history and theory of architecture 1 chapter 1 (download only)
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Cosmopoint college, kota kinabalu, sabahADA 123 classCourse: Architecture + Interior DesignTRANSCRIPT
© 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
ADA ADA 123 123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 11
CHAPTER CHAPTER 11::INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
1: INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT & SYLLABUS OUTLINE1.1 Introduction to History & Theory of Architecture1.2 A word about Drawing & Images1.3 Ancient Mesopotamia
1.3.1 Sumerians & Akkadians
TOPIC OUTLINES
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
1.3.2 Neo-Sumerians
1.3.3 Babylonians & Hittities
1.3.4 Assyrians
1.3.5 Neo-Babylonians
1.3.6 Persians
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
LO1 Students able to understand the world architecture and ableto identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
temples.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts: 4000 BCE Developed WRITTEN LANGUAGE forDOCUMENTING GOVERNMENTAL TRANSACTION + LITERARY PURPOSE
YEARS
Outstanding: 3500 BCE
Called MESOPOTAMIA= between rivers(by Greek) ACHIEVEMENTS
1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
* MESOPOTAMIA HISTORIC PERIOD HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY EVOLVED BY ITS PEOPLE NAMELY
TIGRIS & EUPHRATES rivers, Middle Eastern= NOW IRAQ & IRAN
Developed in independent URBAN COMMUNITIES=CITY STATES
AREA
Ended: 331 BCE
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Called MESOPOTAMIA= between 2 rivers
1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
THE CIVILIZATION EVOLVED BY
PEOPLE
SUMERIANS
AKKADIANS NEO-BABYLONIANS
PERSIANS
4000-2350 BCE
2350-2150 BCE 612-539 BCE
525-331 BCE
1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
NEO-SUMERIANS
BABYLONIANS
BABYLONIANS HITTITIES
ASSYRIANS
2150-2000 BCE
1800-1600 BCE
1400-1200 BCE
1200-900 BCE
900-612 BCE
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts: 4000 BCE
YEARS AREASUMERIANS
Fertile valley of East Region of Caspian Sea.
Al-Ubaid,Indo-Europian a nomadic people from steppes of Central Asia migrated to CASPIAN SEA.
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
ACHIEVEMENTS
1-Mastered ART OF AGRICULTURE
2-Developed system of IRRIGATION=use flood waters of Euphrates.
3-Believed in GOD=NATURAL ELEMENTS
4-Urban Communities developed around SHRINES= SACRED PLACES OF GOD.
ARCHITECTURE
Influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER:MONUMENTAL
TEMPLE,
SHRINES,
COMPLEXES,
CULT STATUES
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
SUMERIANS
ARCHITECTURE
Temple stood on PLATFORM
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
•ERIDU= earliest development (3800 BCE)
A RECTANGULAR BUTTRESSED
WALLS enclosed LONG SHRINE ROOM
flanked by smaller SIDE CHAMBERS.
Greatly influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
YEARS/PERIOD STYLES / ELEMENTS
SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..
• 3800 BCE at GAWRA
•MASTER PLANNING=Featured ACROPOLIS with TWO TEMPLES, A SHRINE, and DWELLING HOUSES
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.
•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture
•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
SUMERIANS
YEARS / AREA
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
ARCHITECTURE
•GAWRA= 3800 BCE
U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
YEARS/PERIOD STYLES / ELEMENTS
SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..
• 3500-3000 BCE at URUK=WHITE
TEMPLE
•METHOD OF CONTSTRUCTION=Developed by means of built on 40’H BASE of rubble+coated with whitewash over BRICKS+panels with SLOPING BUTRESS
•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture
•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
SUMERIANS
ARCHITECTURE
CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
•URUK= 3500-3000 BCE
U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
40’H BASE of SLOPING BUTRESS
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
The settlements of the Sumerians were disrupted about 2350
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
BCE, by the arrival of a new group of Semitic people from the steppes of central Asia.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts: 2350-2150 BCE
YEARS AREAAKKADIANS
City of AKKAD= West
An IMMIGRANTS=SEMITIC people from steppes of Central Asia
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
ACHIEVEMENTS
Bank of Euphrates
1-Establishments of WARRIOR KING
2-Imperial States + Many urban Cities
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
The Akkadian Empire was overthrown in about 2150 BCE by
1.3.2 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
the Guti, a group of savage tribes from the mountain regions of Iran.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts:
YEARS AREANEO-SUMERIANS
City of AKKAD= West
Guti= A group of savage tribe from mountain of Iran,caused of POLITICAL allegiance reminiscent of the FIRST SUMERIAN CITY STATES
1.3.2 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
Bank of Euphrates
ACHIEVEMENTS
1-Development of URBAN TEMPLES FORM
2-Elevated temple on
ARTIFICIAL MOUNT=ZIGGURAT
ARCHITECTURE
TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT:
1-Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD 2- Protection of Scared precinct from flood
3-Visual prominence (HIERARCHY) 4-Create Highland Dwelling Place
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
NEO-SUMERIANS
1.3.2 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians
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School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA
IRAQ 2100 BCE
TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT: Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Dominance in the turbulent Mesopotamian region passed to
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
the Amorite Dynasty in the city-state of Babylon from about 1800-1600 BCE.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
YEARS AREABABYLONIANS
AMORITE DYNASTY= King Hammurabi (1728-1686 BCE) who restored Akkadian Tradition
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
Starts: 1800-1600 BCE City of state of Babylon
ACHIEVEMENTS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States
ARCHITECTURE
GREAT TEMPLE OF MARDUK=KING OF GOD
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
HITTITIES
ARCHITECTURE
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
MARDUK TEMPLE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
About 1530 BCE the Hittities, a vigorous Indo-European
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
people from Anatolia, overran the First Dynasty of Babylon.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
YEARS AREAHITTITIES
Vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia overran 1st Dynasty of Babylon
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
Starts: 1400-1200 BCE City of state of Babylon
ACHIEVEMENTS
Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)
ARCHITECTURE
Asymmetrically built City of HATTUTAS
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
HITTITIES
ARCHITECTURE
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
HATTUSAS, TURKEY
1400-1200 BCE Flanked Gates=Sculptures and Sphinxes/lionsAsymmetrical city of Hattusa
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts: 900 BCE
YEARS AREAASSYRIANS
Fierce people from Northern Mesopotamia
1.3.4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
NINEVEH (Kuyunjik)
ACHIEVEMENTS
Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)
ARCHITECTURE
THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
ASSYRIANS
ARCHITECTURE
THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE
1.3.4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
KHORSABAD 720 BCE
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
After first losing the more remote portions of their Empire, the
1.3.5 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
Assyrians finally fell in 612 BCE to the combined assaults of Babylonianss, Scythians, Persians, and Medes.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts:
YEARS AREANEO-BABYLONIANS
Combined assaults of Babylonians, Scythians, Persians, and Medes
1.3.5 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
ACHIEVEMENTS
Rebuilding and enlargements of Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE)
ARCHITECTURE
1-City processional way= ISHTAR GATE 2-Planted terraces= HANGING GARDEN 3-Crumbled Ruin of Ziggurat=TOWER OF BABEL
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
NEO-BABYLONIANS
ARCHITECTURE
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Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
BABYLON 612 BCE City processional way= ISHTAR GATE with animal motifs
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
NEO-BABYLONIANS
ARCHITECTURE
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
BABYLON 612 BCE
This hand-coloured engraving by the 16th-century Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Babylon’s greatness was eclipsed in 539 BCE when it became part ofthe Persian Empire of Cyrus II.
The Persian had overthrown the and
1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
The Persian had previously overthrown the Medes, and theycontinued to expand outward from their capital at Susa (Iran) toconquer all Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and even Egypt by 525 BCE.
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
Starts: 525 BCE
YEARS AREAPERSIANS
Persepolis (Iran)
Persian Empire of Cyrus II
1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
ACHIEVEMENTS
CEREMONIAL CITY founded by Darius (518 BCE) to supplement Susa (Administrative capital) and Pasargadae (centers of court life)
ARCHITECTURE
1- EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES and hypostyle halls
2- Hittie Audience Chambers
3-Mesopotamian Sculpted animal motifs
4-The Great Palace
5- King Xerxes throne room=Hall of A Hundred columns
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
Plan of the Palace,Persepolis, (Iran, 518 BCE)
1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
BABYLON 612 BCE
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES
1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
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YEARS / AREA
BABYLON 612 BCE
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
HYPOSTYLES HALLS= Resting on pillars (by Greek term)
1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
BABYLON 612 BCE
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
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Faculty Of Built Environment
YEARS / AREA
BABYLON 612 BCE
Mesopotamian ColumnSculpted animal motifs
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CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION
YOUR NEXT SESSION WILL BE:
THANK YOU
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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
PLEASE READ:Chapter 3 A World History of Architecture: ANCIENT EGYPT
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