history of knitting hosiery 01

8/13/2019 History of Knitting Hosiery 01

1/27

UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA

FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

DEARTMENT OF TEXTILES

HISTORY OF KNITTING:

HOSIERY- Seminar paper -

Track of study:

Plannin Te!"ile# an$ Cl%"&in' (n$ )ear

Mentors: Authors:D%*+ Dr+ Alen,a Pa,% . /0$en G+ N+

Le,"+ Bar1ara L02"e, 3+ B+

V+ M+

L401l4ana' De*em1er (556


2/27

ABSTRAT

In %0r #eminar paper 7e $e#*ri1e$ 8ir#" &i#"%r) %8 ,ni""in+ !hat "s kn"tt"n#$ %hen and%here they d"sco&ered the f"rst e'a()*es of kn"tted )roducts$ #%*,#+ T&e %riin# %8

,ni""in are &ar$ "% "ra*e "&ere8%re are #eeral "&e%rie# 7&ere 7a# ,ni""in #"ar"e$+ T&e

$ilema i# a#l% in "&i# i8 "&e earlie#" #%*,# 7ere 7%r,e$ in nale1in$in %r in "r0e ,ni""in+

9e 7r%"e al#% a1%0" ,ni""in 0il$#' 7&i*& "&e *ra8"#man# 7ere 0ni"e$ in+ 9e al#%

$e#*ri1e 7&a" 7a# &appenin 7i"& ,ni""in 7&en Ameri*a en"ere$ in 7%rl$ 7ar "7% an$

a1%0" a $e*line %8 &%#ier) *ra8"# a8"er "&a"+ F0r"&erm%re 7e 7r%"e a1%0" (:#" *en"0r)

reial %8 ,ni""in+ M%re%er 7e $e*ri1e$ 7&a" 7a# &appenin 7i"& &%#ier) in Sl%eniaa** of the #u"*ds the"r crafts and a** the %ay "%(echan"ca**ykn"tt"n#+ !e (ent"oned

a*sothe (ost s)ec"a*"sed )roducer of hos"ery "n S*o&en"a$ ,o*-e*a d+d+$ %h"ch "s the."##est )roducer of ho"sery "n Euro)e+ At the end %e %rote a.out &i#"%r) %8 ,ni""in

ma*&ine#in"en$e$ 8%r #%*,# an$ 7&% inen"e$ 8ir#" ,ni""in ma*&ine an$ %"&er#+ T&ere

are man) ")pe# %8 ,ni""in ma*&ine# 8r%m #imple "% er) *%mple! an$ ele*"r%ni*+ A# a

"nterest"n#7&) "&e) inen" "&e ma*&ine i# that the (ach"ne &a$ $%ne m0*& 7%r, in

"7ele &%0r# a# i" *%0l$ ma,e "en pe%ple a" "&e #ame "ime man0all)+ T&ere8%re ,ni""in

ma*&ine# alm%#" repla*e &an$ ,ni""in' 7&i*& i# pre#en" "%$a) a# a &%11)+

2
http://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=mechanically&hpage=myhttp://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=mechanically&hpage=myhttp://www.google.si/search?hl=sl&ei=S7UjS9DZG8qC_QbSppW9Cg&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAoQBSgA&q=history+of+knitting+machines&spell=1http://www.google.si/search?hl=sl&ei=S7UjS9DZG8qC_QbSppW9Cg&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAoQBSgA&q=history+of+knitting+machines&spell=1http://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=mechanically&hpage=myhttp://www.google.si/search?hl=sl&ei=S7UjS9DZG8qC_QbSppW9Cg&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAoQBSgA&q=history+of+knitting+machines&spell=1http://www.google.si/search?hl=sl&ei=S7UjS9DZG8qC_QbSppW9Cg&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAoQBSgA&q=history+of+knitting+machines&spell=1


3/27

I/01E2EK

V #eminar#,i nal%i #m% na4pre4 %pi#ali ;%$%in% ple"en4a+ ra;li>ni& "e%ri4 % n4e%em i;%r0+ Dilema pa 4e "0$i "em' ali #% 1ile pre

n%ai*e i;$elane p% #,an$ina#,i 0me"n%#"i ; il%' ,i 4e p%$%1na ple"en40' ali # praim

ple"en4em+ Pi#ali #m% "0$i % ple"il#,i& *e&i&' ,a"ere #% #e ;$r0=eali %1r"ni,i+ Pra "a,% #m%

%pi#%ali "0$i ,a4 #e 4e $%a4al% # ple"en4em' ,% 4e Ameri,a #"%pila $r0% #e"%n% %4n%

in % "em ,a,% 4e 0pa$ala n%ai>ar#,a %1r"+ V na$al4ean40 #m% pi#ali % prep%r%$0 ple"en4a

(:+ #"%le"40+ Ra;i#,%ali #m% "0$i ,a4 #e 4e $%a4al% Sl%eni4i #e %$ *e&%' n4i&%e %1r"i in

#e "4a $% #"r%4nea ple"en4a+ Omen4ali #m% "0$i na41%l4 #pe*iali;iran% pr%i;a4al,% n%ai*

Sl%eni4i' P%l;el% $+$+' ,i 4e "0$i na4e>4a pr%i;a4al,a n%ai* *el%"ni Er%pi+ Na ,%n*0

#m% pi#ali % ;%$%ini ple"ilni,% namen4eni& n%ai*am in % n4i&%i& i;0mi"el4i&+ P%;nam%

eli,% r#" ple"ilni,%' #e %$ na4en%#"ane42i&' pa "4a $% ;el% ,%mple,#ni& in ele,"r%n#,i&+

n% ple"en4e' ,i 4e $ana2n4i& $ne& le ,%" &%1i+

3


4/27

TAB1E OF ONTENTS

ABSTRACT+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++(In %0r #eminar paper 7e $e#*ri1e$ 8ir#" &i#"%r) %8 ,ni""in+ 9&a" i# ,ni""in' 7&en an$ 7&ere "&e)$i#*%ere$ "&e 8ir#" e!ample# %8 ,ni""e$ pr%$0*"#' #%*,#+ T&e %riin# %8 ,ni""in are &ar$ "% "ra*e"&ere8%re are #eeral "&e%rie# 7&ere 7a# ,ni""in #"ar"e$+ T&e $ilema i# a#l% in "&i# i8 "&e earlie#" #%*,#7ere 7%r,e$ in nale1in$in %r in "r0e ,ni""in+ 9e 7r%"e al#% a1%0" ,ni""in 0il$#' 7&i*& "&e*ra8"#man# 7ere 0ni"e$ in+ 9e al#% $e#*ri1e 7&a" 7a# &appenin 7i"& ,ni""in 7&en Ameri*a en"ere$in 7%rl$ 7ar "7% an$ a1%0" a $e*line %8 &%#ier) *ra8"# a8"er "&a"+ F0r"&erm%re 7e 7r%"e a1%0" (:#"*en"0r) reial %8 ,ni""in+ M%re%er 7e $e*ri1e$ 7&a" 7a# &appenin 7i"& &%#ier) in Sl%enia all %8"&e 0il$# "&eir *ra8"# an$ all "&e 7a) "% me*&ani*all) ,ni""in+ 9e men"i%ne$ al#% "&e m%#"#pe*iali#e$ pr%$0*er %8 &%#ier) in Sl%enia' P%l;ela $+$+' 7&i*& i# "&e 1ie#" pr%$0*er %8 &%i#er) in

E0r%pe+ A" "&e en$ 7e 7r%"e a1%0" &i#"%r) %8 ,ni""in ma*&ine# in"en$e$ 8%r #%*,# an$ 7&% inen"e$8ir#" ,ni""in ma*&ine an$ %"&er#+ T&ere are man) ")pe# %8 ,ni""in ma*&ine# 8r%m #imple "% er)*%mple! an$ ele*"r%ni*+ A# a in"ere#"in 7&) "&e) inen" "&e ma*&ine i# "&a" "&e ma*&ine &a$ $%nem0*& 7%r, in "7ele &%0r# a# i" *%0l$ ma,e "en pe%ple a" "&e #ame "ime man0all)+ T&ere8%re ,ni""inma*&ine# alm%#" repla*e &an$ ,ni""in' 7&i*& i# pre#en" "%$a) a# a &%11)++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++(

I?VLE/E


5/27

a)'tt*++.t'eknittree.co+knit'istor#.'tl, 10.12. 200$............................................2

")'tt*++.knit-a-suare.co+knittin(-ac'ines.'tl, 12.12.200$ .............................2/

c)'tt*++en.ikiedia.or(+iki+%nittin(ac'ine, 12.12.200$..........................................2/

d)'tt*++sourcin(.indiaart.co+aarel+aarel-industr#+knitted-(arents-

inoration+'istor#-o-knittin(+, 12.12.200$....................................................................2/

GA11ERY IN3E4

Sli,a : &an$ ,ni""in++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Sli,a ( 8ir#" ,ni""e$ #%*,#' Vi*"%ria an$ Al1er" M0#e0m' L%n$%n+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6

Sli,a @ 8a#&i%na1le ,ni""e$ #%*,# 8r%m Fran*e++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6

Sli,a re*%n#"r0*"i%n %8 8%rmer ,ni""in *ra8"+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:

Sli,a #%*,# 7i"& #"0$e#+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:

Sli,a


6/27

H"story of kn"tt"n#

Slika 1: hand knitting

/


7/27


8/27

&i#"%r) %8 nee$le7%r,+ A pair %8 pa""erne$ *%""%n #%*,# 8r%m E)p"' $a"in 8r%m A+D+::55

ma) 1e "&e earlie#" e!ample %8 "r0e ,ni""in %r "&a" ma) 1e nale1in$in "%%+ S%*,# an$

#"%*,in# 7ere "&e 8ir#" i"em# "% 1e ,ni""e$ 1e*a0#e ,ni""in 7a# i$eall) #0i"e$ 8%r #&apin a

armen" "% 8i" "&e 8%%" a" a "ime 7&en 8a1ri* an$ #e7in 7%en *l%"& 7ere le## 8le!i1le+

I" 7a# n%" 0n"il "&e earl) :"& *en"0r) "&a" 7e &ae "&e 8ir#" re8eren*e# "% "r0e ,ni""in in

E0r%pe+ A" "&a" "ime' "&e p0rl #"i"*& 7a# 0n,n%7n' 7&i*& mean" "&a" in %r$er "% pr%$0*e plain

,ni""in' pe%ple &a$ "% ,ni" in "&e r%0n$ an$ "&en *0" i" %pen i8 "&e) nee$e$ "%+ T&e 8ir#"

re8eren*e "% p0rl #"i"*& 7a# n%" 0n"il "&e mi$ :"& *en"0r)' 10" "&e ,n%7le$e %8 &%7 "% $% i"

ma) &ae pre*e$e$ "&a" a li""le+

Kn"tted socks

8


9/27

Slika 2: first knitted socks, Victoria and Albert Museum, London

T&e earlie#" e!ample 7a# "&e#e ,ni""e$ #%*,#' Vi*"%ria an$ Al1er" M0#e0m' L%n$%n' *ir*a

@55-66' e!*aa"e$ 8r%m E)p" a" "&e en$ %8 "&e :6"& *en"0r)+ A**%r$in "% "&e m0#e0m' "&e)&ae 1een ,ni""e$ in #"%*,in #"i"*& 0#in "&ree-pl) 7%%l an$ a #inle nee$le "e*&niK0e'

#imilar "% Nal1in$nin+

Nal1in$nin i# $e#*ri1e$ a# an an*ien" S*an$anaian "e*&niK0e 0#e$ "% pr%$0*e 7%%llen

*l%"&in 8r%m len" %8 )arn an$ a #inle #&%r" nee$le+ T&i# me"&%$ *rea"e$ a "i&" 7eae

7&i*& 7a# #0i"a1le 8%r 8el"in an$ "&ere8%re' pr%i$e$ ma!im0m pr%"e*"i%n 8r%m "&e *%l$+

9&ile "&i# i# n%" *%n#i$ere$ ,ni""in' i" i# #0e#"e$ i" ma) 1e i"# pre*0r#%r an$ *er"ainl) "&a"

%8 *r%*&e"-7%r,+ Ei$en*e %8 "&e earlie#" ,ni""in' 0#in "7% nee$le#' i# 1eliee$ "% *%me 8r%m

E)p" in "&e eleen"& *en"0r)' 7&ere m%re ,ni""e$ #%*,# 7ere 8%0n$+ (k)

Kn"tt"n# #u"*ds

Slika 3: fashionable knitted socks

from rance

Fa#&i%na1le ,ni"# 7ere ,n%7n

in Fran*e a# earl) a# "&e :(5#+

I" i# al#% ,n%7n "&a" ,ni""in

$


10/27

0il$#' e!*l0#iel) male an$ 7i"& #"r0*"0re$ appren"i*e#&ip #)#"em#' 7ere 8%rme$ in E0r%pe

in "&e :55#+ T&e#e ,ni""in 0il$# appear "% &ae 1een e#"a1li#&e$ "% impr%e "&e K0ali") %8

"&e pr%8e##i%n an$ "% a""ra*" a 7eal"&ier an$ m%re #"a1le *lien"ele+

Fr%m "&e Eli;a1e"&an peri%$ in Bri"%n' ,ni""in &i#"%r) i# ea#ier "% $e"ermine+ T&e

$eel%pmen" %8 ,ni""in 7a# $rien 1) "&e 8a#&i%n %8 "&e "ime' in par"i*0lar 8i""e$ #"%*,in#

7%rn 1) "&e men 0n$er #&%r" "r0n,#+ T&e#e #"%*,in# 7ere e!p%r"e$ "% man) %"&er par"# %8

E0r%pe+

D0rin "&e :"& *en"0r)' ,ni""e$ #"%*,in# *%n"in0e$ "% 1e er) p%p0lar an$ *%0l$ 1e

1ea0"i80ll) ,ni""e$ an$ 8ini#&e$ 7i"& em1r%i$er) a# #&%7n in "&i# e!ample' Vi*"%ria an$

Al1er" M0#e0m' L%n$%n' **a+ :5 - :5+ (k)

Kn"tt"n# for 0"ctory 66 !or*d !ar II

On De*em1er ' :6:' "&e Japane#e 1%m1e$ Pearl ar1%r' an$ Ameri*a en"ere$ 9%rl$ 9ar

II+ A" &%me' m%re an$ m%re Ameri*an# pi*,e$ 0p "&eir nee$le# "% ,ni" #%*,#' m088ler#' an$

#7ea"er# "% ,eep Ameri*an #%l$ier# 7arm+(m)

Man) %8 "&e earlie#" ,ni""er# 8%r 9%rl$ 9ar II &a$ ,ni" 8%r Vi*"%r) a# *&il$ren %r )%0n a$0l"#

$0rin 9%rl$ 9ar I+


11/27

*%l%r#+ T&e "7in#e"7a# an e!"remel) p%p0lar *%m1ina"i%n 8%r "&e &%me ,ni""er+ I" *%n#i#"e$

%8 a #&%r"-#leee$ "%p 7i"& a l%n-#leee$ *ar$ian in "&e #ame *%l%r' "% 1e 7%rn "%e"&er+(m)

Girl# 7ere "a0&" "% ,ni" in #*&%%l' a# i" 7a# "&%0&" "% 1e a 0#e80l #,ill' n%" 40#" a &%11)+

Maa;ine# #0*& a# Pin# an$ nee$le# in "&e U< *arrie$ pa""ern# %8 ar)in $i88i*0l")

in*l0$in n%" 40#" *l%"&e#' 10" al#% 1lan,e"#' "%)#' 1a#' la*e *0r"ain# an$ i"em# "&a" *%0l$ 1e

#%l$ 8%r pr%8i"+(m)

A 3ec*"ne

T&e p%p0lari") %8 ,ni""in #&%7e$ a #&arp $e*line $0rin "&i# peri%$ in "&e 9e#"ern 7%rl$+

Sale# %8 pa""ern# an$ )arn# #l0mpe$' a# "&e *ra8" 7a# in*rea#inl) #een a# %l$-8a#&i%ne$ an$*&il$ren 7ere rarel) "a0&" "% ,ni" in #*&%%l+

T&e in*rea#e$ aaila1ili") an$ l%7 *%#" %8 ma*&ine ,ni""e$ i"em# mean" "&a" *%n#0mer# *%0l$

&ae a #7ea"er a" "&e #ame *%#" %8 p0r*&a#in "&e 7%%l an$ pa""ern "&em#ele#' %r %8"en 8%r 8ar

le##+ (l)

Ear*y 78st entury Re&"&a*

T&e (:#" *en"0r) &a# #een a re#0ren*e %8 ,ni""in+ Na"0ral 8i1er# 8r%m animal#' #0*& a#

alpa*a' an%ra' an$ merin%' an$ plan" 8i1er#' *&ie8l) *%""%n' &ae 1e*%me ea#ier an$ le##

*%#"l) "% *%lle*" an$ pr%*e##' an$ "&ere8%re m%re 7i$el) aaila1le+ E!%"i* 8i1er#' #0*& a# #il,'

1am1%%' an$ Kii0"'are r%7in in p%p0lari") a# 7ell+ T&e )arn in$0#"r) &a# #"ar"e$ "% ma,e

n%el") )arn#7&i*& pr%$0*e #"0nnin re#0l"# 7i"&%0" )ear# %8 ,ni""in e!perien*e+ De#iner#&ae 1e0n "% *rea"e pa""ern# 7&i*& 7%r, 0p K0i*,l) %n lare nee$le#' a p&en%men%n ,n%7n

a# in#"an"-ra"i8i*a"i%n ,ni""in+ (i)

A# "ime an$ "e*&n%l%) *&ane' #% $%e# "&e ar" %8 ,ni""in+ T&e In"erne" all%7# ,ni""er# "%

*%nne*"' #&are in"ere#"# an$ learn 8r%m ea*& %"&er' 7&e"&er a*r%## "&e #"ree" %r a*r%## "&e

l%1e+ Am%n "&e 8ir#" In"erne" ,ni""in p&en%mena 7a# "&e p%p0lar


12/27


13/27

#7ea"er#' *ar$ian# an$' in re*en" "ime#' *%a"# an$ "7%- %r "&ree . pie*e la$ie# apparel#+ A

ne7 *ra8"man#&ip' &%#ier)' &a# $eel%pe$ 8r%m ,ni""in #%*,#8%r $%me#"i* 0#e+ I" 7a# 1e#"

$eel%pe$ in "&e 0pper alle) %8 "&e Saa rier' an$ in "&e area 1e"7een Tr=i> an$ Je#eni*e+ A"

"&e 8ir#" rei%n "&e) 7ere ,ni""in mainl) ann0al #%*,#an$ a" "&e #e*%n$ rei%n "&e) 7ere

,ni""in mainl) 7in"er #%*,#+ an$ %"&er ,ni""er#

7ere ,ni""in in $i88eren" pa""eren#' 7&i*& "&e) &ae name# 8%r+ S% "&e) 7ere ,ni""in r%%#"er'

8i#& 1%ne' #pr0*e' 1i#&%p# &a"' ri$' pea*%*, 8ea"&er' &ear" an$ %"&er#+ T&e) &ae al#% pain"e$

"&eir pr%$0*"#' m%#"l) 7i"& re$' 1l0e an$ reen %r "&e) le" pr%$0*"# in "&eir na"0ral *%l%0r %8

7%%l+ I" i# in"ere#"in "&a" "&e) 7ere 0#in na"0ral *%l%0r# an$ mi! "&em 7i"& 0rine in#"ea$

7i"& *&emi*al#+ C%l%0re$ an$ "&an 7a#&e$ #%*,# 7ere $r)e$ %n "&e 7%%$ *a#"# in a #&ape %8 a

le "&a" #%*,# $i$ n%" #&rin,+ T&e) 7ere $r)in #%*,# %0"#i$e in &%" 7ea"&er %r in "&e

#0mmer' "&ere8%re 7ere &%0#e# in Tr=i>' 7&ere 7ere man) &%#ier) *ra8"#man#' li"erall)

*%ere$ 7i"& $r)in #%*,#+ In "&e 7in"er "&e) $rie$ #%*,# in #pe*ial area 7&ere "&e) p0" 7%%$

*a#"# %n #pe*ial 7%%$ #&a8"#+


14/27

Slika ": reconstruction of former knitting craft

Spe*iali") are #%*,# 7i"& #"0$e#+ QPa""erne$l) %r ,n%"e$l) ,ni""e$ 7%%l %r *%""%n #%*,#' 7&i*&

7eare$ *%0n"r) 7%men alm%#" in all Sl%enian "eri"%r) a" "&e an$ %8 :6"& *en"0r)+ E!ample

8%r "&a" #%*,# 7ere la*)l) ,ni""e$ 7%men #%*,#' 7&i*& 7ere 7eare$ in &i& #%*ie") 8r%m

Bar%K0e"% #e*%n$ 7%rl$ 7ar+ T&e) 7ere C%-$e#ine$ 1) rea" ,ni""in ,n%7li$e' 1e*%0#e

%8 in#"i"0"in %1lia"%r)#*&%%l in :6+ In (5"& Cen"0r) ,n%"e$l) ,ni""e$ 7%%l %r *%""%n

#%*,# 1e*ame a par" %8 na"i%nal *%#"0me#+ !H

14
http://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=patterned&hpage=myhttp://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=Baroque&hpage=myhttp://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=obligatory&hpage=myhttp://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=patterned&hpage=myhttp://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=Baroque&hpage=myhttp://www.najdi.si/search_dictionary.jsp?q=obligatory&hpage=my


15/27

Slika !: socks #ith studes

T&ere i# a m0#e0m in Tr=i>' 7&i*& par" i# al#%


16/27

os") Kunc ; o+' 8a*"%r) %8 8a1ri* an$ ,ni""7ear' L401l4ana' P%l4an#,i na#ip+ T&e *%mpan)

7a# 8%0n$e$ in :6(: 1) 7&%le#alerFran* Ur1an* an$ 1r%"&er#


17/27

pr%$0*"i%n #i;e 7a# "riple in*rea#e$+ T&e rea#%n# 8%r #0*& m%emen"# 7ere l%## %8

Y0%#laian mar,e"' 7%rl$ e*%n%mi* *ri#i# an$ *&ane# in e*%n%mi* #)#"em+ C%mpanie# &a$

"% a$40#"e #i"0a"i%n# %n "&e mar,e"+ C%n#eK0en"l) *%mpanie# 7ere $e*rea#in pr%$0*"i%n #i;e

%r *%mple"el) ae 0p+ S%me *%mpanie# 7en" "% 1an,r0p" an$ %"&er# &a$ "emp%rar)

re$ire*"e$ in"% #eri*e a*"ii"ie# %8 #e7in #%*,#+ T&e m%emen" %n "&e mar,e" 7a# er)

$ier#e' "&ere8%re i# &ar$ "% pre$i*" 80r"&er $eel%pmen" %8 &%#ier)+1, $H

H"story and )resent "n ,o*-e*a d+d+

Slika ': logote of *ol+ela dd

T&e m%#" #pe*iali#e$ pr%$0*er %8 &%#ier) in Sl%enia 7a# p%l;ela' $+$+ an$ #"ill i#+ Beinin#

in *%mpan) P%l;ela $+$+ 7a# in :6(' 7&en S7i## in$0#"riali#" 7i"& 5 empl%)ee# #"ar"e$

,ni""in 8ir#" #%*,# in P%l;ela+ Alrea$) earlier in "&e #e*%n$ 7%rl$ 7ar "&ere 7ere @5 7%r,er#

an$ pr%$0*"i%n 7a# :+ milli%n pair# %8 #%*,#+ In :65 "&e) ma$e 8ir#" #%*,# %8 ar"i8i*ial #il,'

7&i*& 7ere "&en 8a#&i%n &i"+ In "&e earl) #i!"ie# "&e) 1ean "% e!p%r" in lare am%0n"#+ T&e)

*a0&" al#% a 8a#&i%n 7i"& mini #,ir"#' 7&i*& real# 1ea0"i) %8 7%men le#+ P%l;ela 7a# 8ir#"

*%mpan) in Y0%#laia' 7&i*& ma$e pan")&%#e 7i"& name Pe)+ T&a" name i# #"ill #)n%n)m

8%r %%$ K0ali") pan")&%#e+ A8"er p%li"i*al in$epen$an*e in Sl%enia' P%l;ela a%i$e$

17


18/27

pr%1lem# 1e*a0#e %8 $a7n8all %8 1i mar,e"' 7i"& en*rea#e$ e!p%"+ T&e) %" a li*en*e 8%r

pr%$0*"# ma$e %8 mi*r%8i1re# an$ L)*ra )arn' 7&i*& 7ere mi!e$ 7i"& na"0ral 8i1re#+ P%l;ela

n%7 e!p%r" 5 per*en" %8 "&eir pr%$0*"# m%#"l) in German)' S7i";erlan$' A0#"ria'#"a"e# %8

Benel0!' S7e$en' R0##ia' Cr%a"ia' Ser1ia' B%#nia an$ er;e%ina an$ Ma*e$%nia+ In "&e

pa#" "7% )ear# "&e) &ae al#% aine$ a mar,e" in


19/27

Slika -: .illiam Lee, ioneer or the illustrated knitting frame

S,ille$ man0al ,ni""er# *%lle*"e$ 0il$ an$ "ra$e a##%*ia"i%n#' in "&e :"& *en"0r) 0n8%l$e$ a"

a #pee$ %8 :(5 "% :5 #"i"*&e# per min0"e+ A" "&e "0rn %8 "&e *en"0r) 7a# "&e #pee$ %8 ,ni""in

in "&e 8ir#" ,ni""in ma*&ine# 55 "% 55 #"i"*&e# per min0"e' "&e a$an*e$ ,ni""in ma*&ine#

8%r #il, #"%*,in# 10" alrea$) 8r%m :555 "% :55 #"i"*&e# per min0"e+ C%mpare$ 7i"& "%$a)#

*ir*0lar ,ni""in ma*&ine# a lare n0m1er %8 ,ni""in #)#"em# "&a" ma,e 0p "% (5 milli%n

#"i"*&e# per min0"e' "&e pr%$0*"ii") %8 "&e ,ni""in in 55 )ear# &a# in*rea#e$ 1) :5555

"ime#+


20/27

#%*,in ,ni""in ma*&ine# n%" 8in$ in*en"ie# 8%r "&e $eel%pmen" 0n"il :6' 7&en "&e

mar,e" rein p%l)ami$eal0mini0m n)l%n 8i1er an$ "&i# &a# %pene$ "&e 7a) 8%r $eel%pmen"

#%*,in *ir*0lar ma*&ine+ 1,/H

Slika /: home knitting machine

To the de&e*o)(ent of hand s)"nn"n# (ach"ne at ho(e

M0#e0m #"0$ie# 7i"& "%$a)# "e*&n%l%) lea$ "% er) in"ere#"in 8in$#+ Primi"ie 8in$#

,ni""in "e*&niK0e# $a"e 1a*, "% pre&i#"%r)+ T&i# 7a# #&%7n 7i"& a nee$le an$ #&%r" pie*e#

%88i1er in earl) :65+ F0r"&er $%*0men"# are a1%0" "&ree par"# %8 ,ni""in+ In "&e %l$ S)rian

*i") "&a" 7a# a1an$%ne$ 1) "&e Per#ian# in ( BC' "&e #"0$) #&%7e$ "&a" een "&en man0all)

0n8%l$e$ 7i"& "7% ,ni""in nee$le#+ T&e $eel%pmen" &a# 1een an$ #"ill i# in &an$ ,ni""in

7i"& %ne "% "7% nee$le#+ Un"il "&e) &ae $eel%pe$ a 8rame7%r, 8%r ,ni""in' *ir*0lar ,ni""in

ma*&ine# an$ #%*,in ma*&ine#+ aHN%r"&ille &e inen"e$ "&e 8ir#" $%me#"i* ma*&ine ar%0n$ :' "&e #%-*alle$ Lam1


21/27

Kn"tt"n# (ach"nes "n the "ndustr"a* re&o*ut"on

T&ere are man) ")pe# %8 ,ni""in ma*&ine# 8r%m #imple "% er) *%mple! an$ ele*"r%ni*+ An$

)%0 pr%$0*e ari%0# ")pe# %8 ,ni""e$ 8a1ri*#' 0#0all) ei"&er 8la" %r "010lar' an$ $i88eren" leel#

%8 *%mple!i")+

T&e ma*&ine &a$ $%ne m0*& 7%r, in "7ele &%0r#' a# i" *%0l$ ma,e "en pe%ple a" "&e #ame

"ime man0all)+ T&e 8a*" "&a" "&e pe%ple 7ere $ire*"e$ 1) ni&" an$ $a)' "&a" ma,e 0p 7&a" &e

$i$ %ne ma*&ine in %ne $a)+ bH

Kn"tt"n# (ach"nes today

Ma#a,% ai7ara inen"e$ "&e 8ir#" &%me man0al ,ni""in ma*&ine in :6(+ T&i#

reK0iremen"' e!emp"i%n 8r%m all "&e nee$le#' )arn 1) &an$+ T&e 8ir#" E0r%pean &%me Pa##ap4e

ma*&ine 7a# man08a*"0re$ in :6@6 in ?0ri*&+ M%#" $%me#"i* ,ni""in ma*&ine i# $e#ine$ "%

7%r, %n "&e 1a#i# %8 #"i"*& *%n#"r0*"i%n+ %me ma*&ine# are 0#e$ "% (55 ,al4ni& nee$le# "&a"

e" 8ine#" #eam#' #"an$ar$ %r 10l,) nee$le+ %me ,ni""in ma*&ine# 0#in 7e8" ,ni""e$

me"&%$ ae #imilar man0al ,ni""in 8a1ri*+


22/27


23/27

8amiliar pr%$0*"#' 7i"& 8e7er empl%)ee#' 0nli,e an) %"&er $ei*e an$ "&e 8ir#" ma*&ine' 7&i*&

&a# 8%*0#e$ %n in*rea#in pr%$0*"ii") pr%*e## +

T&e 8ir#" ma*&ine pr%$0*e$ *%ar#e ,ni""in - 8armer &%#e+ T&0#' $0rin "&i# peri%$' "&e

pr%$0*"i%n %8 #%*,# &a# 1e*%me er) imp%r"an" "% man) Bri"i#& an$ "&e) 7ere #en" "% "&eNe"&erlan$#' Spain an$ German)+ I" i# al#% 8a#&i%na1le 8%r men "&e#e $a)# 7ear #%*,# 10il" in

#&%r" "r0n,#+ 0een Eli;a1e"& I 7%re #il, #"%*,in# al%ne' 7&i*& &ae 1een ni*er' #%8"er an$

m0*& m%re e!pen#ie+ 2H

8@th and 8th century

A8"er "&e inen"i%n %8 "&e 8ir#" ,ni""in ma*&ine' ,ni""in ar" ra$0all) "%%, %er 0il$

%rani;e$ *%""ae in$0#"r) in "&e :"& an$ : *en"0r)+

8th century

T&e In$0#"rial Re%l0"i%n "&a" 1ean in "&e la"e :"& *en"0r) in Bri"ain an$ #prea$ "&r%0&%0"

"&e 7%rl$' pla)# a ,e) r%le in "&e #prea$ %8 #pinnin 7%%l an$ *l%"& pr%$0*"i%n in 8a*"%rie#+

F0ll-8a#&i%ne$ ,ni""in ma*&ine 7a# inen"e$ in : 1) 9illiam C%""%n %8 Lei*e#"er#&ire'

Enlan$+ T&i# ma*&ine 7a# par" %8 "&e %riinal Lee m%$el+ Al#% ,n%7n a# La*e Mar,e"'N%""in&am Ci")' $%mina"e$ 1) "&e pr%$0*"i%n %8 ma*&ine-,ni""e$ la*e $0rin "&e In$0#"rial

Re%l0"i%n an$ "&e *%min $e*a$e#+ In "&e :6"& *en"0r)' i" 7a# p%##i1le "% 0#e a ,ni""in

ma*&ine' an$ "&en *ir*0lar ,ni""in ma*&ine# appeare$ %n "&e #*ene+

7Cth century

Seamle## &%#ier) 7ere *ir*0lar ma*&ine#+ Enlan$ 1e*ame 8am%0# 8%r &i# #%*,#+ In 8a*"' "&e

7%r$ 8r%m an %l$ #%*, Enli#& 7%r$ "01e' 7&i*& mean# a *%erin 8%r )%0r 8ee"+ Ini"iall)'*%""%n' 7%%l' #il, an$ ra)%n )arn la"er 7ere 0#e$ 8%r "&e man08a*"0re %8 #%*,#+ T&en *ame

n)l%n in :65' 7&en 7%men pre8er n)l%n &%#e+ T&e 0#e %8 n)l%n #"%*,in# 8i" 1e""er 1e*a0#e

%8 i"# #"re"*&a1le pr%per"ie#+ La"er' in "&e U


24/27

78st century

Deel%pmen"# in "&e (5"& *en"0r) le$ "% an in*rea#e in pr%$0*"i%n #pee$ %8 ,ni""in ma*&ine#'

an$ %88er a 7i$er *&%i*e %8 ,ni"7ear pa""ern+ dH

ON15SION

In %0r #eminar paper a1%0" ,ni""in an$ &%#ier)' 7e learne$ m0*&' 1e*%0#e 8%rmerl) 7e ,ne7er) li""le a1%0"e i"+ Fir#"l) 7e %1"aine$ "&a" i# n%" ,n%7n e!a*"l) 7&ere 7a# "&e 1einin %8

,ni""in 1e*%0#e "&ere are man) "&e%rie# a1%0" i"+ An$ i" i# al#% a $ilema a1%0" &%7 7ere

ma$e 8ir#" #%*,#' i8 "&e) 7ere 7%r,e$ in nale1in$in %r in "r0e ,ni""in pr%*e##+ F0r"&ere m%re

7e re#ear*& a1%0" &%#ier) *ra8" in Sl%enia' 7&i*& 7e %1"aine$ "&a" 7a# n%" er) 7i$e#prea$

ar%0n %0r "eri"%r)' "&e *en"re 7a# T"r=i>+ B0" 7e &ae a er) #0**e#80l 8a*"%r) %8 %#ier) in

Sl%enia' P%l;ela $+$+' 7&i*& i# "&e 1ie#" pr%$0*er %8 &%#ier) in E0r%pe+ In l%n peri%$

"&ere 7a# &%me*ra8" ,ni""in' la"er "&e) $i#*%ere$ ,ni""in ma*&ine# al"&%0& "&e) 7erein*%mple"e$' in "&e la"er *en"0rie# "&e) repaire$ i" an$ *%mple"e i"' #% "&a" "&e) *%0l$ rai#e$

pr%$0*"i%n an$ K0ali")+

24


25/27

SO5RES

Book sources:

:+H Pa,% /0$en Alen,a' (555' Te,#"ile* le"+@' 2"+-' #"r+ (-(

(+H Bra*,en10r) Terr)' :66(' na p%$%1a p%$4e"40 P%l;ela "%arna

n%ai*' $+$+' Unier;a Mari1%r0' E,%n%m#,%-p%#l%na 8a,0l"e"a

Internet sources:

a= htt):DD%%%+thekn"ttree+co(Dkn"th"story+ht(*$ 8C+87+ (556

2
http://www.theknittree.com/knithistory.html,%2010.12http://www.theknittree.com/knithistory.html,%2010.12http://www.theknittree.com/knithistory.html,%2010.12


26/27

b) htt):DD%%%+kn"t6a6suare+co(Dkn"tt"n#6(ach"nes+ht(*' :(+:(+(556

c= htt):DDen+%"k")ed"a+or#D%"k"DKn"tt"n#(ach"ne $ 87+87+7CC

d) htt):DDsourc"n#+"nd"a(art+co(Da))are*Da))are*6"ndustryDkn"tted6#ar(ents6

"nfor(at"onDh"story6of6kn"tt"n#D' :(+:(+(556

e) &""p777+#l%enia+in8%#iar&i"e,"0rne-;nameni"%#"i


27/27

6H &""p777+"&e,ni""ree+*%m,ni"&i#"%r)+&"ml

:5H &""pen+7i,ipe$ia+%r7i,i

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