history of american education dan driscoll. history of american education o the age of jefferson ...

History of American History of American EducationEducation

Dan DriscollDan Driscoll

History of American EducationHistory of American Education

o The Age of JeffersonThe Age of Jefferson The American Politician/EducatorsThe American Politician/Educators

Ben FranklinBen Franklin Benjamin RushBenjamin Rush Noah WebsterNoah Webster

o Education for CitizenshipEducation for Citizenship Jefferson’s Education VisionJefferson’s Education Vision National UniversityNational University UVAUVA


Jefferson and SlaveryJefferson and Slavery

o The Paradox and The ConflictThe Paradox and The Conflict

Early legal case > sued to overturn slave Early legal case > sued to overturn slave lawlaw

1st draft of Declaration > condemned 1st draft of Declaration > condemned slaveryslavery

Had Legislature end slave trade in VA > Had Legislature end slave trade in VA > never implementednever implemented

His autobiography > opposed slavery > His autobiography > opposed slavery > morally wrongmorally wrong

Sought ban on spread of slaverySought ban on spread of slavery


Jefferson and SlaveryJefferson and Slavery

o The Paradox and The ConflictThe Paradox and The Conflict

Tried to prohibit slavery in WestTried to prohibit slavery in West

Would have educated adult slaves for return Would have educated adult slaves for return to Africa > some did > founded Liberia, to Africa > some did > founded Liberia, MonroviaMonrovia

Evidence of deep-seated conflictEvidence of deep-seated conflict

Slavery in opposition to his political, social Slavery in opposition to his political, social beliefsbeliefs

What are we to make of this? How What are we to make of this? How explained?explained?


Republican EducationRepublican Education

o Northwest OrdinancesNorthwest Ordinances Sensitivity to federal ed involvement never Sensitivity to federal ed involvement never

absolute > ambivalentabsolute > ambivalent

Continental Congress Ordinances 1785, Continental Congress Ordinances 1785, 1787 > set aside land to support schooling 1787 > set aside land to support schooling > rents > later land sales> rents > later land sales

Didn’t work as funding method > fraud, Didn’t work as funding method > fraud, etc.etc.

Set more precedents for “public schooling” Set more precedents for “public schooling” > schooling in NW territories remained > schooling in NW territories remained local, voluntary endeavorslocal, voluntary endeavors


Republican EducationRepublican Educationo The Dartmouth College CaseThe Dartmouth College Case

Implications for education, contract lawImplications for education, contract law

1817/18 New Hampshire sought control over 1817/18 New Hampshire sought control over Dartmouth > King’s charter > private schoolDartmouth > King’s charter > private school

Dartmouth sued > U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Dartmouth sued > U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Justice Marshall backed Dartmouth (1819)Justice Marshall backed Dartmouth (1819)

Affirmed private colleges’ right to exist free Affirmed private colleges’ right to exist free from legislative, popular pressuresfrom legislative, popular pressures

Encouraged growth of small, sectarian Encouraged growth of small, sectarian colleges > many did not survive > slowed colleges > many did not survive > slowed state collegesstate colleges


Republican EducationRepublican Education

o De Tocqueville’s Educational De Tocqueville’s Educational ObservationsObservations

French nobleman > came to study prisonsFrench nobleman > came to study prisons

Democracy in America > Democracy in America > examination of examination of experiment in democracy > character, experiment in democracy > character, impulses of Americansimpulses of Americans

De Tocqueville’s theory of democracy > De Tocqueville’s theory of democracy > three principles > equality of condition, three principles > equality of condition, sovereignty of the people, public opinionsovereignty of the people, public opinion


Republican EducationRepublican Educationo De Tocqueville’s Educational De Tocqueville’s Educational

ObservationsObservations Absence of education > particular threat Absence of education > particular threat

in democraciesin democracies

“… “…first of the duties…to educate the first of the duties…to educate the democracy…”democracy…”

Schooling one of defining traits of the Schooling one of defining traits of the new nationnew nation

Study flawed in essential ways > women, Study flawed in essential ways > women, African-Americans > insightful in other African-Americans > insightful in other ways including educationways including education


Republican EducationRepublican Educationo Jacksonian Democracy & IndustrializationJacksonian Democracy & Industrialization

Jackson’s 1828 election President > victory of Jackson’s 1828 election President > victory of “common man”“common man”

Somewhat misleading but Jackson reinforced Somewhat misleading but Jackson reinforced the perceptionthe perception

Political opponents responded > sought Political opponents responded > sought popular appeal > common schoolingpopular appeal > common schooling

Early stages of urbanization, industrializationEarly stages of urbanization, industrialization

1820 to 1860 > 700K to 6.2-million living in 1820 to 1860 > 700K to 6.2-million living in urban settingsurban settings


Republican EducationRepublican Educationo Jacksonian Democracy & Jacksonian Democracy &

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Urban Setting GrowthUrban Setting Growth 18201820 18601860

Places of 5K to 10KPlaces of 5K to 10K 22 136 22 136 Places of 10K to 25KPlaces of 10K to 25K 8 58 8 58 Places of 25K to 50KPlaces of 25K to 50K 2 19 2 19 Places of 50K to 100K 2Places of 50K to 100K 2** 7 7 Places over 100KPlaces over 100K 1 1**** 9 9* Philadelphia, Baltimore* Philadelphia, Baltimore** NYC** NYC

Movement from smaller villages to larger Movement from smaller villages to larger “cities”“cities”


Mann and The Common SchoolMann and The Common School Horace Mann (1796-1859) > Father of Public Horace Mann (1796-1859) > Father of Public

EducationEducation

Lawyer, legislator, Congressman, reformer, Lawyer, legislator, Congressman, reformer, social activist, abolitionist, trade unionistsocial activist, abolitionist, trade unionist

Shared Jeffersonian conviction about public Shared Jeffersonian conviction about public school, democracy linkageschool, democracy linkage

Feared illiteracy > mob actionFeared illiteracy > mob action

Literacy for full participation in political Literacy for full participation in political processprocess


Mann and The Common SchoolMann and The Common School Not simply matter of access > duty, Not simply matter of access > duty, obligationobligation

Had things going for him > precedents, Had things going for him > precedents, changing societal, demographic patternschanging societal, demographic patterns

Personal attributes > force of Personal attributes > force of personality, political skillspersonality, political skills

Formidable opposition to taxpayer Formidable opposition to taxpayer support for schoolingsupport for schooling

Mann’s primary weapon > Mann’s primary weapon > Annual Annual ReportsReports > bully pulpit for common schools > bully pulpit for common schools


Mann and The Common SchoolsMann and The Common Schools First ReportFirst Report (1837) > formula for quality (1837) > formula for quality

schoolingschooling

Fourth ReportFourth Report (1840) > child-centered (1840) > child-centered teachingteaching

Fifth ReportFifth Report (1841) > taxpayer support > (1841) > taxpayer support > confronted propertied classconfronted propertied class

Argued common schools “cheapest means Argued common schools “cheapest means of self protection and insurance”of self protection and insurance”


Mann and The Common SchoolsMann and The Common Schools Seventh ReportSeventh Report (1843) > gentler approach to (1843) > gentler approach to

teaching > Pestalozzian > protest from teaching > Pestalozzian > protest from educatorseducators

Twelfth ReportTwelfth Report (1848) > last, his masterpiece (1848) > last, his masterpiece > treatise on education’s place in a free > treatise on education’s place in a free societysociety

Contains Mann’s most quoted views on Contains Mann’s most quoted views on educationeducation

Education, then, beyond all other devices of human Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men – origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men – the balance wheel of the social machinerythe balance wheel of the social machinery. .

-- Mann, Twelfth Annual Report-- Mann, Twelfth Annual Report

Left MA position for President of Antioch Left MA position for President of Antioch College, Ohio > drawn to women, African-College, Ohio > drawn to women, African-American admission policiesAmerican admission policies


AssignmentsAssignments

o Readings:Readings: Urban & Wagoner Text: Chap. 4Urban & Wagoner Text: Chap. 4 Reprints: Mann’s Annual Reports #4, #5, Reprints: Mann’s Annual Reports #4, #5,

#10 (pdfs)#10 (pdfs)

history of american education dan driscoll. history of american education o the age of jefferson ...

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