history of kenya - studio basel · “when the history of ... southern rhodesia union of south...

FrenchBritishPortugueseSpanish

Africa in 1878http://www.africainstitute.com/map_colonization.html

SAHARA

ARAB STATES

Bushmen

SUDANESE EMPIRES

SWAHIL

Eastern Africa 1630

Cartographer: Mercator, Gerard 1512-1594http://fedora.library.northwestern.edu/fedora/get/inu:inu-afrmap-3805126/inu:NWUCollectionBDef/getDefaultView

MOMBASAMALINDI

Physical Borders“When the history of Negroland comes to be written in detail, it may be found that the kingdoms lying toward the eastern end of the Sudan were the home of races who inspired, rather than of races who received, the traditions of civilization associated for us with the name of ancient Egypt.” 8

“Those races were separated by natural borders such as the Nile and the Congo river.It is important to remember that throughout the early history of Europe and up to the close of the fifteenth century the approach to the home of the Negro was by land. The Sudan was thought to be the edge of the then known world.The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Kenya. The Portuguese colonial presence in East Africa officially begins after 1505.” 5

Swahili Coastal Towns & Inland Towns: A Unique Islamic Heritage800-1500For centuries, Swahili were merchants in the ancient commerce between the interior of Africa and the countries of the Indian Ocean, dealing mainly in ivory, gold, and slaves from Africa.Coastal towns:Trading coastal towns such as Mombasa and Malindi became urban polyglots of diverse ethnic elements due to the arrival of the Arabs.Inland towns:A walled Swahili city founded in the fourteenth century, Gedi may have been a residential settlement for absentee landowners from the nearby trading port of Malindi. Some 2,500 people may have lived in Gedi at the height of its prosperity. Its fortunes rose and fell accord-ing to the political climate along the coast. 3

Coastal City StatesA constellation of urban centers developed on the Kenyan coast. These were city states that were administratively autonomous. Cities like Mombasa, Malindi and the Lamu archipelago were Swahili in origin. Whether built for defensive, administrative or commercial purposes, pre-colonial towns in Kenya were utilitarian.Omani Arabs played a major role in the history of the East African coast. Omani forces ended Portugal's brutal 200-year occupation of the coast in 1698, only to set themselves up as colonizers in Portugal's stead. By conquest and treaty they united independent city-states, including Lamu and Mombasa, into a single, if fairly loose, political and economic entity for the only time in their history. 1

ANCIENT AGE ANCIENT AGEARABIC OMANPORTUGUESEARABSEASTERN CUSHITES

FrenchBritishGermanPortugueseSpanishBelgianItalian

Germaneast africa

NorthernRhodesia

SouthernRhodesia

Union of South Africa

Bechuana-land

BelgianCongo

EquatorialAfrica

GermanCameroons

GermanCameroonsGold

CoastLiberia

SierraLeone

Port.Guinea

Gambia

FrenchGabon

GermanSouth WestAfrica

PortugueseWest Africa

FrenchWest Africa

AngloEgyptianSudan

Fashoda

italian somaliland

Ethiopia

FrenchMorocco

SpanishWest Africa

Spanishmorocco

Uganda

Britisheast africa

PortugueseEast Africa

Madagas-car

0 BC 15001000500 1600 1700 1800

Arrival of the Portuguese and the beginning of Slavery1498Vasco da Gama stopped at Mombasa on his way to India. Despite resistance from the Arabs, the Portuguese could claim power and establish a trading stronghold by subdue-ing the Arabs. The Portuguese remained on the East African coast for 200 years with well established trading posts. They spent their time trading gold from the interior and exporting slaves to work on the planta-tions in North America and East Indies. 6

Reconquering byArabic Oman1698Arabic Oman reconquered the coastal territory.The 18th century brought an emphasis on rebuilding the cities and reestablish-ing the once thriving trade routes. Under the leadership of the Sultan of Oman, the Arabs worked to regain economic and political supremacy over the region. The island of Zanzibar quickly became the center of a very lucrative trade in slaves and ivory. 9

Text sources: 1 Richard W. Hull, African Cities and Towns 2 http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/9748 3 http://www.archaeology.org/0111/abstracts/swahili.html 4 G. Bahl, Scramble for Africa, the fashoda incident 5 William R. Ochieng, Themes in Kenyan History, Heinemann Kenya Limited 1990 6 http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_rt.htm 7 http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/9748 8 Lady Lugard: A Tropical Dependency, London, 1964

MacMillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery: Volume II

Slave trade 1500-1800Africa 1680

Major medieval cities in East Africa(within context of modern africa)

ADULIS

MOGADISCHU

MALINDI

MOMBASAZANZIBAR TOWN

SOFALA

Richard W. Hull, African cities and towns before the european conquest, W.W. Norton & Company

http://www.africainstitute.com/map_colonization.html

Africa in 1562Cartographer: Forlani, Paolo.http://www.library.northwestern.edu/govinfo/collections/mapsofafrica/

Cartographer: Berry, Williamhttp://fedora.library.northwestern.edu/fedora/get/inu:inu-afrmap-3991863/inu:NWUCollectionBDef/getDefaultView

Abyssinia

Caffares

Monomotapa

Costa deBex

Angolae

The Country of the Negros

Guinea

Barcareg

Barbary

Malemba Monoemug

Nubiae

Biledulgerid

zanzibar

Madagascar

Vasco da Gama

to India

Arabic oman

Colonial ‘Scramble for Africa’By the mid-19th century, European interest in Kenya focused primarily on abolishing the slave trade and discovering the source of the Nile River. The Fashoda-Incident was the climactic event caused by years of territorial disputes in Africa between France and Great Britain, which ended in the partition of the entire continent.The French and the British governments agreed that the watershed of the Nile and the Congo should mark the boundaries between their spheres of influence.The French sphere became the region to the west of this watershed, while the British confirmed their position in Egypt.In Kenya, the history as a colony starts with a German protectorate over the sultan of Zanzibar.4

A S I A

A F R I C A

E U R O P E

Ethiopians

Euphrat&Tigris

AtlanticSea

Red Sea

CaspianSea

Arabia

Cushites

http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~ ahyde/web104/mapqui2104.htm

pre-1492 configuration as a Eurasian landmass

AssyriansPersians

HISTORY OF KENYA

188516981498600

Tribal MigrationThe Kenyan interior was marked by early and frequent tribal migrations. ca. 2000 BCThe highlands and Rift Valley regions were especially rich in this early history of human evolution. The first migrants to arrive were pastoral nomads from Ethiopia (Cushites) who moved south to Kenya.ca. 1000 BCThe Eastern Cushites settled in the central region of Kenya. This second wave of nomads marked the beginning of an ongoing influx of different tribal groups drawn to the region's fertile land.

Arabic Supremacyca. 600 ADArabs began settling in coastal areas. They established trading stations which facilitated contact with the Arab world, Persia and India. 9

06.03.2008 | © ETH Studio Basel | Nairobi | History of Kenya | Nino Soppelsa

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

FrenchBritishPortugueseSpanish

Africa in 1878http://www.africainstitute.com/map_colonization.html

SAHARA

ARAB STATES

Bushmen

SUDANESE EMPIRES

SWAHIL

Eastern Africa 1630

Cartographer: Mercator, Gerard 1512-1594http://fedora.library.northwestern.edu/fedora/get/inu:inu-afrmap-3805126/inu:NWUCollectionBDef/getDefaultView

MOMBASAMALINDI

Physical Borders“When the history of Negroland comes to be written in detail, it may be found that the kingdoms lying toward the eastern end of the Sudan were the home of races who inspired, rather than of races who received, the traditions of civilization associated for us with the name of ancient Egypt.” 8

“Those races were separated by natural borders such as the Nile and the Congo river.It is important to remember that throughout the early history of Europe and up to the close of the fifteenth century the approach to the home of the Negro was by land. The Sudan was thought to be the edge of the then known world.The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Kenya. The Portuguese colonial presence in East Africa officially begins after 1505.” 5

Swahili Coastal Towns & Inland Towns: A Unique Islamic Heritage800-1500For centuries, Swahili were merchants in the ancient commerce between the interior of Africa and the countries of the Indian Ocean, dealing mainly in ivory, gold, and slaves from Africa.Coastal towns:Trading coastal towns such as Mombasa and Malindi became urban polyglots of diverse ethnic elements due to the arrival of the Arabs.Inland towns:A walled Swahili city founded in the fourteenth century, Gedi may have been a residential settlement for absentee landowners from the nearby trading port of Malindi. Some 2,500 people may have lived in Gedi at the height of its prosperity. Its fortunes rose and fell accord-ing to the political climate along the coast. 3

Coastal City StatesA constellation of urban centers developed on the Kenyan coast. These were city states that were administratively autonomous. Cities like Mombasa, Malindi and the Lamu archipelago were Swahili in origin. Whether built for defensive, administrative or commercial purposes, pre-colonial towns in Kenya were utilitarian.Omani Arabs played a major role in the history of the East African coast. Omani forces ended Portugal's brutal 200-year occupation of the coast in 1698, only to set themselves up as colonizers in Portugal's stead. By conquest and treaty they united independent city-states, including Lamu and Mombasa, into a single, if fairly loose, political and economic entity for the only time in their history. 1

ANCIENT AGE ANCIENT AGEARABIC OMANPORTUGUESEARABSEASTERN CUSHITES

FrenchBritishGermanPortugueseSpanishBelgianItalian

Germaneast africa

NorthernRhodesia

SouthernRhodesia

Union of South Africa

Bechuana-land

BelgianCongo

EquatorialAfrica

GermanCameroons

GermanCameroonsGold

CoastLiberia

SierraLeone

Port.Guinea

Gambia

FrenchGabon

GermanSouth WestAfrica

PortugueseWest Africa

FrenchWest Africa

AngloEgyptianSudan

Fashoda

italian somaliland

Ethiopia

FrenchMorocco

SpanishWest Africa

Spanishmorocco

Uganda

Britisheast africa

PortugueseEast Africa

Madagas-car

0 BC 15001000500 1600 1700 1800

Arrival of the Portuguese and the beginning of Slavery1498Vasco da Gama stopped at Mombasa on his way to India. Despite resistance from the Arabs, the Portuguese could claim power and establish a trading stronghold by subdue-ing the Arabs. The Portuguese remained on the East African coast for 200 years with well established trading posts. They spent their time trading gold from the interior and exporting slaves to work on the planta-tions in North America and East Indies. 6

Reconquering byArabic Oman1698Arabic Oman reconquered the coastal territory.The 18th century brought an emphasis on rebuilding the cities and reestablish-ing the once thriving trade routes. Under the leadership of the Sultan of Oman, the Arabs worked to regain economic and political supremacy over the region. The island of Zanzibar quickly became the center of a very lucrative trade in slaves and ivory. 9

Text sources: 1 Richard W. Hull, African Cities and Towns 2 http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/9748 3 http://www.archaeology.org/0111/abstracts/swahili.html 4 G. Bahl, Scramble for Africa, the fashoda incident 5 William R. Ochieng, Themes in Kenyan History, Heinemann Kenya Limited 1990 6 http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_rt.htm 7 http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/9748 8 Lady Lugard: A Tropical Dependency, London, 1964

MacMillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery: Volume II

Slave trade 1500-1800Africa 1680

Major medieval cities in East Africa(within context of modern africa)

ADULIS

MOGADISCHU

MALINDI

MOMBASAZANZIBAR TOWN

SOFALA

Richard W. Hull, African cities and towns before the european conquest, W.W. Norton & Company

http://www.africainstitute.com/map_colonization.html

Africa in 1562Cartographer: Forlani, Paolo.http://www.library.northwestern.edu/govinfo/collections/mapsofafrica/

Cartographer: Berry, Williamhttp://fedora.library.northwestern.edu/fedora/get/inu:inu-afrmap-3991863/inu:NWUCollectionBDef/getDefaultView

Abyssinia

Caffares

Monomotapa

Costa deBex

Angolae

The Country of the Negros

Guinea

Barcareg

Barbary

Malemba Monoemug

Nubiae

Biledulgerid

zanzibar

Madagascar

Vasco da Gama

to India

Arabic oman

Colonial ‘Scramble for Africa’By the mid-19th century, European interest in Kenya focused primarily on abolishing the slave trade and discovering the source of the Nile River. The Fashoda-Incident was the climactic event caused by years of territorial disputes in Africa between France and Great Britain, which ended in the partition of the entire continent.The French and the British governments agreed that the watershed of the Nile and the Congo should mark the boundaries between their spheres of influence.The French sphere became the region to the west of this watershed, while the British confirmed their position in Egypt.In Kenya, the history as a colony starts with a German protectorate over the sultan of Zanzibar.4

A S I A

A F R I C A

E U R O P E

Ethiopians

Euphrat&Tigris

AtlanticSea

Red Sea

CaspianSea

Arabia

Cushites

http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~ ahyde/web104/mapqui2104.htm

pre-1492 configuration as a Eurasian landmass

AssyriansPersians

HISTORY OF KENYA

188516981498600

Tribal MigrationThe Kenyan interior was marked by early and frequent tribal migrations. ca. 2000 BCThe highlands and Rift Valley regions were especially rich in this early history of human evolution. The first migrants to arrive were pastoral nomads from Ethiopia (Cushites) who moved south to Kenya.ca. 1000 BCThe Eastern Cushites settled in the central region of Kenya. This second wave of nomads marked the beginning of an ongoing influx of different tribal groups drawn to the region's fertile land.

Arabic Supremacyca. 600 ADArabs began settling in coastal areas. They established trading stations which facilitated contact with the Arab world, Persia and India. 9

http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/recs/eac.htm

Uganda

Ruanda

Burundi

Tanzania

From the Coast to the Interior1895-1902The story of the railway line was also the story of colonial urbanization in Kenya. All the major urban centers in Kenya are located along the railway line. Therefore, major economic attraction moved from the coast to the interior, caused by the colonisation. Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu and Nakuru became melting pots of rural migrants and white settlers.The growth of Nairobi became an integral part of the general re-orientation of the urban system from primarly a string of towns along the coast in 1885 to a system that covers most of present day Kenya by 1912.The rapid growth of Nairobi and Mombasa during the colonial period was predicated upon their functional roles in the colonial political and economic set up. 1

Nairobi-MombasaThe patterns of growth in the post-colonial urbanisation have remained more or less the same:There is a continuing dominance of Nairobi and Mombasa as the major urban centers. Due to a uncontrollable rural-urban influx, crime and stress became part of daily experience of towns.Traffic congestion and air pollution all had their genesis in this era.Nairobi today cannot divorce its historical origin from imperial capitalism and the railroad, whereas Mombasa historically was a trading port center over hundreds of years with a constant population. 1

JOMO KENYATTACOLONY OF KENYABRITISH EAST AFRICA DANIEL ARAB MOI MWAI KIBAKI

nairobi

mombasa

kisumu nakuru

eldoret

machakos

kitale

kerichokakamega

malindi

garissa

naivashahoma bay

nanyuki

kilifi

isiolo

nyahururu

lodwar

maralal

moyale

marsabit

mandera

19501910 1920 1930 1940 1960 1970 1980 19901900 2000 2005 2010

Movement of refugees:people having crossed borders

0 1000 km

Philippe Rekacewicz, moving borders-moving people, 2006, education documenta 12 magazine

Population displaced within their own country(Sudan 6 mio.)

Different Migration Patternsrural-urbanWhile white settlers moved into fertile highlands, the area was already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu tribe. This pattern, while noted during the colonial era, was to become more noticeable during the post-independence period.rural-ruralThis was common especially in regions that had depressed economies, poor soil, natural disasters, land shortage and overpopulation.urban-ruralThough not common in the early years of post-independence Kenya, one can now observe a return of former town dwellers to their rural homes of origin.urban-urbanIn Kenya, this pattern was especially notable in the years between 1972-1978: some urban migrants migrated from the larger urban areas to the second-ary ones. 10

Refugees in a Continental Context Kenya has been host to over 200,000 Somali refugees over the last fifteen years of Somalia’s unrest. Further on it is host to 150.000 refugees from other east African countries, mainly Sudan.The Government has forcibly expelled about 400 refugees on 3rd January 2007 to Somalia, and closed the Kenya-Somalia border. Closing the border and refusing access to the asylum seekers is likely to escalate the humanitarian situation in Somalia which will spill over into Kenya.Eastern Africa is globally seen as the region with the highest rate of movement of people fleeing wars nowadays. 2, 7

IndependenceLand alienation by Europe-ans had been an issue that occupied the center stage of the decolonization process. Resettlement and establish-ment of provinces were therefore KANU's foremost objective.The objectives were to be realized through the establishment of the Execu-tive, Legislative and Judicial arms of the Central Govern-ment, the establishment of an efficient and honest Civil Service, an effective Provin-cial Administration, and a strong Local Authorities network. 5

Protectorate to Crown Colony 1885-19201885The German protectorate was succeeded by the arrival of the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888. Ten years later, Germany handed over the coastal zone to the British and in 1901, Uganda was annexed in the British protectorate.1920Kenya became officially a crown colony of the UK.The name Kenya arose out of the inability of the British to pronounce Kirinyaga (Kikuyu name for Mt. Kenya) correctly. 5

Eastern African Community The community aims to improve and strengthen co-operation on the basis of historical ties and under-standing between the people of Kenya, Uganda, Ruanda, Tanzania and Burundi.The EAC's bid is to create a single East African market with ultimately a single currency, a common East African passport, a common flag and a double taxation accord.This will be achieved through the establishment of a Customs Union as the entry point of the Commu-nity, a Common Market, subse-quently a Monetary Union and ultimately a Political Federation of the East African States. 11

Concentration of displaced populations and refugees

Population displaced within their own country

Refugees; people having crossed international borders

http://www.unimaps.com

GERMANSPHERE

IndianOcean

BRITISHSPHERE

ITALIANSOMALIA

8 http://www.kanuonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=26 9 http://www.classicescapes.com/ke-history.html 10 http://pum.princeton.edu/pumconference/papers/4-Macharia.pdf 11 http://www.eac.int/history.htm

Morgan, W.T.W: urbanization in Kenya - origin and trends.

Cities in Kenya 1901

0135270 km 0135270 km

MalindiKilifi

Mombasa

Kenya Uganda Railway (KUR)

Machakos

NairobiThika

BRITISHEAST AFRICAPROTECTORATE1895

GERMANEAST AFRICAPROTECTORATE1891

UGANDAPROTECTORATE1896

NakuruKisumu

KisiiKericho

Nanyuki

Cities in Kenya 1969 Morgan, W.T.W: urbanization in Kenya - origin and trends. urban population

0135270 km

30-35 %

25-30 %

20-25 %

15-20 %

10-15 %

05-10 %

00-05 %

nairobi

moyale

garissa

mandera

mombasavoi

kisumunakuru

nanyuki

kitale

malindi

kerichonyeri

isiolo

nyahururu

naivasha

marsabit

machakos

kakamega

maralal

homa bay

kilifi

eldoret

http://www.worldtradepress.com/Kenya_Maps.html

North Eastern

Eastern

Rift Valley

Nairobi

Nyanza Central

Western

KikuyuKenya today

SwahiliMaasai

Lake Victoria

IndianOcean

Lake Victoria

IndianOcean

ITALIANSOMALIA

GERMANSPHERE

BRITISHSPHERE

KikuyuKenya today

SwahiliMaasai

Sultan(Zanzibar)

Lake Victoria

Kenya 1952

ForestKikuyu

European HighlandsNorthern province and desert areaMasaiAfrican agricultural area

Nairobi

Ochieng, William R.: themes in kenyan history. Heinemann Kenya Limited, 1990.

British East Africa 1886 British East Africa 1901http://www.unimaps.com

COLONIAL PERIOD INDEPENDENCE

HISTORY OF KENYA

http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/recs/eac.htm

Uganda

Ruanda

Burundi

Tanzania

From the Coast to the Interior1895-1902The story of the railway line was also the story of colonial urbanization in Kenya. All the major urban centers in Kenya are located along the railway line. Therefore, major economic attraction moved from the coast to the interior, caused by the colonisation. Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu and Nakuru became melting pots of rural migrants and white settlers.The growth of Nairobi became an integral part of the general re-orientation of the urban system from primarly a string of towns along the coast in 1885 to a system that covers most of present day Kenya by 1912.The rapid growth of Nairobi and Mombasa during the colonial period was predicated upon their functional roles in the colonial political and economic set up. 1

Nairobi-MombasaThe patterns of growth in the post-colonial urbanisation have remained more or less the same:There is a continuing dominance of Nairobi and Mombasa as the major urban centers. Due to a uncontrollable rural-urban influx, crime and stress became part of daily experience of towns.Traffic congestion and air pollution all had their genesis in this era.Nairobi today cannot divorce its historical origin from imperial capitalism and the railroad, whereas Mombasa historically was a trading port center over hundreds of years with a constant population. 1

JOMO KENYATTACOLONY OF KENYABRITISH EAST AFRICA DANIEL ARAB MOI MWAI KIBAKI

nairobi

mombasa

kisumu nakuru

eldoret

machakos

kitale

kerichokakamega

malindi

garissa

naivashahoma bay

nanyuki

kilifi

isiolo

nyahururu

lodwar

maralal

moyale

marsabit

mandera

19501910 1920 1930 1940 1960 1970 1980 19901900 2000 2005 2010

Movement of refugees:people having crossed borders

0 1000 km

Philippe Rekacewicz, moving borders-moving people, 2006, education documenta 12 magazine

Population displaced within their own country(Sudan 6 mio.)

Different Migration Patternsrural-urbanWhile white settlers moved into fertile highlands, the area was already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu tribe. This pattern, while noted during the colonial era, was to become more noticeable during the post-independence period.rural-ruralThis was common especially in regions that had depressed economies, poor soil, natural disasters, land shortage and overpopulation.urban-ruralThough not common in the early years of post-independence Kenya, one can now observe a return of former town dwellers to their rural homes of origin.urban-urbanIn Kenya, this pattern was especially notable in the years between 1972-1978: some urban migrants migrated from the larger urban areas to the second-ary ones. 10

Refugees in a Continental Context Kenya has been host to over 200,000 Somali refugees over the last fifteen years of Somalia’s unrest. Further on it is host to 150.000 refugees from other east African countries, mainly Sudan.The Government has forcibly expelled about 400 refugees on 3rd January 2007 to Somalia, and closed the Kenya-Somalia border. Closing the border and refusing access to the asylum seekers is likely to escalate the humanitarian situation in Somalia which will spill over into Kenya.Eastern Africa is globally seen as the region with the highest rate of movement of people fleeing wars nowadays. 2, 7

IndependenceLand alienation by Europe-ans had been an issue that occupied the center stage of the decolonization process. Resettlement and establish-ment of provinces were therefore KANU's foremost objective.The objectives were to be realized through the establishment of the Execu-tive, Legislative and Judicial arms of the Central Govern-ment, the establishment of an efficient and honest Civil Service, an effective Provin-cial Administration, and a strong Local Authorities network. 5

Protectorate to Crown Colony 1885-19201885The German protectorate was succeeded by the arrival of the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888. Ten years later, Germany handed over the coastal zone to the British and in 1901, Uganda was annexed in the British protectorate.1920Kenya became officially a crown colony of the UK.The name Kenya arose out of the inability of the British to pronounce Kirinyaga (Kikuyu name for Mt. Kenya) correctly. 5

Eastern African Community The community aims to improve and strengthen co-operation on the basis of historical ties and under-standing between the people of Kenya, Uganda, Ruanda, Tanzania and Burundi.The EAC's bid is to create a single East African market with ultimately a single currency, a common East African passport, a common flag and a double taxation accord.This will be achieved through the establishment of a Customs Union as the entry point of the Commu-nity, a Common Market, subse-quently a Monetary Union and ultimately a Political Federation of the East African States. 11

Concentration of displaced populations and refugees

Population displaced within their own country

Refugees; people having crossed international borders

http://www.unimaps.com

GERMANSPHERE

IndianOcean

BRITISHSPHERE

ITALIANSOMALIA

8 http://www.kanuonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=26 9 http://www.classicescapes.com/ke-history.html 10 http://pum.princeton.edu/pumconference/papers/4-Macharia.pdf 11 http://www.eac.int/history.htm

0135270 km 0135270 km

MalindiKilifi

Mombasa

Kenya Uganda Railway (KUR)

Machakos

NairobiThika

BRITISHEAST AFRICAPROTECTORATE1895

GERMANEAST AFRICAPROTECTORATE1891

UGANDAPROTECTORATE1896

NakuruKisumu

KisiiKericho

Nanyuki

Cities in Kenya 1969 Morgan, W.T.W: urbanization in Kenya - origin and trends. urban population

0135270 km

30-35 %

25-30 %

20-25 %

15-20 %

10-15 %

05-10 %

00-05 %

nairobi

moyale

garissa

mandera

mombasavoi

kisumunakuru

nanyuki

kitale

malindi

kerichonyeri

isiolo

nyahururu

naivasha

marsabit

machakos

kakamega

maralal

homa bay

kilifi

eldoret

http://www.worldtradepress.com/Kenya_Maps.html

North Eastern

Eastern

Rift Valley

Nairobi

Nyanza Central

Western

KikuyuKenya today

SwahiliMaasai

Lake Victoria

IndianOcean

Lake Victoria

IndianOcean

ITALIANSOMALIA

GERMANSPHERE

BRITISHSPHERE

KikuyuKenya today

SwahiliMaasai

Sultan(Zanzibar)

Lake Victoria

Kenya 1952

ForestKikuyu

European HighlandsNorthern province and desert areaMasaiAfrican agricultural area

Nairobi

Ochieng, William R.: themes in kenyan history. Heinemann Kenya Limited, 1990.

British East Africa 1886 British East Africa 1901http://www.unimaps.com

COLONIAL PERIOD INDEPENDENCE

HISTORY OF KENYA

history of kenya - studio basel · “when the history of ... southern rhodesia union of south...

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