS)Anne Marboe Husum (MARINERS research school, Seal population studies)

Project Cooordinator:Sheila Kirby, BA

HMAP Projects:White and Barents SeaNorwegian, North and Baltic Seas

HMAP Responsibilities:Overall HMAP coordination

Institutional Programs:Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in History, Biology, Environmental Economics

Institutional Summary:SDU has faculty engaged in the teaching and research of marine environmental history, marine ecology, environmental archaeology, environmental economics and modeling.1. The Center for Maritime and Regional History, led by Prof Holm at SDU-Esbjerg (www.cmrh.dk), is a research unit of 6 permanent and nine temporary staff specializing in marine environmental history, maritime history and integrated coastal zone management research.2. The Department of History and Civilization at SDU-Odense and Esbjerg has faculty working with environmental history: Prof Nye (American environmental history), Assoc Prof Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen (Ancient Mediterranean fisheries).3. Department of Environmental Economics lead by Prof Vestergaard at SDU-Esbjerg has strong emphasis in fisheries economics and modeling.The Center for Maritime and Regional History has strong interdisciplinary connections with other institutions: CMRH works with senior scientist Brian MacKenzie of the Danish Institute of Fisheries Research in Copenhagen (Baltic cod), senior scientist Daniel Conley of the National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Marine Ecology and Microbiology, (paleoecology), and senior scientist Jesper Madsen, National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Coastal Zone Ecology.

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University of New Hampshire

Lead: Prof. Andrew A. Rosenberg, Dean of Life Sciences and Agriculture; Fisheries Biology

Faculty: Prof. Jeffrey Bolster, Maritime HistoryProf. Lawrence Hamilton, Sociology of Maritime CommunitiesAssoc. Prof. Mimi Becker, Natural Resources and Environmental

ConservationAssoc. Prof. Kurk Dorsey, Environmental HistoryAssoc. Prof. Michael Lesser, Marine EcologyAssoc. Prof. Bill McDowell, Natural Resources

Adjunct Faculty: Dr. Tim Smith, Fisheries Biology

HMAP Projects: NW Atlantic, especially Gulf of MaineSW PacificSW African Shelf

HMAP Responsibilities:Overall fiscal coordination

Institutional Programs:Interdisciplinary Ph.D. program in Natural ResourcesInterdisciplinary M.A. program in Environmental Education

Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Natural Resources, Zoology, History, Sociology

UNH (www.unh.edu) has faculty interested in HMAP who are engaged in teaching and research in marine ecology and fisheries, environmental and maritime history, environmental conservation and maritime social anthropology. Several ongoing programs at UNH can be used as fora and catalysts:

International Research Opportunities Program (IROP) provides advanced research opportunities for students.Natural Resources Department has an interdisciplinary doctoral program that has bridged disciplinary boundaries between sciences and humanities.The EcoQuest Program provides students from several universities in the US marine environmental field study opportunities in New Zealand.

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University of Hull

Lead: Dr David J. Starkey

Staff: Dr Richard Gorski, Maritime History, Database DesignDr Neil Ashcroft, HMAP Research FellowDr Michael Haines, HMAP Research Fellow Michaela Barnard, HMAP Data Entry ClerkVivien Grant, Administrative Officer

Honorary Research Fellow: Dr Robb Robinson, Fisheries History

PhD Students:Martin Wilcox, Labour in the Trawl Fisheries

MA Students: Susan Capes, Overfishing in the North Sea since 1850David Ayriss, War and the Newfoundland fishery,

1756-63Chris Beach, The CFP and Fish Abundance in the North

SeaAngus Smith, Hull Trawling since 1840

HMAP Projects: NW AtlanticWorld Whaling

HMAP Responsibilities: Data handling and archiving for all HMAP projects

Liaison & Collaboration with OBIS

The Institution:The Maritime Historical Studies Centre (MHSC) (Director, David J Starkey) is located in Blaydes House, an eighteenth-century merchant’s house recently renovated and equipped to provide the office space and data handling facilities to undertake major research investigations, including HMAP. Its mission is to provide high quality undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programs in the field of maritime history, and to develop into a centre of research excellence of international standing.

The MHSC forms part of the Department of History, one of the University of Hull’s most distinguished academic units. It has developed inter-departmental, interdisciplinary links with colleagues and research units in other parts of the University of Hull, notably in the Wetland Archaeology Unit, the Coastal and Estuarine Studies Centre, and the Biological Sciences Department. The MHSC benefits from the technical support of the University’s Computing Centre, and the services provided by the administrative departments.

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Appendix 5: Curriculum Vitae of Steering Group Members

Curriculum Vitae: Andrew A. Rosenberg, Ph.D.

Positions Held:Present: Dean of Life Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH1998-2000: Deputy Director, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD1995-1998: Northeast Regional Administrator, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1994-1995: Division Chief, Northeast Region, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1992-1994: Research Spec. in Popn Dynamics, National Marine Fisheries Service1990-1991: Chief of Research Coordination, Northeast Fisheries Science Center1986-1990: Lecturer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England

Research Interests:My research interests include the population dynamics of marine fish and invertebrates, marine ecology and oceanography and the development and implementation of policies for the sustainable use of living marine resources.

Advisory Functions: Member of the U.S. National Commission on Ocean Policy. Member of the Board of Scientific Experts for COMPASS (Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea), Senior Fellow of the World Wildlife Fund. Chair New England Fishery Management Council Science and Statistical Committee.

Selected Recent Publications and Books:2002. Review of “From Abundance to Scarcity: A History of U.S. Marine Fisheries Policy, by Michael L. Weber” . Issues in Science and Technology.

2002. The precautionary approach from a manager’s perspective. Bull. Marine Sci. 70:577-588.

2002. Review of “The Great Gulf by David Dobbs”. Environment.

2000. The precautionary approach and risk management: can they increase the probability of successes in fishery management? Can. J. Fish Aquatic Sci. 58:99-107. (with J.J. Maguire, R. Hilborn, and A. Parma).

1998. Controlling marine fisheries 50 years from now. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 23:95-103.

1995. Population dynamics of exploited fish stocks at low population levels. Science 269 (fourth author with R. A. Myers, N. J. Barrowman, and J.A. Hutchings).

1994. Uncertainty and risk evaluation in stock assessment advice for U. S. marine fisheries. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (with V. R. Restrepo).

1993. Achieving sustainable use of renewable resources. Science 262: 828-829 (with M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington and J.G. Shepherd).

1993. Marine fisheries at a critical juncture? Fisheries 18:6-14 (second author with M.P. Sissenwine).

1991. A study of the dynamics and management of the hairtail fishery in the East China Sea. Aquat. Living Resour. 4: 65-75. (second author with Y. Ye).

1990. Stock assessment and the provision of management advice for the shortfin squid fishery around the Falkland Islands. Fisheries Research 8: 351-365 (second author with J. R. Beddington, and J.Crombie).

1986. The growth and longevity of Antarctic krill during the first decade of pelagic whaling. Nature 327: 152-154 (with M. Basson and J. R. Beddington)

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Curriculum Vitae: Tim D. Smith

Positions Held:1985-present: Fisheries Biologist, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole MA1990-1996: Adjunct Professor, University of Rhode Island, Naragansett RI1978-1985: Fisheries Biologist, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, San Diego CA1975-1978: Associate Professor, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI1973-1975: Fisheries Biologist, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, San Diego CA

Research Interests:My research has focused primarily on abundance and population dynamics of marine mammals, especially related large whales and whaling. I also have a strong interest on the history of fisheries science and the ecological history of fisheries. I am currently involved with the Census of Marine Life and especially with organizing the History of Marine Animal Populations.

Consulting and Advisory Functions: I have served on numerous international and national scientific advisory groups, including the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, the International Whaling Commission, the US Marine Mammal Commission, three US Fisheries Management Councils, and the Norwegian Research Council. I presently serve as the head of the US delegation to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission.

Selected Recent Publications and Books:Smith, T.D. In Press. The Woods Hole Bottom Trawl Resource Survey: development

of fisheries-independent multispecies monitoring. ICES Journal of Marine Science

Smith, T.D, Gjøsæter, J., Stenseth, N.C., Kittilsen, M. O., Danielssen, D.S., Solemdal, P. and Tveite, S. In Press. A Century of Manipulating Recruitment in Coastal Cod Populations: The Flødevigen Experience. ICES Journal of Marine Science

Smith, T.D., J. Allen, P.J. Clapham, P.S. Hammond, S. Katona, F. Larsen, J. Lien, D. Mattila, P. Palsbøll, J. Sigurjónsson, P.T. Stevick, N. Øien. 1999 An ocean-basin wide mark-recapture study of the North Atlantic humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Marine Mammal Science 15(1):1-32.

Caswell, H., S. Brault, A. Read and T.D. Smith.1998. Harbor porpoise and fisheries: an uncertainty analysis of incidental mortality. Ecological Applications 8:1226-1238

Smith, T.D. 1998. “Simultaneous and complementary advances”: mid-century expectations of the interaction of fisheries science and management. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 8:1-14.

Palsbøll, Per J., J. Allen, M. Bérubé, P. Clapham, T. Feddersen, P. Hammond, R. Hudson, H. Jorgensen, S. Katona, A.H. Larsen, F. Larsen, J. Lien, D. Mattila, J. Sigurjónsson, R. Sears, T. Smith, R. Sponer, P. Stevick and N. Øien. 1997. Genetic tagging of humpback whales. Nature. 388: 767-769.

Smith, T. D. 1995. Interactions between marine mammals and fisheries: an unresolved problem for fisheries research, pp. 527-536. In A. S. Blix, L. Walløe, and O. Ulltang [Eds.], Whales, Seals, Fish and Man. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Smith, T.D. 1994. Scaling Fisheries, The science of measuring the effects of fishing, 1855-1955. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 392pp.

Fowler C.W. and T.D. Smith (Eds.) 1981. Dynamics of Large Mammal Populations. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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Curriculum Vitae: Poul Holm

Positions Held:2000-present: Professor, Southern Denmark University, Dept History and Civilisation1994-1999: Research Professor, Aarhus University and Fisheries and Maritime Museum1986-1994: Senior Curator, Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg1982-1985: Research Fellow, Danish Research Council for the Humanities1979-1981: Assistant Professor, University of Aalborg

Research Interests:My research has focused primarily on maritime and regional history, especially in a comparative Scandinavian, North Atlantic and recently global context. I have undertaken studies of historical fisheries from the medieval to the modern, and have a strong interest in long time-series data bases and geographical information systems.

Consulting and Advisory Functions: I have been coordinator of international research projects, both historical and interdisciplinary (the Kattegat-Skagerrak project 1982-1991, the North Sea History Conferences 1986-1996, the North Atlantic Fisheries History Association 1994-present). I have served as President of the Association for the History of the Northern Seas, as co-editor of the International Journal of Maritime History, and advisory editor to the Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, 1998-present. Since 1999 I am a member of the Danish Research Council for the Humanities, and since 2001 the chairperson.

Selected Recent Publications and Books:Books (Danish language)

Kystfolk. Kontakter og Sammenhænge over Kattegat og Skagerrak, 1550-1914 (Esbjerg, 1991)Hjerting - et maritimt lokalsamfund - midt i verden, 1550-1930 (Esbjerg, 1992)(with Søren Byskov og Søren Toft Hansen) Proteiner fra havet. Fiskemelsindustrien

i Esbjerg, 1948_1998 (Esbjerg, 1998) 175 pp (with Verner Bruhn) Esbjergs Historie III. 1910-1998. Havneby og Storkommune (Esbjerg, 1998) 328 ppAalborg og Søfarten i 500 år (Aalborg, 1999) 135 pp

Recent English-language publications(Brian R. MacKenzie, Jürgen Alheit, Daniel J. Conley, Poul Holm, Carl Christian Kinze) Ecological Hypotheses for a Historical Reconstruction of Upper Trophic Level Biomass in the Baltic Sea. CJFAS 2002An International Perspective on the British Fisheries in the New Millennium, A History of the English and Welsh Fisheries, ed. D. J. Starkey ‘The Global Fish Market: Internationalization and Globalization, 1880-1997', Research in Maritime History 13 (St John’s, 1998) 239-58'South Scandinavian Fisheries in the Sixteenth Century: the Dutch Connection'. The North Sea and Culture (1550-1800) (eds. Juliette Roding & Lex Heerma van Voss) (Hilversum, 1996) 108-23‘Catches and Manpower in the Danish Fisheries, c1200-1995’. The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976. National Perspectives on a Common Resource (eds. Poul Holm, David J. Starkey and Jón Th. Thór) (Esbjerg, 1996) 177-206‘European and Native Ways. Fishing, Whaling and Sealing in the Danish North Atlantic Empire, 1750-1807’. Northern Seas Yearbook 1995, ed. P. Holm, Olaf Janzen og Jón Thór (Esbjerg, 1995) 109-49'Technology Transfer and Social Setting. The Experience of Danish Steam Trawlers in the North Sea and off Iceland, 1879-1903'. Northern Seas 1994 (Esbjerg, 1994) 113-57

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Curriculum Vitae: David J Starkey

Positions Held:1994-present: Wilson Family Senior Lecturer in Maritime History, University of Hull1989-1994: Leverhulme Research Fellow in Maritime History, University of Exeter1984-1989: Research Fellow in Maritime History, University of Exeter1982-1984: Executive Officer, UK Civil Service

Research Interests:I have undertaken research into various aspects of British and European maritime history, notably privateering enterprise, piracy and the port, shipping and shipbuilding industries. In recent years, I have worked extensively on the development of the North Atlantic fisheries since medieval times.

Consultancy and Advisory Work:I serve on numerous national and international bodies, including the Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites (UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport), the British Commission of the International Commission for Maritime History, the Council of the Society for Nautical Research, and the Steering Committees of HMAP and the North Atlantic Fisheries History Association. I am also an editor of the International Journal of Maritime History.

Selected Publications:Starkey, D.J., Reid, C. & Ashcroft, N.R., eds, England’s Sea Fisheries: The

Commercial Sea Fisheries of England and Wales since 1300. Chatham Publishing, Rochester, UK, 2000, 272pp.

Starkey, D.J., Gorski, R., Pawlyn, T., & Milward, S., eds, Shipping Movements in the Ports of the UK, 1870-1913: A Statistical Profile University of Exeter Press, UK, 1999, 359pp.

Starkey, D.J. & Jamieson, A.G., eds, Exploiting the Sea: Aspects of Britain’s Maritime Economy since 1870. University of Exeter Press, UK, 1998, 220pp.

Starkey, D.J. & Harlaftis, G., eds, Global Markets: The Internationalization of the Sea Transport Industries since 1850. St John’s, Nfld, International Maritime Economic History Association, 1998, 423pp.

Starkey, D.J. & Holm, P., eds, North Atlantic Fisheries: Markets and Modernization. Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg, 1998, 203pp.

Starkey, D.J., Holm, P. & Thor, J.Th., eds, The North Atlantic Fisheries: National Perspectives on a Common Resource Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg, 1996, 209pp.

Starkey, D.J., Duffy, M., Fisher, S., Greenhill, B. & Youings, J., The New Maritime History of Devon. Conway Maritime Press, London, vols, 256pp & 272pp.

Starkey, D.J., British Privateering Enterprise in the Eighteenth Century. University of Exeter Press, UK, 1990, 344pp.

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Curriculum Vitae: Robert C. Francis

Employment:School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Professor, 1986-presentSchool of Fisheries, University of Washington, Director, FRI, 1986-1993Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Fisheries Biologist (Research), 1979-1985Fisheries Research Division, New Zealand, Scientist, 1976-1979.Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA, Scientist, 1971-1976.Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Assistant Professor, 1969-1971Grasslands Biome, US IBP, Mathematical Modeler, Biometrician, 1969-1971

Research Interests:My research has focused in the area of quantitative fishery science. My paricular focus is in the area of fisheries oceanography marine ecosystem modeling and management.

Advisory Functions:I have served on numerous international and national scientific advisory groups, including the NMFS Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel, chaired two NRC panels (Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem, Committee on Porpoise Mortality from Tuna Fishery), been a member of the Ecological Society of America Ad Hoc Working Group on Ecosystem Management, and have twice been a member of the Pacific Fishery Management Council Scientific and Statistical Committee.

Selected Recent Publications:

Francis, R.C. and S.R. Hare. 1994. Decadal scale regime shifts in large marine ecosystems of the northeast Pacific: A case for historical science. Fish. Oceanog. 3(4):279- 291.

Hare, S.R. and R.C. Francis. 1995. Climate change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean. In R.J. Beamish (ed.) Climate change and northern fish populations. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 121.

Mantua, N.J., S.R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J.M. Wallace and R.C. Francis. 1997. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 78(6):1069-1079.

Francis, R.C., S.R. Hare, A.B. Hollowed and W.S. Wooster. 1998. Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Fish.

Oceanogr. 7(1):1-21.Hare, S.R., N.J. Mantua and R.C. Francis. 1999. Inverse production regimes: Alaska and

West Coast Pacific salmon. Fisheries 24(1):6-14..Field, J.C., R.C. Francis and A. Strom. 2001. Towards a fisheries ecosystem plan for the

Northern California Current. CalCOFI Rep. 42:74-87.Francis, R.C., J. Field, D. Holmgren and A. Strom. 2001. Historical approaches to the

northern California Current ecosystem. Pp 123-140 in P. Holm, T.D. Smith and D.J. Starkey (eds.) Research in Maritime History No. 21, St Johns NF.

Francis, R.C. 2002. Some thoughts on sustainability and marine conservation. Fisheries 27(1):18-22.

Field, J.C. and R.C. Francis. 2002. Climate change and fisheries management in the Northern California Current. Pp 245-262 in N. McGinn (ed.) AFS Climate and Fisheries Symposium 32.

Logerwell, E.A., N. Mantua, P. Lawson, R.C. Francis and V. Agostini. Tracking environmental processes in the coastal zone for understanding and predicting Oregon coho (O. kisutch) marine survival. In press Fish. Oceanogr.

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Appendix 6. HMAP Contribution to Draft CoML Science Plan

4.1. History of Marine Animal Populations

Understanding the character of present and future ecosystems requires knowledge of their historical evolution. This can be acquired by the identification, assembly, and analysis of time series of appropriate data. Such time series can be compiled by combining two distinct methodologies:

paleo-ecological studies, i.e. the analysis of natural (including sedimentary) archives. This will provide data for the reconstruction of the character and variability of the 'pristine' (i.e. before human harvesting commenced) marine environment documentary studies, i.e. the analysis of written records. This will provide data concerning the impact of human exploitation and management of marine resources, and the role of such activity in the development of human societies. These historical methodologies will be applied in conjunction with environmental, including climatological, studies and modelling to establish how marine ecosystems have adapted to human intervention and natural variability.

Research Issues

HMAP will address four basic questions:

1. How has the extent and diversity of marine animal populations changed and varied over the last 2,000 years?

2. Which factors have forced or influenced the changing extent and diversity of marine animal populations?

3. What has been the anthropogenic and biological significance of changes in marine animal populations?

4. What has been the interplay of changing marine ecosystems and human societies?

HMAP will be informed by, and will contribute to, the development of environmental history, which has emerged in recent years as a distinctive field of historical enquiry. The key to this new area of study is the integrated study of ecosystems and human society. Whereas conventional interpretations of the past adopt a markedly anthropocentric approach in explaining the developmental process, the environmental history approach identifies mankind as one factor in a broad ecological network of complex interactions. HMAP will encourage historians and marine scientists to incorporate the perspectives and methodologies of their separate disciplines in their investigations of the past. HMAP will thus identify trends and factors that help to explain current ecosystem structure, as well as helping to predict future problems in population abundance and ecosystem management.

Research Agenda

HMAP has identified six ecological and historical hypotheses that can be tested using historical and paleoecological data. These hypotheses are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1. Six groups of ecological and historical hypotheses identified in an HMAP workshop in February 2000 (Smith and Holm, 2000).

1. Historical records can be used to infer fish population and community structure, after accounting for anthropogenic factors;

2. Anthropogenic changes in fishing are conditioned by socio-economic, political and demographic factors, the technological sophistication and extent of the fishing effort, and the accretion of knowledge;

3. Environmental forcing causes changes in abundance and/or spatial distribution;

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4. Fishing mortality has significant impacts on population abundance and/or spatial distribution;

5. Changes in energy flows across trophic structure are due to environmental change or fishing mortality;

6. Diversity of marine animals has declined due to exploitation and habitat loss.

HMAP will conduct an eight-year research program to reconstruct a selection of complex marine systems which have been exposed to significant natural variability as well as pronounced influences from humans. The reconstruction will enable the testing of six ecological and historical hypotheses identified in an HMAP workshop in February 2000 (Table 1). The adequacy of hypotheses and data sources will be the subject of a workshop to be held in May 2001 to help formulate the HMAP Implementation Plan. The core of the program will be 10-15 linked projects, each a case study of an ecosystem selected for the adequacy of both the ecological and historical data in respect of specific hypotheses. While the case studies will be conducted by different research teams according to schedules appropriate to their subject, they will conform to the same general agenda and be co-ordinated within a common analytical framework. The HMAP Steering Group will structure and oversee the case studies, and will also integrate the results of the studies into a synoptic analysis of the anthropogenic and natural factors that have interacted to fashion the diversity, distribution and abundance of marine animal life.

The main aim of HMAP will be to extend time series of data that can be used to infer changes in the abundance of harvested species deep into the pre-statistical period. Historical and scientific methods have proved effective in constructing long-term (several decades, centuries to millennia) time series of fish and marine mammal abundance during periods when exploitation was low or nonexistent. They have also demonstrated that fish populations undergo moderate-to-large fluctuations in abundance. Such methods further facilitate the construction of long-term time series of important climatic variables (Globec 1999) that may have had an influence on fish and marine mammal catches, distributions and abundances.

The principal methods that will be used to measure variations in fish and marine mammal populations in the pre-statistical period are:

1. The reconstruction of time series of catches and catch effort for harvested marine populations from written records (Hutchings & Myers 1995; Holm 1996). Text corpora of evidence of human marine exploitation and consumption will be established from ancient, medieval and modern historical sources such as records of taxes and tithes, logbooks, sales of fish, lists of food provisions, and reports of privileged fisheries such as shellfish. Time series of catches will be established to serve as indicators of catch per unit effort, a key factor in determining the impact that human harvesting has had upon the marine ecosystem.

2. The reconstruction of ecosystem variability using paleoecological techniques (Soutar and Isaacs 1974; Baumgartner 1992; Globec 1999). This work will entail paleoecological marine research into the sedimentary records of anoxic regions of the sea. Analysis of fish scales of different species coupled with the examination of bones, otoliths, and scales, will yield evidence of changes in population age structure, abundance and distribution. In addition, recently developed molecular biological techniques will be deployed to amplify DNA from sedimented and historic fish material. Such experimental methods will be tested to investigate the genetic constitutions of past populations, thereby providing a basis for empirical modelling of population stock trajectories in space and time.

3. The rescue of endangered data. Data generated by past scientific and management efforts are presently underutilised and often in grave danger of being shredded due to the inadequacy of storage facilities or sheer ignorance as to their potential importance. HMAP will work with OBIS to identify and preserve endangered marine environmental data.

The data derived will be used:

to integrate present ecological knowledge with paleoecological, historical and rescued data using mathematical modelling tools. HMAP will undertake to model the dynamics of aspects of ecological

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systems, utilising methods derived from present stock assessment methodology and ecosystem modelling. to investigate the significance of changes in the living marine resource base for societies exploiting it, and the development of resource management institutions. Assessing the impact that changes in the marine environment have had upon human societies requires a long term perspective on resource change and variability. The Case Studies and Research Teams

A recent analysis suggested that there were at least 50 distinct large marine ecosystems in the world's oceans and seas (Sherman 2000). In selecting 10-15 to serve as case studies, the investigators willconsider the quantity and quality of the sedimentary and historical data available, the extent of knowledge of the ecosystem, and the calibre of the personnel able and willing to undertake the research. Pilot studies will be undertaken to facilitate this selection process.

HMAP's research effort will be undertaken by case study research teams. The teams will be multidisciplinary in character, with historians, paleoecologists and ecologists/biologists working together under the leadership of a Senior Researcher. To enhance the synergistic benefits of the research, the HMAP Steering Group will work with the teams to enhance cross-regional comparisons and ensure methodological consistency. A multi-disciplinary approach will enable researchers properly to evaluate sources and data pertaining to the marine environment. Moreover, it will facilitate the construction and comparative evaluation of long time-series of quantitative information regarding physical factors such as climate, currents, salinity, fish populations, etc, and human factors such as catches, technology and demand patterns.

Outcomes

The research undertaken by HMAP will advance our understanding of the importance of marine resources to human society and of the anthropogenic and natural factors that have interacted to fashion the diversity, distribution and abundance of marine animal life.

HMAP will:

Revise and expand existing knowledge regarding the practice and terminology of fishing as recorded in medieval and ancient historical sources; Generate validated databases of historical records of fishing effort and fish catches for inclusion in the OBIS data structures; Test the potential of paleoecological analysis of marine core samples for historical ecosystem modelling; Test hypotheses concerning the ecological and anthropogenic causes of variations in marine animal populations; Explain the interplay of changing marine ecosystems and human societies; Train a new generation of researchers via postgraduate recruitment and work, and develop an interdisciplinary research community of historians, biologists and paleo-ecologists.

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Appendix 7: HMAP Outputs, 2001-2002

BookHolm, P., Smith, T.D. and Starkey, D.J., The Exploited Seas: New Directions in Marine Environmental History (St John,s Nfd., 2002)

Research Papers Holm, P., Resources and Infrastructures in the Danish Maritime Economy: Evidence for the Coastal Zone, 1500-2000. Resources and Infrastructures in the Maritime Economy, 1500-2000, eds. Gordon Boyce & Richard Gorski (=Research in Maritime History, 22) (International Maritime Economic History Association, St. John’s, Newfoundland, 2002) 63-82

Holm, P., 100 års dansk fiskeri. Sjæk’len 2001 (Esbjerg, 2002) 105-14

Mackenzie, B.R., Alheit, J., Conley, D.J., Holm, P. and Kinze, C.C. 2002. Ecological hypotheses for a historical reconstruction of upper trophic level biomass in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak. Canadian J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 173-190

Reeves, R.R., Khan, J.A., Olsen, R.R., Swartz, S.L. and Smith, T.D. 2001. History of whaling in Trinidad and Tobago. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 3:45-54.

Reeves, R. and T. D. Smith. 2001. Historical catches of humpback whales in the North Atlantic Ocean: an overview of sources. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. In press

Smith, T.D. and R. Reeves. In press a. Estimating Historical Humpback Whale Removals from the North Atlantic. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 4 (suppl).

Smith, T.D. and R. Reeves. In press b. Estimating Historical Humpback Whale Removals from the North Atlantic: an update. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 5 (suppl).

Smith, T.D. 2002. Examining cetacean ecology using historical fishery data. Researches in Maritime History No. 21, pp 207-214.

Web PublicationsAshcroft, N. and Barnard, M.G., (comp.) Data Directory (http://www.hull.ac.uk/history/MHSC/hmap4.htm)

Ashcroft, N. and Barnard, M.G., (comp.) Data Library (http://www.hull.ac.uk/history/MHSC/hmap12.htm)

Ashcroft, N. and Barnard, M.G., (comp.) HMAP Portal (http://www.hmapportal.hull.ac.uk)

Working papers (* = also published, ** = also to be submitted for publication):May 2002 meeting of the Scientific Committee of the IWC: Friday, N.A., A.E. Punt and T.D. Smith. An Expanded Framework for the Assessment of North Atlantic Humpback Whales, with Illustrative Examples. . IWC Scientific Committee Meeting Document SC/54/H/1.

**Reeves, R.R, T.D. Smith, R.L. Webb, J. Robbins and P.J. Clapham. 2002. Humpback and Fin Whaling in the Gulf of Maine, 1800 to 1918. . IWC Scientific Committee Meeting Document SC/54/H/16.

**Reeves, R, T.D. Smith and P. Clapham. 2002. Incidental Observations of Humpback Whales in the North Atlantic Ocean by American Whalers in the 19th Century. IWC Scientific Committee Meeting Document SC/54/H22.

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**Smith, T.D. and R.R. Reeves. 2002. Estimating American 19th Century Whaling Catches of Humpbacks in the West Indies and Cape Verde Islands. . IWC Scientific Committee Meeting Document SC/54/H15.

July 2001 meeting of the Scientific Committee of the IWC:Friday, N., A.E. Punt, and T.D. Smith. 2001. A framework for the assessment of North Atlantic humpback whales, with illustrative examples. IWC SC Meeting Document SC/53/NAH 14.

*Reeves, R. and T. D. Smith. 2001. Historical catches of humpback whales in the North Atlantic Ocean: an overview of sources. IWC SC Meeting Document SC/53/NAH 15.

Reeves, R. and T.D. Smith. 2001. A brief history of humpback whaling in Bermuda. IWC SC Meeting Document SC/53/NAH

In Preparation: Reeves, R. and T.D. Smith. In Prep. Design of a Program of Research on Sperm Whale Catch History: Results of a workshop.

Reeves, R. and T.D. Smith. In prep. Taxonomy of world whale fisheries: 1500 to present. To be submitted October 2002.

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